Running head: ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Introduction Animal rights movement advocates for animal’s wellbeing, free from pain, cruelty and abuse as they are living beings and they have the right to live in liberty. Abuse of animals has become a major issue worldwide therefore becoming a problem that can be solved only through obtaining a clear comprehension of what the rights entail. Animal rights as a movement challenges the society’s old view that all animals only exist for human use like in experimentation and agriculture (Sunstein 388). Despite the comprehension of what animal rights entail, it is crucial for individuals to understand the potential causes of animal abuse. While those who display these practices of viciousness and disregard towards animals must be dissected and, if vital, liberatingly analyzed, they should likewise be considered responsible for their activities, which is done by specific laws and controls that endeavor to forestall animal cruelty. This way, the harmful effects of animal abuse is lessened and stopped. Many individuals trust that animals do not have rights, and that the general populations who support animal rights are liberals who need to discover different channels for their persuasions while others feel it is our ethical commitment to nurture animals as they cannot act or talk for themselves. Protecting animals is, imperative for some reasons, including the help they provide for plant ecosystems, the emotional and psychological bolster they can offer to people, and the knowledge picked up from the sociological studies of them and therefore they have the right to experience their lives free from exploitation and misery. We as human beings however do take speciesism to extremes, making new species through farming and domestication, invading most climates and environments, and utilizing our intelligence to expand or sort term gains at the detriment of long-term sustainability. Animals have rights to live free of pain, abuse and suffering. Literature Review The fight against animal brutality, the advocacy of animal rights and the welfare of animals has occurred to some degree over the span of history. It's vital to comprehend that owning animals as property to be eaten or killed is the defining core of our consciousness, and that every human being is routinely indoctrinated into the attitude of control, reductionism, avoidance, elitism, and disconnectedness required by the sustenance practices of our culture (Cochrane 37). This review discusses the existing literature in regard to animal rights. The section contains history, terminology and the pros and cons of the controversies involved in animal rights. All around the world the “animal research controversy” is capturing community attention by storm. Many are the individuals who emphasize on different con ...

1. Running head: ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Introduction
Animal rights movement advocates for animal’s wellbeing, free
from pain, cruelty and abuse as they are living beings and they
have the right to live in liberty. Abuse of animals has become a
major issue worldwide therefore becoming a problem that can
be solved only through obtaining a clear comprehension of what
the rights entail. Animal rights as a movement challenges the
society’s old view that all animals only exist for human use like
in experimentation and agriculture (Sunstein 388). Despite the
comprehension of what animal rights entail, it is crucial for
individuals to understand the potential causes of animal abuse.
While those who display these practices of viciousness and
disregard towards animals must be dissected and, if vital,

2. liberatingly analyzed, they should likewise be considered
responsible for their activities, which is done by specific laws
and controls that endeavor to forestall animal cruelty. This way,
the harmful effects of animal abuse is lessened and stopped.
Many individuals trust that animals do not have rights, and that
the general populations who support animal rights are liberals
who need to discover different channels for their persuasions
while others feel it is our ethical commitment to nurture animals
as they cannot act or talk for themselves. Protecting animals is,
imperative for some reasons, including the help they provide for
plant ecosystems, the emotional and psychological bolster they
can offer to people, and the knowledge picked up from the
sociological studies of them and therefore they have the right to
experience their lives free from exploitation and misery. We as
human beings however do take speciesism to extremes, making
new species through farming and domestication, invading most
climates and environments, and utilizing our intelligence to
expand or sort term gains at the detriment of long-term
sustainability. Animals have rights to live free of pain, abuse
and suffering.
Literature Review
The fight against animal brutality, the advocacy of animal rights
and the welfare of animals has occurred to some degree over the
span of history. It's vital to comprehend that owning animals as
property to be eaten or killed is the defining core of our
consciousness, and that every human being is routinely
indoctrinated into the attitude of control, reductionism,
avoidance, elitism, and disconnectedness required by the
sustenance practices of our culture (Cochrane 37). This review
discusses the existing literature in regard to animal rights. The
section contains history, terminology and the pros and cons of
the controversies involved in animal rights.
All around the world the “animal research controversy” is
capturing community attention by storm. Many are the
individuals who emphasize on different concerns. Some stress
on the functional and fundamental wellbeing particularly

3. flexibility from injury and pain. Others stress on animals
effective condition such as stress free, pleasure and pain that
are experienced as either negative or positive. Others
accentuate the capacity of animals to live sensibly a common
live through doing regular conduct and having normal
components in their surroundings. These concerns constitute
diverse criteria that researchers use to survey animal welfare.
The concerns have brought about many new activists groups
who advocate for the living rights of animals. Even researchers
are on their look out to identify other methods of
experimentation without using animals like rats, mice, pigs and
so on. These animals regularly confront cruel situations and
hazardous infusions in their research roles.
The beginning of animal rights focused on the issue of
vivisection. The concept of animal rights was not known in
times past and most of those who have been persuasive in the
movement towards this idea may have just bolstered a
constrained change in the way animals are viewed and treated
(Korsgaard 17). Several people have had unintentional influence
on how animals are treated. Many read the antiquated Hindu
and Buddhist scripture as supporting vegans for ethical and
moral reasons. This ideology has advanced constantly over
centuries. However, numerous animal activists indicate the
production of "Animal Liberation" in the year 1975 as the
impetus for the cutting edge American animal rights
development. Nevertheless, in 1979, “Animal Legal Defense
Fund” was set up. The following year, “People for the Ethical
Treatment of Animals” (PETA) was established. PETA was a
universal multi-issue animal rights association, upholding
veganism and fighting against animal abuses like hunting, fur,
circuses and vivisection (Waldau 34). Most recent in 2012, a
universal convention of neuroscientists announced that non-
human animals have consciousness. The author of this
declaration immediately went vegan. The animal rights
revolution (vegan revolution) has been coming quite a while
now (Freeman 168). We are entering the last phases of its

4. acknowledgment, it seems to be a transformation of
consideration, creative celebration, delight, and it needs every
human being to participate. Liberating animal’s means we can
free ourselves too and allow the earth to restore for every living
being.
In his article, Blouin inspects the disparities in dog owner’s
dispositions toward treatment of, and associations with animals.
Blouin p. 279 exhibits that dogs are a critical piece of many
individuals' lives that often offers entertainment,
companionship and social interactions. However, as per the
results, Blouin says that there seems to be outstanding
particular disparities in how individuals identify with dogs.
According to research done by Ascione & Shapiro p. 572, there
are numerous conceivable reasons why the individuals treat
animals in a certain manner. According to Ascione & Shapiro,
there exists recurring themes that frequently manifest while
breaking down the conduct of animal abusers. Frequently when
individuals are convicted of animal mishandle, upon further
investigations concerning their past, it is mostly found that they
endured abuse as kids (Fraser 50). In the wake of being not able
safeguard themselves and feeling frail against their abusers for
so long, the outrage that child abuse casualties have left over
from their childhoods tends to show itself in destructive conduct
coordinated at other individuals and particularly at animals
Summary and conclusion
From the above literature, animal abuse is an issue that animal
rights activists will continue to advocate against no matter the
outcome. It is evident that animal rights- which include right to
refrain from pain and suffering- have become a great concern in
the modern world. Though it can be hard to advocate against
animal abuse considering its benefits, some people have opted
to go vegan, just for the sake of animal happiness. Scientists on
the other hand have investigated on the relationship between
childhood abuse and animal abuse and according to their
outcomes, they can help to reduce or rather eradicate animal
abuse and cruelty.

5. To sum up the above text, the general agreement in established
researchers about animal research is that it is totally
fundamental for the medication to advance, but, even those
researchers whom are frightfully stressed over the prosperity of
the animals require not fear because of the expanding weights
of the legislative acts, and new feasible care by including
documentation of the animal's lifestyle. There is scarcely any
verbal confrontation left in mainstream researchers about the
ramifications of animal testing, the real barriers to their further
progressions are a smaller percentage groups of non-
researchers. Researchers solid bolster animal testing, and pledge
to make it more sheltered and less fundamental later on.
References
Ascione, F. R., & Shapiro, K. (2009). People and animals,
kindness and cruelty: Research directions and policy
implications. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 569-587.
Blouin, D. D. (2013). Are dogs’ children, companions, or just
animals? Understanding variations in people's orientations
toward animals. Anthrozoös, 26(2), 279-294.
Cochrane, Alasdair. Animal rights without liberation: Applied
ethics and human obligations. Columbia University Press, 2012.
Freeman, Carrie Packwood. "Framing animal rights in the “Go
Veg” campaigns of US animal rights organizations." Society &
Animals 18.2 (2010): 163-182.
Fraser, D. (2008). Understanding animal welfare. Acta
Veterinaria Scandinavica, 50(1), S1
Korsgaard, M. Christine. (2012). A Kantian case for animal
rights. “The Ethics of Killing Animals", 3-25
Sunstein, C. R. (2003). The rights of animals. The University of
Chicago Law Review, 70(1), 387-401.
Waldau, Paul. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know?
Oxford University Press, 2010

6. ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Unit III Animal Rights Literature Review
Cynthia Fisher
Columbia Southern University
2/4/17
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: Good Work

7. ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Introduction
Animal rights movement advocates for animal’s wellbeing, free
from pain, cruelty and
abuse as they are living beings and they have the right to live in
liberty. Abuse of animals has
become a major issue worldwide therefore becoming a problem
that can be solved only through
obtaining a clear comprehension of what the rights entail.
Animal rights as a movement
challenges the society’s old view that all animals only exist for
human use like in
experimentation and agriculture (Sunstein 388). Despite the
comprehension of what animal
rights entail, it is crucial for individuals to understand the
potential causes of animal abuse.
While those who display these practices of viciousness and
disregard towards animals must be
dissected and, if vital, liberatingly analyzed, they should
likewise be considered responsible for
their activities, which is done by specific laws and controls that
endeavor to forestall animal

8. cruelty. This way, the harmful effects of animal abuse is
lessened and stopped.
Many individuals trust that animals do not have rights, and that
the general populations
who support animal rights are liberals who need to discover
different channels for their
persuasions while others feel it is our ethical commitment to
nurture animals as they cannot act
or talk for themselves. Protecting animals is, imperative for
some reasons, including the help
they provide for plant ecosystems, the emotional and
psychological bolster they can offer to
people, and the knowledge picked up from the sociological
studies of them and therefore they
have the right to experience their lives free from exploitation
and misery. We as human beings
however do take speciesism to extremes, making new species
through farming and
domestication, invading most climates and environments, and
utilizing our intelligence to expand
or sort term gains at the detriment of long-term sustainability.
Animals have rights to live free of
pain, abuse and suffering.

9. Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: Incorrect Citation Format
If there is an author, use the following:
(Author’s Last Name, Date).
Example--
(Smith, 2012).
For two authors—
(Smith & Jones, 2013).
If there is no author, use the following:
(“Title,” Date).
For a government source, use the name of the agency as the
author:
(CDC, 2014).
For a direct quotation, use the following:
(Smith, 2012, p.4)
This error continues.
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: Write in the third person.
ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
3

10. Literature Review
The fight against animal brutality, the advocacy of animal rights
and the welfare of
animals has occurred to some degree over the span of history.
It's vital to comprehend that
owning animals as property to be eaten or killed is the defining
core of our consciousness, and
that every human being is routinely indoctrinated into the
attitude of control, reductionism,
avoidance, elitism, and disconnectedness required by the
sustenance practices of our culture
(Cochrane 37). This review discusses the existing literature in
regard to animal rights. The
section contains history, terminology and the pros and cons of
the controversies involved in
animal rights.
All around the world the “animal research controversy” is
capturing community attention
by storm. Many are the individuals who emphasize on different
concerns. Some stress on the
functional and fundamental wellbeing particularly flexibility
from injury and pain. Others stress
on animals effective condition such as stress free, pleasure and

11. pain that are experienced as either
negative or positive. Others accentuate the capacity of animals
to live sensibly a common live
through doing regular conduct and having normal components in
their surroundings. These
concerns constitute diverse criteria that researchers use to
survey animal welfare. The concerns
have brought about many new activists groups who advocate for
the living rights of animals.
Even researchers are on their look out to identify other methods
of experimentation without
using animals like rats, mice, pigs and so on. These animals
regularly confront cruel situations
and hazardous infusions in their research roles.
The beginning of animal rights focused on the issue of
vivisection. The concept of animal
rights was not known in times past and most of those who have
been persuasive in the movement
towards this idea may have just bolstered a constrained change
in the way animals are viewed
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: Do not use contractions in academic writing.
Contractions are hallmarks of informal writing style. Always
strive to write in a formal style in academic and business

12. writing.
This error continues throughout the document.
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: Do not use phrases like "this review
discusses."
These types of phrases are clichés—general statements that do
not add any detailed evidence or unique support to a piece of
writing.
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: It can be helpful to review the example
provided by CSU for a literature review:
https://mycsu.columbiasouthern.edu/media/review-of-lit-
example-with-bubbles.pdf
This reads more like the section for your body argument, where
you use sources to support the points you are trying to make
rather than a literature review.
In the literature review you need to talk about the source,
summarize the argument made in the source, and connect it to
the ideas expressed in other sources.
Look at the following from the CSU example--
Matthew Etherington (2008), the author of the article “E-
Learning Pedagogy in the
Primary School Classroom: The McDonaldization of
Education,” writes about the
dehumanization of primary students as a direct result of online
pedagogy.
This is the first sentence of the paragraph. It states the author,
the source, and the focus of the article.

13. There are key phrases, like "the author writes about" and "the
author defines" or "the source compares" in the CSU example.
This lets your readers know that you are summarizing the ideas
of that source.
ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
4
and treated (Korsgaard 17). Several people have had
unintentional influence on how animals are
treated. Many read the antiquated Hindu and Buddhist scripture
as supporting vegans for ethical
and moral reasons. This ideology has advanced constantly over
centuries. However, numerous
animal activists indicate the production of "Animal Liberation"
in the year 1975 as the impetus
for the cutting edge American animal rights development.
Nevertheless, in 1979, “Animal Legal
Defense Fund” was set up. The following year, “People for the
Ethical Treatment of Animals”
(PETA) was established. PETA was a universal multi-issue
animal rights association, upholding
veganism and fighting against animal abuses like hunting, fur,
circuses and vivisection (Waldau
34). Most recent in 2012, a universal convention of
neuroscientists announced that non-human

14. animals have consciousness. The author of this declaration
immediately went vegan. The animal
rights revolution (vegan revolution) has been coming quite a
while now (Freeman 168). We are
entering the last phases of its acknowledgment, it seems to be a
transformation of consideration,
creative celebration, delight, and it needs every human being to
participate. Liberating animal’s
means we can free ourselves too and allow the earth to restore
for every living being.
In his article, Blouin inspects the disparities in dog owner’s
dispositions toward treatment
of, and associations with animals. Blouin p. 279 exhibits that
dogs are a critical piece of many
individuals' lives that often offers entertainment,
companionship and social interactions.
However, as per the results, Blouin says that there seems to be
outstanding particular disparities
in how individuals identify with dogs. According to research
done by Ascione & Shapiro p. 572,
there are numerous conceivable reasons why the individuals
treat animals in a certain manner.
According to Ascione & Shapiro, there exists recurring themes
that frequently manifest while

15. breaking down the conduct of animal abusers. Frequently when
individuals are convicted of
animal mishandle, upon further investigations concerning their
past, it is mostly found that they
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: This is not APA format for a signal phrase.
This error continues.
ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
5
endured abuse as kids (Fraser 50). In the wake of being not able
safeguard themselves and
feeling frail against their abusers for so long, the outrage that
child abuse casualties have left
over from their childhoods tends to show itself in destructive
conduct coordinated at other
individuals and particularly at animals
Summary and conclusion
From the above literature, animal abuse is an issue that animal
rights activists will
continue to advocate against no matter the outcome. It is
evident that animal rights- which
include right to refrain from pain and suffering- have become a

16. great concern in the modern
world. Though it can be hard to advocate against animal abuse
considering its benefits, some
people have opted to go vegan, just for the sake of animal
happiness. Scientists on the other hand
have investigated on the relationship between childhood abuse
and animal abuse and according
to their outcomes, they can help to reduce or rather eradicate
animal abuse and cruelty.
To sum up the above text, the general agreement in established
researchers about animal
research is that it is totally fundamental for the medication to
advance, but, even those
researchers whom are frightfully stressed over the prosperity of
the animals require not fear
because of the expanding weights of the legislative acts, and
new feasible care by including
documentation of the animal's lifestyle. There is scarcely any
verbal confrontation left in
mainstream researchers about the ramifications of animal
testing, the real barriers to their further
progressions are a smaller percentage groups of non-
researchers. Researchers solid bolster
animal testing, and pledge to make it more sheltered and less

17. fundamental later on.
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: These types of phrases are clichés—general
statements that do not add any detailed evidence or unique
support to a piece of writing.
ANIMAL RIGHTS LITERATURE REVIEW
6
References
Ascione, F. R., & Shapiro, K. (2009). People and animals,
kindness and cruelty: Research
directions and policy implications. Journal of Social Issues,
65(3), 569-587.
Blouin, D. D. (2013). Are dogs’ children, companions, or just
animals? Understanding variations
in people's orientations toward animals. Anthrozoös, 26(2),
279-294.
Cochrane, Alasdair. Animal rights without liberation: Applied
ethics and human obligations.
Columbia University Press, 2012.
Freeman, Carrie Packwood. "Framing animal rights in the “Go
Veg” campaigns of US animal

18. rights organizations." Society & Animals 18.2 (2010): 163-182.
Fraser, D. (2008). Understanding animal welfare. Acta
Veterinaria Scandinavica, 50(1), S1
Korsgaard, M. Christine. (2012). A Kantian case for animal
rights. “The Ethics of Killing
Animals", 3-25
Sunstein, C. R. (2003). The rights of animals. The University of
Chicago Law Review, 70(1),
387-401.
Waldau, Paul. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know?
Oxford University Press, 2010
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: No quotations.
Christine Pavesic
Christine Pavesic: No quotations.