Indoorpropagation

SEMINAR
0N
INDOOR PROPAGATION
MODEL
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Dr. Garima Saini SACHIN MAITHANI
Assistant Professor ME(REGULAR) ECE
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 202604
Wednesday, April 6, 2022 1

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Path loss factor
• Propagation models
• Types
• Difference Between Indoor and
Outdoor
• Partition Losses
• Indoor models
• References

INTRODUCTION
• The Wireless communication is the transfer
of information between two or more points
that are not connected by an electrical
conductor.

• A message is transmitted through open space
by EM waves called radio waves.
• Radio waves are radiated from transmitter in
open space through a device called Antenna.
• A receiving antenna intercepted the radio
waves at receiver
INTRODUCTION

• During this transmission, some losses occur
between the transmitter and receiver is known
as propagation path loss.
• Path loss is the unwanted reduction in power of
the signal which is transmitted.
• This path loss may be arising by various effects
such as reflection, diffraction, scattering.
INTRODUCTION

PATHLOSS FACTORS
• Reflection: occurs when waves encounters a
surface of earth, building and walls.
• Diffraction: occurs when propagating
electromagnetic waves encounters at edges of
an impenetrable body.
• Scattering: occurs when waves encounters by
rough surfaces, small obstacles.

A propagation model describes the average
signal propagation and it provides the
maximum cell range with respect to the
maximum propagation loss. It depends on the
following:
• Environments (urban, sea, rural, forest,
dense)
• Distance
• Frequency
• Atmospheric conditions
PROPAGATION MODELS

These path loss models can be categorized into
two types:
• Outdoor propagation models
• Indoor propagation path loss models.
TYPES

OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS
Outdoor radio transmission takes place over an
irregular terrain e.g. trees buildings and hills
must be taken into consideration.
The outdoor propagation models are:
• Longley-Rice Model
• Durkin's Model
• Okumura Model
• Hata Model

WHY INDOOR MODELS
 Outdoor Models are not accurate for Indoor scenarios
 Home, Shopping mall, office building, etc.
 Indoor radio channel differs from traditional mobile
radio channel in :
 Distances covered are much smaller.
 Variability of the environment is greater for a much smaller
range
or T-R separation distances.

INDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS
Indoor propagation models are a radio
propagation model that estimates the path loss
inside a room or a closed area inside a building
delimited by walls of any form.
The indoor propagation models are:
• ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
• Log-Distance Path Loss Model
• Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model

The propagation inside a building is influenced by:
 Layout of the building.
 Construction Materials.
 Building type:
 Traditional office building with fixed walls (Hard Partitions)
 Open plan buildings with movable wall panels (Soft
Partitions)
 Sports Arena
 Residential Home
INDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS

OUTDOOR & INDOOR
Similarity
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Difference
Doors/Windows open or
not
The mounting place
of antenna
 Desk
 Ceiling
The level of floors

ANTENNAS
Ceiling Antenna Desk Antenna

PARTITION LOSSES
• Partition Losses (Same
Floor)
• Partition Losses between
floors
• Signal Penetration into
Buildings

PARTITION LOSSES (SAME FLOOR)
• Buildings have a wide variety of partitions
and obstacles which form the internal and
external structure.
• Partitions that are formed as part of the
building structure are called hard partitions,
and partitions that may be moved and which
do not span to the ceiling are called soft
partitions.

PARTITION LOSSES (SAME FLOOR)
• Researchers have formed extensive data
bases of losses for a great number of
partitions, as shown in Table:

PARTITION LOSSES BETWEEN
FLOORS
The losses between floors of a building are
detemined by:
 External dimensions and materials of the building.
 Type of construction used to create floors.
 External surroundings.
 Number of windows.

PARTITION LOSSES BETWEEN
FLOORS
Total Floor Attenuation Factor and Standard
Deviation a (dB) are:

SIGNAL PENETRATION INTO
BUILDINGS
• RF signals can penetrate from outside
transmitter to the inside of buildings however
the signals are attenuated.
• The path loss during penetration has been
found to be a function of:
1. Frequency of the signal
2. The height of the building

• ITU Indoor Path Loss Model
• Log-Distance Path Loss Model
• Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint
Model
INDOOR PATHLOSS MODEL

ITU INDOOR PATHLOSS MODEL
• This estimates the path loss inside a room or a
closed area inside a building delimited by walls of
any form.
• This model is applicable to only the
indoor environments.
• Appliances use the lower microwave bands
around
2.4 GHz.

The average path loss in dB is:
L=20 log ƒ+ N log 𝒅+ P ƒ(n) – 28
Where,
• L = the total path loss. Unit: decibel (dB).
• f = Frequency of transmission. Unit: megahertz(MHz).
• d = Distance. Unit: meter (m).
• N = The distance power loss coefficient.
• n = Number of floors between the transmitter and
receiver.
• Pf(n) = the floor loss penetration factor.

Limitations
• Frequency: 900 MHz to 5.2
GHz
• Floors: 1 to 3

LOG-DISTANCE PATHLOSS MODEL
• The log-distance path loss model is a
radio propagation model that predicts
the path
loss a signal encounter inside a building or
densely populated area over distance
• Log-distance path loss model is formally
expressed as:
PL = PL0 + 10𝛄 𝐥
𝐨
𝐠
𝟏
𝟎
𝒅
𝒅𝐨

LOG-DISTANCE PATHLOSS MODEL
 Where,
• PL= is the total path loss measured in Decibel (dB)
• PLo=is the path loss at the reference distance d0.
Unit: Decibel (dB)
𝒅= is the length of thepath.
𝒅o= is the reference distance, usually 1 km
𝛄=is the path loss exponent
PL = PL0 + 10𝛄 𝐥
𝐨
𝐠
𝟏
𝟎
𝒅
𝒅𝐨

ERICSSON MULTIPLE BREAKPOINT
MODEL
• Obtained by measurements in a multiple floor office
building.
• Has four breakpoints and considers both an upper and
lower bound on the path loss.
• The model also assumes that there is 30 dB
attenuation 𝑑o= 1m
• which accurate for f = 900 Mhz.

ERICSSON MULTIPLE
BREAKPOINT
MODEL
Ericsson model provides a deterministic limit on
the range of path loss at a particular distance.

REFERENCES:
 1.Wireless Communication Rappaport PHI
 2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_model_for_indoor_attenuation
#:~:text=The%20ITU%20indoor%20propagation%20model,by%20
walls%20of%20any%20form.
 3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13369-020-04661-w
 4.http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr03/indoor
.htm

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