4. Meaning Of Development
• Development is the process in which something grows,
becomes more mature and advance.
• A branch of economics that focuses on improving the
economies of developing countries. Development economics
considers how to promote economic growth in such countries
by improving factors like health, education, working
conditions, domestic and international policies and market. It
examines both macroeconomics and microeconomic factors
relating to the structure of a developing economy and how
that economy can create effective domestic and international
growth.
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5. Different People, Different Goals
• Different people can have different
development goals.
• What may be development for one may not
be development for others. It may be
destructive for others.
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6. Examples:
Category Of Person Development Goals
1. Landless Rural Labourers 1. More days of work
2. Better wages
3. Economic and Social equality
2. Rich Person 1. Higher Family Income
2. Better education to their children
3. To settle their children
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7. Income And Other Goals
• People want more income. Money, or material
things one can buy with it, is one factor on which
our life depends. However, the quality of our life
also depends on non material things such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect
for others.
• For development, people look at a mix of goals.
The developmental goals are not only about
better income but also about other important
things in life.
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8. National Development
• Different person could have different as well
as conflicting notion of a country’s
development.
• In the process of national development, A
heavy industry is set up
• Or we can say that it’s all round development
of nation. Like education, health, and national
income.
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9. ECONOMIES
• Economy: It is a sum total of all the economic activities like
production, consumption, distribution, exchange etc. It are divided
into three categories:
• 1.Developed economies: It are those economies which are
characterized by high level of per capita income of US $12056 per
annum and high standard of living as per the 2017. Eg. USA, Japan,
Germany etc.
• 2. Developing economies: Those economies which are passing
through the stages of growth and development. In such economies
, significantly of agriculture tends to decline whereas the industrial
sector grows and the per capita income US $955 Lumsum as per
2017. Eg, India, Indonesia etc
• 3. Underdeveloped Economies: It are the economies which are
characterized by low level of per capita income US $455. for eg.
Nepal, Myanmar etc.
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10. How to compare different countries
or state?
• For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one
of the most important attributes. Countries with higher
income are more developed than others with less income.
• As different countries have different populations, comparing
total income will not tell us what an average person earns. So
we compare the average income of countries
• For measuring countries there income is considered to be one
of the most important attributes.
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11. • National Income: It refers to the market value
of all goods and services which produce in
financial year within the country.
• Average Income is the total income of the
country divided by its population. It is also
called per capital income.
• Average income/ PCI = Total income of
country/ Total population of country
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12. World Development Report
• In world development reports, per capita is
used in classifying countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US
$12056 per annum and above in 2017 are
called rich countries
2. Countries with per capita income of US $955
or less are called low income countries. For
example, India.
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13. Income and other Criteria
• When we think of a nation or a region, besides
average income, public facilities are equally
significant attributes.
• Public Facilities: These are the services
provided by the government to its citizens.
Some of the important public facilities
includes infrastructure, sanitation, public
transport, health care, water, etc.
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14. Income And Human Development
• HDR published by UNDP compares countries based on
educational level of the people their health status and PCI.
Human Development Indicators
• Infant mortality rate: It indicated the number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
lives.
• Literacy rate: It measures the proportion of literate
population in the 7 and above age group.
• Sex Ratio: It is the total number of female per thousand of
males.
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15. • Net Attendance ratio: It is the total number of children of
age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total
number of children in the same age group.
• Life Expectancy: The minimum age upto which an adult
lives is the life expectancy rate. This also shows the overall
quality of life in a country. As per 2011 census, the life
expectancy in India for males in 67 years and for females it
us 72 years.
• Life expectancy of India is 68 years according to 2014.
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16. Sustainability Of Development
• Sustainable development is defined as development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations. Scientists have been warning
that the present type, and levels, of development are not
sustainable. Some of the examples are :
• Overuse of ground water
• Exhaustion of natural resources
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17. • The word sustainable means something which is not short
lived but can continue in future also.
• According to Robert Repetto, Sustainable development is a
development strategy that manages all natural resources
and human resources as well as financial and physical
assets for increasing long tern wealth and well being.
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18. Measuring Development
• Gross National Product(GNP):
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
• Gross National Income (GNI):
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