Hydroelectricity  Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015, hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.  The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity.  The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants.  The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour.  With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity, since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly (as little as a few seconds) to adapt to changing energy demands.  Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and in many cases it has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.  Advantages Flexibility  Hydropower is a flexible source of electricity since stations can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands.  Hydro turbines have a start-up time of the order of a few minutes.  It takes around 60 to 90 seconds to bring a unit from cold start-up to full load; this is much shorter than for gas turbines or steam plants.  Power generation can also be decreased quickly when there is a surplus power generation.

1. Qasim
Roll no:
17641
Qudratullah
Roll no:
17625
Sabir
Roll no:
17631
Faheem
Roll no:
17624
Irfan
Roll no
17652
Subject Name:
Environment
and energy
Topic Name:
Hydroelectricity
Summited to:
Mam Shumaila
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

2. Electricity
produced from hydropower
Renewable electricity
Hydroelectricity

3. .
Cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low.
Competitive source of
renewable electricity.
Hydro station consumes no
water.

5. .
Environment eco friendly
Produces no direct
waste

6. Essential
contributor in
the national
power grid
Important
to our
nation.

7. The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power–producing facility of any kind

8. Most hydroelectric
power produced
Uses potential energy
to generate power
Generating methods
.Conventional (dams)

9. Driving water
turbine
Generator
Produce
electricity
Potential energy
of water
Process

11. • The power
extracted
from the
water depends
On the
volume
• On the
difference in
height between
the source and
the water's
outflow.

12.  .
The height difference is
called the head.
A large pipe (the
"penstock")delivers water
from the reservoir to the
turbine.

13. This method produces
electricity to supply high
peak demands
by moving water
between reservoirs at
different elevations
Pumped-storage.

15. Small or no reservoir capacity.
water coming from upstream is
available for generation at that
moment.
Oversupply must pass
unused.
Run-of-the-river

17.  .
• A constant supply of
water from a lake or
existing reservoir
• Upstream is a
significant advantage
in choosing sites for
run-of-the-river

18. Rise and fall of
ocean water due
to tides
Generate power
during high
demand periods.
Construction of
reservoirs
Tide

20. Tidal power is viable in a relatively
small number of locations around
the world.
In Great Britain, there are eight sites
that could be developed, which have
the potential to generate 20% of the
electricity used in 2012.

21. Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities
Largest power producing
facilities
Capable of generating more than
double the installed capacities of
the current largest nuclear power
stations
Large

22. Capacity
range
Produce more then
few
hundred megawatts

23. Small Hydro
Power for small scale,
serving a small
community.
Generating capacity
10 megawatts (MW)
Production growth
Total world small-hydro
capacity to 85 GW.
Small

24. Typically
produce up
to 100 KW of
power.
Economical
source of
energy without
purchase of
fuel.
Micro

25. Pico hydro
is a term used
for hydroelectric
power generation
of under 5 KW.
Dams are not
used
Run-of-the-river,
through pipes
from a gradient
to run turbines.
Pico

26. Use of a large
natural height
difference
between two
waterways.
Constructed
to take water
from the high
reservoir to
the generating
hall.
Underground

27. Properties:
Advantages.
Flexibility
Power generation
Less time consuming

28. • Ability to store
water at low
cost for
dispatch later.
Low cost
• Electricity from
hydro station
than 10
megawatts.
Average cost
• High value
power
• Clean electricity
Major
advantage

29. Reduced CO2 emissions: Hydroelectric dam does
not produced carbon
dioxide.
Lowest life cycle of green
house gas emission.
Generating equal amount
of energy.

30. Other advantages of the reservoir:
Agriculture
irrigation
Aquaculture
Tourist
attraction
Flood
control
Water
sports

31. • Traditional hydroelectric power
stations result in damage of
extensive areas.
• Sometimes destroying forests,
marshland and grasslands.
Ecosystem damage and loss of land
Disadvantages

32. Damming interrupts the flow of rivers
Harm Local Ecosystems,
large dams and reservoirs often
involves displacing people and wildlife.

33. Water flows transport
particles
Negative effect on dams
and their power stations
Within catchment areas
with high siltation
Siltation and flow shortage

34. Siltation can fill a reservoir
Reduce its
capacity to
control floods
Reservoirs
full of
sediment
cause of
floods

35. Failure history
Canuon lack dam failure
 In June9, 1972 south
Dakota 1335 homes
destroyed
 Totally 60 million
dollars loss.
 Undetermined lives
failure

36. Power plants in tropical regions
produce substantial amounts
of methane.
Plant material in flooded areas decaying
in an anaerobic environment and
forming methane, a greenhouse gas.
Methane emissions (from reservoirs)

38. Relocation
• Relocate the people living
where the reservoirs are
planned
• About 40-80 Million People
Displaced Worldwide In 2000.
Failure risks
• Dam may be failure due to
poor construction or natural
disasters which damage
settlements and infrastructure.

39. It produce pollutants
such as sulfur
dioxide, nitric
oxide, carbon monoxide,
dust, and mercury
It avoids the hazards
of coal mining and
the indirect health
effects of coal
emissions.
Hydroelectricity
Comparison and interactions with other methods of power generation
Coal power plant

40. Predictable variation by
season.
wind may peak at night
when power isn't needed
or be still.
Hydroelectric reservoir
capable of storing weeks of
output is useful to balance
generation on the grid.
Water become more during
the day when electrical
demand is highest.
Wind energy Hydroelectric

42. Reference
Link or url
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity?fbclid=IwAR18hx9ZGxlu6epq4Yaqi8Xr8aG2X2w
Other references
WJ_6vdfW1B3XIQxRXQblAhs2UIrs#Generating_methods
http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf
^ a b c d e Worldwatch Institute (January 2012). "Use and Capacity of Global Hydropower Increases".