This document outlines course material for a geology lab taught by Dr. Waheed Hashem. It includes summaries of 6 labs covering topics like outcrop tracing, stereographic projection, and strain measurement. Lab 1 involves measuring bed attitude and geological lines. Lab 2 covers outcrop patterns of beds with different attitudes. Lab 3 has students drawing strike lines and cross-sections. Lab 4 focuses on stereographic projection using great circle and pole methods. Lab 5 measures longitudinal strain, dilation, angular shear strain, and ellipticity.
6. Lab # 2
Horizontal beds
Dipping beds
Strike lines properties
Outcrop points
Outcrop lines
Depth in vertical drill hole
Pattern of outcrops of beds with different
attitudes
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
7. 800
600m
Upper
500m
Lower
100m
N
Coincide on the contour lines (with the same elevation)
or parallel to the contour lines (with different elevation)
The outcrop of the horizontal bedding planes
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
8. The outcrop of the inclined bedding planes
800
600
700
Upper
800
900
500
400
300
200
100
0
Intercepts the contour
lines which have the
same range of
elevations at certain
points
The elevations of the
inclined bedding plane
is determined from the
strike lines of this
plane
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
9. Properties of the strike lines
3. Horizontal (i.e. connects point with the same
elevations on the inclined bedding plane)
4. Parallel (i.e. distance between each two
strike lines does not change)
5. The Strike Distance S.D (orthogonal
distance between each two successive
strike lines) is constant along all plane
dip angle (θ) α 1/ S.D
6. The Strike direction and true dip directions
are orthogonal
7. The Strike elevations decrease in the dip
direction
1. Imaginary 2. Straight
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
10. Properties of the Dip
2. There are two types of dip
a. True dip (orthogonal to the strikes direction)
b. Apparent dip (dip in a different direction)
5. The dip is described by
a. dip direction (the horizontal direction in
which the elevation decreases)
b. Dip angle (the angle between the dip
line and dip direction)
1. The dip means difference in the elevation
of the inclined bedding plane
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
11. 800
Z
15º
1st strike line is orthogonal to the
true dip direction
Tan 15 = (100 m / S.D cm) * 1 cm/100 m
0.27= (100 m/ S.D cm) * 1 cm/100 m
Tan θ = (C.I/S.D) * Scale
0.27 = 1/ S.D cm
S. D = 3.7 cm
Strike distance= 3.7 cm
Bed thickness =100
600
700
Upper
500
600
Lower
2nd strike line is parallel and at
constant orthogonal strike distance
The outcrop of the inclined bedding planes
(dip 15º to the north)
100m
N
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
13. 800
Z
45º
1st strike line is orthogonal to the
true dip direction
2nd strike line is parallel and at
constant orthogonal strike distance
Tan 45 = (100 m / S.D cm) * 1 cm/100 m
1 = (100 m/ S.D cm) * 1 cm/100 m
Tan θ = (C.I/S.D) * Scale
1 = 1/ S.D cm
S. D = 1 cm
Strike distance= 1 cm
Bed thickness =100
600
700
Upper
800
900
500
400
300
200
100
0
500
600
Lower
700
800
400
300
200
100
0
-100
The outcrop of the inclined bedding planes
(dip 45º to the south)
100m
N
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
15. Lab # 3
Drawing strike lines from outcrop lines
Determination of true dip
Drawing geologic cross-sections
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
16. 600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
100 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
1000 m
900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
Upper sand
Upper limestone
Upper shale
Upper mudstone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
?
?
Upper sand
Upper limestone
Upper shale
Upper mudstone
S.D=2.5 cm
Lab # 2:
Strike lines from outcrop lines
True dip direction
True dip direction due east
True dip angle (θ)
Tanθ= (C.I. / S.D) * scale
Tanθ=(100m/2.5cm)* 1/100m
Tanθ= 0.4
θ= 21.8
θ= 21o 48/ 5//
Apparent dip angle (θ)
Tanθ= (C.I. / S.D) * scale
Tanθ=(100m/3.5cm)* 1/100m
Tanθ= 0.285
θ= 15.9
θ= 15o 56/ 43//
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
17. 600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
100 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
1000 m
900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500 m
Upper sand
Upper limestone
Upper shale
Upper mudstone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
?
?
Upper sand
Upper limestone
Upper shale
Upper mudstone
Strike lines from outcrop lines
550
B A
200 300
U.S.
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
20. Strike lines from three outcrop points
A
B
C
Lower Conglomerate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper Limestone
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
100
m
-100
m
-200
m
-300
m
-400
m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
-200
m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300
m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500
m
400
m
300
m
200
m
100
m
1st strike line connects
outcrop points of the
same elevations (A&C)
2nd strike line is
parallel to the first one
Lower
Conglom
erate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper
Limestone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
A middle strike line in
the half-distance
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
21. Strike lines from three outcrop points
Lower Conglomerate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper Limestone
A
B
C
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
100
m
-100
m
-200
m
-300
m
-400
m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
-200
m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300
m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500
m
400
m
300
m
200
m
100
m
Lower
Conglom
erate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper
Limestone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
True dip direction due s40w
S
N
E
W
40
True dip angle θ
Tan θ = C.I/S.D * scale
Tan θ = 100 m/2.5 cm * 1cm/100 m
Tan θ = 1/2.5 = 0.4
Θ = 21.8 = 21o 48/ 5//
Apparent dip angle θ
Tan θ = C.I/S.D * scale
Tan θ = 100 m/3.5 cm * 1cm/100 m
Tan θ = 1/3.5 = 0.29
Θ = 15.9 = 15o 56/ 43//
Apparent
dip
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
22. Strike lines from three outcrop points
Lower Conglomerate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper Limestone
A
B
C
500 m
400 m
300 m
200 m
100
m
-100
m
-200
m
-300
m
-400
m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
-200
m
700 m
600 m
500 m
400 m
300
m
200
m
100
m
0
m
-100
m
900 m
800 m
700 m
600 m
500
m
400
m
300
m
200
m
100
m
Lower
Conglom
erate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper
Limestone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
Apparent
dip
Y
X
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
23. Geologic cross-section XY
200
Lower conglomerate
Y
X
0m
100m
20m
300m
400m
500m
600m
700m
Lower
Conglom
erate
Lower Marl
Upper Marl
Upper
Limestone
A, B, C
100 m
100 m
200 m
100m
100m
200m
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
25. Lab # 5
Stereographic projection of geological planes
(Great circle and Pole methods)
Stereographic projection of geological lines
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
26. Small circles
represents the horizontal
angles (e.g. directions;
strike, dip direction)
ranges from 0o to 90o in
each quarter (quadrant
scale)
The quarter are named
as NE, SE, SW, NW
Each small circle equal
2o
Draw strike line in N30oE
and an orthogonal dip
direction in the SE
Stereographic (Wulf) net
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
27. Great circles
represents the vertical
angles (e.g. dip angles &
plunging angle)
ranges from 0o to 90o in
each side
These sides are the
eastern and western
sides
Each small circle equal
2o
Draw a great circle for
dip 30°
Stereographic (Wulf) net
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
30. Stereographic projection of plane
a. Great circle (β-diagram)
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Strike
030º
N 30º E
E
S
W
N
Dip dir
120º
S 60º E
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
31. Stereographic projection of plane
a. Great circle (β-diagram)
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Strike
030º
N 30º E
E
S
W
N
Dip dir
120º
S 60º E
Great
circle
60
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
32. E
S
W
N
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Stereographic projection of plane
a. Great circle (β-diagram)
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
33. Stereographic projection of plane
a. Great circle (β-diagram)
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Strike
030º
N 30º E
E
S
W
N
Dip dir
120º
S 60º E
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
34. Dip angle=
90-60=30º
Dip angle 60°
from center
stereographic projection of plane
a. point diagram)
Plane attitude is 030°; 60° SE
Strike
030º
N 30º E
E
S
W
N
Dip dir
120º
S 60º E
Dr. waheed A. M. Hashem
