Right to Die Position PaperPapers should be 2.5-3.5 pages, 12pt..docx

Right to Die Position Paper
Papers should be 2.5-3.5 pages, 12pt. font, double spaced, with
APA format.
Position papers will be graded on a standard grading scale (0-
100), see rubric attached.
During this class, you have learned about the ethical and legal
debate surrounding an individual’s right to die and physician
assisted suicide (euthanasia). You have read about the infamous
Dr. Kevorkian and seen the very public campaign of Brittany
Maynard and her family. At present, a small minority of states
allow physician assisted suicide but more will likely follow.
The issue of a patient’s right to die with the help of a doctor is
more highly debated than ever before.
Suggestions for the structure/questions your paper should
address are below, cover as many as you’d like but the
important thing is to make a strong argument that is supported
directly by course materials:
Begin with your thoughts on this topic before this class, did you
think /would you have thought physician assisted suicide was
ethical and/or moral on the part of patients and physicians? That
it should be legal or illegal? Were your opinions or thoughts
shaped by experiences or family/spiritual/cultural background?
How have or have not the materials in this class changed your
views? Should physician assisted suicide be legal in the US? If
so, under what circumstances (for example, a life threatening
(terminal) illness with a certain diagnosed prognosis, a second
or third doctor checking the prognosis). Kevorkian assisted the
deaths of patients who were suffering from debilitating illnesses
but were not imminently terminal (they would not die of the
disease in the short term). Are there circumstances under which
these types of cases should be allowed (currently they are not)?
Believing something should/should not be legal is different than
choosing it. If it was you, if you found out you had a terminal

illness that would end your life horribly, do you know what you
would choose? How would it be different if you were very old,
say 99? What do you see in the future for our nation, do you see
more states legalizing until it is federal law? Do you think it
will be overturned in the states where it is currently legal?
*Note* The reason I have chosen this topic for a position paper
is that there is plenty of support for both sides (the topic of
physician assisted suicide is complex and difficult). Please do
not choose the position you think I want to hear, as I think there
are compelling arguments for both sides. A successful paper
will effectively draw on the course materials throughout the
narrative of the paper. An excellent paper will draw from a
range of course materials (textbook, supplemental readings,
videos). I have attached a grading rubric in another document to
guide you in crafting an excellent paper, good luck!
Communication Systems
Chapter 11 Hacker
ETSC 101 Chapter 11 Hacker
1
Source of the message is where the message is coming from
(you).
Encoder converts your message into a form that is easily
transmitted (digital to analog signal).
The channel are the elements that conduct the message such as
cables and wires, fiber optics. For radio it’s air!

The decoder takes the message and converts back into a form
the destination can read it in (analog to digital).
The receiver is whoever is receiving the message (your friend).
2
Input
Process
Output
Source
Encoder
Communications Channel
Decoder
Receiver
Types
Graphic
Written, screen display, pictures, video

Graphs, blueprints
The message can be either quantitative or qualitative.
Electronic
Copper wire, fiber optic, air
The message can be either analog or digital.
Fiber optic cables transfer messages through frequencies and
amplitudes of light. Fiber optic cables are able to transfer data
faster (bandwidth) than wire cables. Ranges of frequency and
losses per unit distance are the key advantages to fiber optics
over wire cables.
3
Graphics and Blueprints
Given a graphic of a part, can you compose a drawing for a
manufacturer to produce the part?
See PDFs of drawings and graphics of the different parts.
After viewing the first two examples, look at the third graphic
and try to compose the drawing for that graphic. See how you
did with the last drawing! Don’t worry about numbers, just
about calling out a sufficient amount of dimensions to make the
part manufactural.
The key is to call out just the right amount of dimensions so
that a manufacturer can make the part but so the drawing isn’t
cluttered or hard to read.

4
Graphs and Tables and Charts
Graphs and tables and charts can be very useful for portraying
information qualitative and quantitative. Go through the excel
spreadsheet on canvas, explore the different capabilities of
excel while assessing the use of graphs and tables in different
circumstances.
IF I want to show specific values, graph or table or chart?
If I want to compare values, graph, table or chart?
If I want to show trends in data, graph, table or chart?
If I want to show the variability in a data set, graph, table or
chart?
5
FM Antenna
Battery Compartment
Loudspeaker
AC Power Input
Transformer
Internal AM Antenna
Transformer for voltage
Amplifier
Earphone Socket

Volume Control
Tuner Control
Taken from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/radio.html
1. External, telescopic FM antenna: The one on this radio
extends to about 30 cm (1 ft), which is plenty long enough to
catch a good range of FM broadcasts. You can extend and
swivel the telescopic antenna for better reception. Generally
speaking, the longer the antenna (known as an aerial in the UK),
the more signals you can pick up.
2. Battery compartment: This radio is either battery or AC
powered. When you plug in an AC lead, a switch automatically
cuts out the battery power.
3. Loudspeaker: There is only one loudspeaker, so this radio can
reproduce only mono sounds. Generally, the bigger the
loudspeaker the louder the radio (and the better the quality of
sound it will make).
4. AC power input: A cable plugs into this socket so you can
run the radio economically from a domestic power supply
(mains electricity socket).
5. Transformer: The radio's electronic components operate on
very small voltages (less than 6 volts), but the power that comes
in from the AC outlet is typically 110 volts (in the USA), 240
volts (in the UK), or similar. The transformer's job is to scale
down the AC voltage so it's safe and appropriate for the radio's
delicate components.
6. Internal AM antenna: When you're listening to an AM (also
known as MW or medium wave) broadcast, the external FM
antenna is redundant. Instead, signals are picked up by this

tightly coiled AM antenna concealed inside the case. If you're
listening on AM, you have to turn the entire radio to reorient
the built-in antenna and improve your signal reception.
7. Transformer: A series of smaller transformers help the radio
hone in on just the station you want by blocking out other,
nearby stations.
8. Amplifier: This small chip boosts the signal strength so it's
powerful enough to drive the loudspeaker. The amplifier is
based on transistors, electronic components that take in a small
current and put out a much larger one—scaling it up in size.
Small radios are often called "transistor radios": it was the
development of the tiny transistor, from the late 1940s onward,
that made it possible to pack all the components of a radio into
a small portable unit. Before transistors came along, radios were
typically huge wooden boxes that stood in the corner of your
home, as big as an old-fashioned TV (and often even bigger).
9. Earphone socket: You can plug a small mono earphone in
here to listen in privacy. If you plug stereo headphones into the
mono socket, you'll hear sound in only one of the two earpieces.
10. Volume control: This is the back of the volume knob.
Turning the volume knob adjusts an electronic component called
a variable resistor or potentiometer, which increases or
decreases the electric current flowing to the loudspeaker. A
bigger current makes a louder sound with more volume; a
smaller current makes a quieter sound with less volume.
11. Tuning control: This is a variable capacitor that tunes the
radio in to a specific station.
Bring in car stereo to show.

6
Make a poster board and video in group of 2!
Investigate a career in technology that interest your group
(groups of 2!). Determine the following:
Demand and salary growth rates and averages.
Typical day in the profession.
Skills and qualifications required; scientific principles
involved.
Spend about 40 minutes doing this and then take 10 minutes to
compose a video presentation (use p. 425&426 as resource). Use
your phones. Once you have made your video, email it to me for
me to grade.
7
Telecommunications
The transmission of signals from a distance.
How does telecommunications affect our society?
8
Analog and Digital Signals
Like a water hose, moving the hose up and down continuously

produces a wave. This would be like an analog signal. For
digital, it would be like putting your thumb over the hose nozzle
at different rates.
Radios, televisions, and telephones operate by receiving and
transmitting these signals across different frequencies and
coded channels. Digital is composed of ones and zeros like an
on-off switch. The order of these makes a message, or a code.
9
GPS and Satellites
General principle with model on board of trilateration (three
distances make up one point in 3d space.
Satellites are placed in different orbits and planes to orbit the
earth (Free energy from orbits!)
Geosynchronous, low earth, mid earth, semi synchronous
Low earth apps: Cheap and easy, less transmission power.
Semi synchronous: GPS
Geosynchronous/geostationary: communications satellites.
Satellite phones, sat television or sat radio.
10
Race! 5 points to the winner
What was the original intent of the persons that first discovered
the technology for GPS?

11
Electronics
Chapter 9 Hacker
1
What is Electricity???
Simply put, the flow of electrons through a material.
Conductive materials: Generally less than 4 valence electrons.
Insulator materials: Generally more than 4 valence electrons.
Semiconductors: 4 valence electrons.
Electrons flow through conductive materials because less bond
energy is holding the outer valence electrons to the atom, so
when an attractive force is imposed on the electrons by a
positive electrical voltage, they are willing to move.
The bond force is too high in atoms with a valence greater than
4 so they will not conduct electricity.
Semiconductor materials are special because using the same
material, atoms can be added in a specific order to make some
parts of the material conductive and other parts insulating.

Bring out marbles and tubing
2
Variables of Electricity
Voltage(Volts) – Potential Energy – Difference in
Electronegativity
Current(Amps) – Kinetic Energy – Electrons Moving
Resistance(Ohms) – Conversion of energy into heat or work.
The electrical variables can be correlated to forms of energy.
There are many more variables of electricity and electronics but
these are the three primary ones. Capacitance and inductance
are other variables.
4
Series
Parallel
Loop

Node
When components are in series, they all get the same current
and distributed voltage.
When components are in parallel, they all get the same voltage,
but distributed current.
5
Laws
Ohms Law: V=IR
P = VI
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: ∑V = 0 in a loop
Kirchhoff’s Current Law: ∑I = 0 in a node.
A node is a junction in a circuit.
A loop is one single square of a circuit.
Show examples on board.
6
Design This Circuit
Draw and calculate the voltage and current in each component
of the circuit. Use the following.
9V battery
Two lightbulbs (3V; 10 mA light bulbs): One green and one red.
A switch that controls each light bulb
Any resistors needed
Alternating Current (AC)
Amplitude
Frequency

Waveform
X axis is time and the y axis is voltage.
Frequency describes the time for one cycle to occur, or one
pulse. Sound is described in terms of frequency of vibrations, so
AC is good for communicating sounds and messages.
8
Components
Resistors: Load the circuit.
Capacitors: Storage space for electrons.
Inductors: Storage space for magnetic field.
Transformers: Two inductors used to transform voltage level.
Switches: On and off for the circuit.
Transistors: Switch controlled by voltage level
Integrated circuits: Millions of interconnected transistors and
other components.
Transistors make basic programming possible: If this voltage,
go down this path; if that voltage, go down that path. Logic
functions can be created such as IF AND OR statements.
9
Transportation
Chapter 8 Hacker

1
Freight: Manufactured goods need to be transported from place
to place.
Passenger: People need to travel for the sake of conducting
business and people have more money as a result of improved
economy to travel for leisure.
3 Key Factors:
Speed
Volume
Cost
Generally,
Faster, more money
More volume, cheaper
Manufacturing being a global enterprise and trade occurring
across many countries requires a means of transporting traded
and manufactured goods.
To do this, goods are shipped via freight/water, road, and in
high priority goods, air.
The movement of goods is the largest sector of the
transportation industry. This sector has been developed to have
standardized shipping containers that can easily transported
with multiple modes without additional handling of the goods.
This is called intermodal shipping.
What are some examples of the different 3 factor priorities?
Speed? Volume? Cost?
2

Environmental Impact
Carbon Dioxide emissions from automobiles as of 2004 (right)
The US comprises most of the transportation chunk of
greenhouse gases! US is only 5% of population. China is 20%
Transportation also accounts for 80% of urban air pollution.
Why is CO2 so bad?
The CO2 is warmer than the ambient air but can’t escape the
atmosphere. This results in the atmosphere of the earth
becoming warmer which affects ecosystems of the earth
drastically. Droughts, higher sea level, different weather
patterns, change in acidity of ocean, etc.
What if the question is not “How can we use energy that doesn’t
produce green house gases?” but “How can we decrease our use
of energy so that greenhouse gas emission is minimized?”
4
Individual Activity (15 min)
Consider Ellensburg and all of the modes of transportation that
operate within.
Focus on one mode and construct a plan on how to make the
system 0% dependent on oil.

Then modify your plan so that change in infrastructure and
purchase of new equipment is minimized. What did you come up
with?
Share with the people around you when finished.
Write all of your work down. Use the internet and your
textbook.
Transportation SystemsWater VesselsRailRoadAirScrew
Propulsion (Engine)
Propulsion Pods (Electric)
Water Jet Propulsion
Hybrid (Diesel/ Gas, Engine/ Electric, Wind/ Engine)Diesel
Engine
Electro-Diesel Hybrid
Electric
Magnetic Levitation
Internal Combustion Engine (Gasoline, Diesel, etc.)
ElectricEngine (gasoline) driving propeller
Turbojets (Kerosene)
ETSC 101 Chapter 8 HackerSpaceOtherRocket Propulsion
Thrusters (When out of atmosphere)Pipelines (Pump or
gravitational)
Bicycles (Human Powered)
Hover Crafts (Engine)
Escalators/ Conveyors/ Elevators (Electrical)
Ships:
Screw and pod used for big freight ships and cruise ships.
Water jet used for personal vessels.
Hybrid used for economy ships to be more efficient.
Rail:

Maglev is purposely for high speed systems. The electric
powered trains are mainly applied in low-volume passenger
transport. The diesel and diesel electric are for freight trains
carrying heavy loads of goods, replacing the steam locomotives
originally designed for locomotive freight.
Road:
Buses, trucks, and heavy lifting usually used diesel and lower
loads (cars) use gasoline.
Diesel is more expensive but is significantly more efficient than
the gasoline engine. The tradeoff is favorable only when higher
power for longer periods is needed.
Air:
For small aircraft the propeller system is sufficient. The
propeller drives the plane forward.
For large commercial aircraft, turbojets are used because they
have higher efficiencies and produce much more power from the
fuel by not only burning the fuel but compressing it to high
pressures, higher temperatures are reached, and the gas is
allowed to expand and exit at high velocity producing thrust.
Split into groups and pick one to do a short presentation on.
Then present the presentation like we did last week with half of
the group circling the presentations and the other half
presenting.
6
Alternative Fuels
Depleting oil reserves and increasing oil demand requires an
alternative.

The graph shows the EROI (Energy Return on Investment)
which is the ratio of the obtained energy to the energy expended
to obtain it.
The oil EROI has gone down because of the depletion of
sources. Harder to get to sources have to be tapped now.
Not viable source if EROI is lower than one.
7
Biofuels
Processed bio-matter to produce oil or ethanol.
Low EROI
Availability is low (less than 10% of demand)
Drastic environmental and social effects (hunger, deforestation)
Can be grown and is renewable
Biodiesel (vegetable oils mixed in with diesel fuels) and
distilled organic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is produced from waste. Still under heavy
research.
8
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Works like a battery but with the fluid being supplied from the
outside.
Abundant, but hard to make into gas.
Hard to store gas once made.
Lack of infrastructure for hydrogen gas fueling stations (Only
48, 31 in California).
Typically 40-60% efficiency (85% max)

Process of electrolysis. The hydrogen gas is split into ions
while the broken off electrons are driven through a circuit by an
electric charge. Powers an electric motor.
9
Electric Powered
Majority of electricity still comes from fossil fuel power plants.
Hybrid compromise.
Easy 80% efficiency.
Short range on batteries.
Hybrids allow for significantly less fuel usage in the form of
gasoline or diesel while removing vehicle range restrictions.
Regenerative braking is used to recapture kinetic energy lost to
braking too recharge the electric motor.
Fully electric on the left, hybrid on the right.
10
Group Activity
Make a case for either biofuel, hydrogen fuel cell, or
electric/hybrid technology as a replacement for oil fuel
transportation systems.
Specify the resulting infrastructure development that would be
needed.
Gather support from at least 4 sources.

Energy
Chapter 7 Hacker
1
Energy Forms
Radiation
Thermal
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
Nuclear
Broader View:
Kinetic - Movements
Potential – Attractions
Matter – the medium
Radiation: Light, heat, sound energy waves. Electromagnetic
waves. Driven by attraction to a lower energy state, masses with
lower energy. Without the mass, it must travel.
Thermal: Movement of atoms/molecules in a mass. Internal.
Received energy excites atoms into movement.
Electrical: Electron attraction to a lower energy state resulting

in movement.
Mechanical: Movement of mass driven by external force
(movement of another mass) or gravitational attraction. Most
often the product of an energy conversion.
Chemical: Atoms with an innate high energy attraction to a
lower energy state, attraction to other atoms. Causes movement
to a specific proximity of another atom forming a bond.
Nuclear: Caused by external movement force of neutron and
repelling (opposite of attraction) of atomic structures to reach
lower/stable energy state. To do this, after first initiated,
enormous amounts of energy must be released. The external
movement must be in put (energy in), the repelling force
resulting is more energy than that input due to the natural
repelling force.
Energy can be summed up in movements and attractions. All
things desire the lowest energy state meaning no gradients
between masses.
2
We Get Energy From One Source…
THE SUN
Activity
Track the energy conversions from energy form to energy form
from the energy path. (5 min).
4

Fuels: Everything Takes Time
Non-renewable: Dead Things
Coal: Dead Organic Matter
Oil: Liquid Dead Organic Matter
Unstable Isotopes: Psycho atoms like Uranium
Renewable: Living Things
Alive Matter: Animals, Humans
Sun/Solar
Wind (Caused by Sun)
Water: Dams (Potential to Kinetic)
Biomass: Burn it! Living Plants
Less mass, less time, more output, but not renewable
More mass, more time, less output, but renewable
Nothing is for free. Non-renewables took millions of years to
form. Renewables take long times to be utilized and don’t
output much.
5
Activity
Research the different energy resources, analyzing them in
terms of pros and cons (tradeoffs like from week 1) and make an
educated guess at to which one will be the major energy
resource of the future. (5 min).
Power Systems
Internal – Small and portable; Less efficient (25-30%).
External – Large and stationary; More efficient (33-48%).

Solar Cells – We are now up to 22% maximum efficiency.
Dependent on environment.
Wind Turbine – 15-30% maximum efficiency. Dependent on
environment.
Hydro – 90% maximum efficiency. Highly dependent on
location.
Internal: Combustion engine, four stroke Otto cycle.
External: Steam/Nuclear power plant, Rankine cycle.
7
Steam Power Plant
Determine all of the energy conversions and forms of energy
that are present in the Rankine Cycle system. Also describe
what is going on (3 min).
Coal, Uranium, or natural gas is usually the fuel to add the heat
to the medium (almost always steam). The steam experiences an
increase in temperature and pressure, therefore an increase in
energy. That energy is used to drive a turbine generating
electricity in a generator and also powering a pump to cycles
the steam through the condenser to change in back into a liquid
and back into the input of the system.
8
Laws of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
With each transformation of energy, there is a net decrease in
energy value (entropy).

Energy isn’t created nor destroyed. Just like with mass.
Energy has value: The more energy is distributed between
masses, the less value it has. The concept of entropy is at play
here. Entropy is the amount of energy that can no longer do
mechanical work, it is a measure of disorder. Everything in the
universe is constantly and more and more moving to a state of
disorder, lowest energy state, equilibrium, lack of energy
gradient. Mechanical work can only be done with energy
gradients.
Entropy is the enemy!
9
Activity: Bouncy Balls!
Materials:
12” Ruler
Bouncy ball
Procedure:
Note the initial height (h1).
Drop the ball from h1.
Have on teammate film the drop with their camera, and another
visually inspect the drop. Note the final height that the ball
bounces up to. Do this 5 times and then take the average.
Compare the video values and the teammate observation values.
Try a different kind of ball when you are done!
Determine the coefficient of restitution (h2/h1)^.5.
Where did the missing energy go? Can that energy be recovered
in anyway? Does the amount of energy loss differ with the kind
of bouncy ball used in the testing?

Mgh1 = mgh2 + W
Coefficient of Restitution = (h2/h1)^.5
Mgh1 = 0.5mv1^2
Mgh2 = 0.5 mv2^2
R = V2/V1
10
Construction Technology
Chapter 6 Hacker
1
Segments
General Contractors
Residential, commercial construction.
Constrained by government and infrastructure requirements.
Heavy & Civil Contractors
Roads, bridges, etc. Infrastructure components.
Constrained by government resources and bureaucracy in
addition to general contractor constraints.
Specialty trade contractors
Plumping, HVAC, painting, electrical.
Constrained by determined building designed.
Segments are separated by the types of projects dealt with and
the constraints associated. Different contractors are forced to
work under different constraints.

2
What is Infrastructure?
Basic framework of structures essential for people to go about
daily lives and comfortably conduct their affairs.
Examples:
Bridges
Tunnels
Waste water treatment facilities
Water supply systems
Airports
Roads
Activity: Name the Construction Segment and if it is considered
infrastructure or not.
Power Plant
7 Eleven
University
Bathroom
Civil/Heavy Contractor
General Contractor
General Contractor
Specialty Contractor
Infrastructure
Not Infrastructure
Kind of Infrastructure
Component of Infrastructure
Cheats:
Civil and Heavy segments of construction are usually

infrastructure components.
General contractor segments are usually for profit buildings.
Specialty contractor segments are usually types of systems in a
building, not a building itself.
Impacts of Construction Technology
Social
New entrants to a community; different cultural backgrounds.
Relocations
Can change region from rural to suburban
Economic
New jobs and money
Increase in home price, decrease in home availability
Environmental
Soil erosion, ecology damage, use of land
Water and air pollution, noise, space and traffic pollution
Construction and Energy
Problem:
Make up around 40% of nation’s overall energy use.
Cause around 39% of U.S. carbon emissions (textbook says
43%)
Solution
:
Zero-Energy Housing/Sustainable Construction
Use of alternative energies
Solar/ use of recycled products

Advanced insulation materials
Consolidated building components (Plumbing and HVAC)
Utilization of geothermal energy
Activity: Determine the Impacts of the Construction and
Presence of CWU
Consider social, environmental, and economic impacts
Consider energy usage and how sustainable construction was
utilized.
Use the internet! Look things up!
Write this down on a page! One submission per group.
Types of Structures
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Industrial
Significant Structures:
Industrial Plants
Roadways

Bridges
Tunnels
Sewers/Pipelines
Airports
Substructures and Superstructures
Substructures:
Unseen portions of the structure; the foundation
Spread footing
Spot footing
Piles
Superstructures:
Seen portions of the structure; the actual building
Mass
Bearing Wall
Framed
Spread footing is used on hard surfaces and is placed along
perimeter of the structure
Spot is used for pier or post placement
Piles are used where soil is soft or where the water table is
high.

Mass superstructure is a solid erection of material with no space
within the structure
Bearing wall is a wall of material forming perimeter to enclose
a space
Frame super structure uses frames to support the structure.
9
Framed Superstructures
Framed superstructures need to be enclosed to seal the inside of
a building from the outside.
Functions of Enclosures:
Support
Control
Finish
Distribution
Support: Additional support for the building.
Control: Manage what gets in and what gets out.
Finish: Appearance and Aesthetic of the building.
Distribution: The distribution of utilities in a building such as
plumbing, HVAC, etc.

10
Lab: Construct a Poster Presentation
Group 1: Industrial Plants
Group 2: Roadways
Group 3: Bridges
Group 4: Tunnels
Group 5: Sewers/Pipelines
Group 6: Airports
Group 7: Substructures: Spread Footings
Group 8: Substructures: Spot Footings
Group 9: Substructures: Piles
Group 10: Superstructures: Mass
Group 11: Superstructures: Bearing Wall
Group 12: Superstructures: Framed
Group 13: Enclosures: Roofing, Windows, and Doors
Group 14: Enclosures: Above and Below Grade Walls, and the
Base Floor
Address the following with respect to your Topic:
Different Types
Different functions/purposes/Applications
Explanations of how it works, what the system looks like.
Impacts on surrounding environment

Maintenance and Renovation
Maintenance of structures is due to:
Natural Degradation
Natural Disaster
Life Cycle Requirements
Renovation of structures is due to:
Need for style update of the building
End of life cycle for the entire building (ex: bridge with 50 year
life)
Maintenance describes repair of system components while
renovation describes the repair of the entire system at once.
Manufacturing Systems
Chapter 5 Hacker
1

The System
The flow of things and consumption of resources. Outputs are
often the inputs to other systems. Large complicated systems
will have many subsystems. The more systems, the more
resources consumed, the higher cost.
2
Types of Manufacturing Systems
Job Shop
Flow Shop
Project Shop
Continuous Process
Linked Cell
This isn’t cookie cutter. Many manufacturing systems will also
combine these different types of manufacturing systems to
construct a composite manufacturing system. Linked cell is a lot
like that.

3
Job Shop
Welding and fabrication
Refurbish/repair
Plasma cutting/CNC machining
Low volume/high variety
Examples. Job shops will have a lot of different kinds of
equipment and will do many different kinds of jobs.
4
Flow Shop
Simple plastic assemblies
Screw/fasteners
Paper products
High volume/low variety

Project and Continuous Processes
Continuous
Very high production/almost zero flexibility
Project
Very low production (just one unit)/very high flexibility
A nuclear power plant shows examples of continuous process
and project shop manufacturing. Constructing the power plant
was an example of a project shop manufacturing system. The
processes that the power plant performs on water to produce
mechanical, and then electrical energy, is example of
continuous process manufacturing, in that the water is
constantly flowing, carrying energy, and that energy is being
converted into other types of energy continuously.
6
Continuous/Flow Mixed Process
Plastic parts that are extruded or blow molded
Experiences phase change

Material stocks and other extruded material is an example of a
mixed manufacturing system where in the materials liquid state,
it is a part of a continuous process, but when it solidifies, it
enters a flow line process.
7
Linked Cell
Linked Cell increased efficiency by localizing a number of
manufacturing processes in one area, eliminating movement of
the operator performing the operations. This is a manufacturing
system type heavily influenced by the growth of automation
technology and is often in tandem with a flow line
manufacturing system.
8
#1 Goal with Manufacturing Systems
Design and implement manufacturing systems that provide low

cost, superior quality, and on-time delivery of the final product.
Quality (TQM)
Met expectations of customers.
Determine performance of current system.
Improve product design to promote quality.
Improve inputs from suppliers.
Establish Statistical Process Control (SPC) of the manufacturing
system.
Total Quality Management
This means that the definition of quality of a product will
change with market change.
10
There is no need to get into the SPC details. There are entire

majors around this topic. In short, every specification has a
tolerance. Monitoring how the actual output stays within or
without that tolerance can help quality personnel to recognize
trends in the output data, which will allow them to predict when
the process will go beyond the limits of the tolerance, and then
make corrections to get the process producing the output back
in “control”.
Quality is an important consideration when looking at any
system whether it’s the production of fine art, teaching
pedagogy, exercise and fitness plans, counseling methodology,
flight take-off preparation, rhetoric analysis, excavation
procedure, business model conceptualization. Even when
planning a good night of having fun. There are certain things
that need to be monitored to ensure a good night is had.
11
Safety & Ergonomics
Not only important for the customer using the end product, but
for the personnel making the end product in the manufacturing
system.

We discussed this in regards to the customer, but the personnel
making the product also need to be able to make the product in
a safe environment. This is guided by the design of the
manufacturing system. It is also important for personnel to be
comfortable when performing the operations required for
processing of the product. Manufacturing systems are therefore
designed to fit likely personnel.
Take a CNC milling machine. The operating panel should be
located at an appropriate height to prevent slouching of the
operator. Carts should also be available to prevent operators
from carrying heavy objects across the hazardous
manufacturing floor.
12
Mass Production & Automation
Mass Production Goals:
High Productivity
Low Cost
Low Labor
Automation Outcomes:
Replacement of workers.
Less recurring costs.
Higher degree of accuracy and precision.

No needs for rest with continual power source and proper
cooling.
Automation Drawbacks:
High initial fixed costs.
Need for higher qualified technicians.
Higher degree of accuracy and precision.
No needs for rest with continual power source and proper
cooling.
13
Effects of Automation
Fewer low skilled jobs
More Higher skilled jobs.
Another way to lower costs, labor, and increase productivity is
by outsourcing.

Many argue that automation is eliminating jobs, but others will
say that although lower paying jobs are being eliminated and
replaced by automation technology, higher paying jobs are
being created to manage and monitor the automation equipment.
Though this would seem uneven, it is actually expected for
higher productivity to lead to expansion of the company,
meaning the creation of even more jobs.
Outsourcing is when a company hires another company to add
value to a product development system. This is often done in
manufacturing, hiring companies over seas where labor is
cheaper.
14
Competing in the Global Market
Lean Manufacturing
Concurrent Engineering
Agile Manufacturing
Because the market and competition is global, manufacturing
also is becoming a global enterprise.
This entails…
Flat organizations
Highly compressed life cycles

High volume of virtual development
Lean manufacturing is making only what you need, keeping
resources around only when you need them. Lack of excess.
Concurrent engineering is involving everyone along the
product’s life cycle in the development process to plan
manufacturing, engineering, marketing, and other critical tasks
in different functions from conception to production ramp up.
Agile manufacturing, very similar to agile project management,
is using high level team work and fast paced decision making to
develop products component by component with continual
customer involvement and feedback. This method is useful for
developing products at a very fast paced.
All these are used to remain competitive in a rapidly growing
global market.
Flat organizations mean that the designer and manufacturers are
closely connected and in constant communication about the
specifications and constraints of the product. Life cycles are

compressed to be less than a year rather than less than a decade.
High volume of virtual development allows the number of
prototypes to be reduced, and the number of visits from
manufacturers to be reduced. The product prototype can be sent
via virtual communication and discussed virtually rather than
having to be in person to examine the performance of the
prototype.
15
Emphasis on Tech. Development or Something Else?
Leadership in creating new technology only pays off when
rapidly implemented and embedded in high quality, cost
competitive, innovative products that meet customer needs.
Materials & Materials Processing
Chapter 4 Hacker
1

Types of Materials
Natural
Organic
Inorganic
Synthetic
Mixed
Organic means it came from something that was alive and it is a
carbon based molecular structures.
Inorganic means it occurs in nature but not from something that
was alive, like a rock .
Synthetics are human-made. You have rubber, and then you
have synthetic rubber. You have vitamins but then you also
have synthetic vitamins that you can get from a Flintstones
gummy. Also plastics are great examples. They are produced
from molecular engineering and playing around in the chemistry
lab.
Mixed is exactly as it implies: A mixture of synthetic and

natural materials. Plywood, paper, clothes are great examples.
2
The Four Major Groups
Woods (nature’s composite)
Metals (primarily metallic-bonded atoms)
Plastics (primarily covalent molecules)
Ceramics (primarily ionic compounds)
I say primarily because there are always exceptions.
3

Ionic bonds are formed by metals and nonmetals. Electrons
stolen.
Covalent with two nonmetals. Electrons shared.
Metallic with two metals. Electrons homeless.
4
Most Important Fact in Materials:
The structure of a material drives its properties!
Therefore if you know something about the structure, you can
say something about its properties.
5
Ceramics
Ionic Bonds
Structure characterized by…
Crystalline structure (Except for glass)
Very strong bonds

Properties
High hardness, brittleness and melting point
Great insulators but can be rearranged in structure to exhibit
conducting properties
Low weight/low density
The ionic bonds and crystalline structure caused by the polar
nature of the ionic bonds makes many ceramics very hard and
strong. Even the non-crystalline ceramics are very hard and
strong because the non-crystallinity is caused by a contaminant
molecule such as boron or sodium as in the picture and prevents
movement of the compound. That is why only diamond can
scratch glass.
6
Metals
Metallic bonds
Sea of electrons. Bond strength between ionic and covalent.
Electron sea allows metallic atoms to slide past each other
easily.

Crystalline structure.
Properties
High strength and ductility.
Very thermally and electrically conductive.
High Density
Ductility refers to the materials ability to deform without
fracturing.
7
Plastics
Covalent Bonds
Long polymer chains
Secondary bonding between chains.
Properties
Low strength but very ductile
Insulators of heat/electricity
Melted very easily if thermoplastic
Can’t be melted if thermoset

Thermosets incorporate rigorous crosslinking between chains
that require a very high energy input to break the bonds, an
energy that is higher than the molecular bonds between each
monomer of the polymer chain. This results in the thermoset
decomposing before it can melt. Not so with thermoplastics!
There is no crosslinking so the chains break down way before
the decomposition energy input.
8
Woods
Polymer composite
Other polymers are plastics, rubbers, and adhesives.
Fiber length
Wall thickness
Compactness of fibers
Properties
Strength -> More dense
Lightweight -> Hollow cellulose tubes/less dense

Wood is a composite: cellulose fibers strong against pulling in a
matrix of lignin strong against pushing.
9
Composites
A Reinforcement and a matrix that retain their properties, just
like wood.
Reinforcement
Usually a fiber or particulate.
Matrix
Usually a resin, or poured material such as ceramic or metal.
Processing
Laminate or fiber/particulate-infused molds.
Composites are as old as the stone age with mud and straw
bricks but engineered composites began enjoying widespread
use in the 30’s.

Woods are used to make stronger wood composites or cheaper
wood composites
10
Material Properties
Physical
Density
Phase
Mechanical
Tension/Compression/Shear
Toughness
Impact Resistance
Hardness
Brittleness/Ductility
Electrical
Conductivity/Resistivity
Magnetic
Dia-, Para-, Ferro-
Thermal
Conductivity
Expansion Coefficient
Optical
Absorptivity/Reflectivity
Refraction

Transmittance
Acoustic
Speed of sound
This is all a question of energy when it boils down to it.
Energy comes in many different forms, but can be summarized
into kinetic, potential, and transferred (heat and work).
Kinetic is the movement of mass, potential is the attraction of
masses to other masses, and transferred is the energy transferred
from mass to mass
It all starts from the sun and trickles down to us through many
conversions with associated losses.
Properties express a materials ability to absorb and store,
transmit, or reflect energy.
There’s many more types of energies then listed and therefore
properties, but we will just cover these listed.
11
What We Care About
Physical
Is it light/heavy enough?
How do I store/use it?

Mechanical
Will it break?
Will it deform?
Electrical
Can it conduct/insulate electricity?
Will it shock me or short out?
Magnetic
Will it repel/attract other magnets?
Will it introduce magnetic waves that interfere with other
things?
Thermal
Will it get too hot?
Will it heat/cool the room?
Optical
Will I be able to see through it?
Will it actually be a mirror or a pair of glasses?
Acoustic
Will it keep noise out?
Will it sound good?
12

And the Bigger Question…
Will it perform its intended functions? (Meet specifications)
13
Dealing with Constraints
After seeing which materials can be used to allow our design
solution to meet specifications, constraints have to be dealt with
such as…
Processing and manufacturing
Cost constraints
Environmental
Safety
Availability
Processing/Manufacturing on next slide
But the more is done, the more money it cost, the more labor it

cost, the more equipment time, etc.
We also have to be good to the environment as we’ve been
discussing, therefore cars that run on nuclear energy may not be
a good idea…YET!
We can’t have anyone dying from our design solutions either,
the materials have to be safe. Think of asbestos and how we use
to use it all the time.
It would be nice to be able to make our product out of
Einsteinium because it sounds cool, but its only produced as a
byproduct when a hydrogen bomb goes off so not too available.
14
Processing and Manufacturing
Mass Change
Machining
Phase Change
Casting (Metals)
Molding (Plastics)
3D Printing
Structure Change
Heat Treatment
Deformation

Extrusion/Drawing/Rolling
Forging/Pressing
Consolidation
Welding/Brazing/Soldering
Fastening/Assembly
Sintering
Coating
It would be nice if we could just pull material out of the ground,
snap our fingers, and it magically become the design solution
that we need, but things don’t work like that. Materials have to
be processed to get a desired outcome, and there are only so
many ways to process materials.
Metals are most likely to experience all of the processing
categories because they take so much, but are rigid enough in
structure to be able to handle it.
15
Informed Design & Application
Chapter 2&3 Hacker

ETSC 101 CHAPTER 2&3 HACKER
All of Ch. 2, 3.1, 3.3, 3.2, 3.4
1
Sect. 1: Critical Components to Design
Creativity
Willing to take risks
Visual Thinking
Knowledge of Subject Matter
Determination
Research
Specifications
Constraints
Brainstorming
Analyzing the Design
Using mathematical and physical models to assess function.
Constructing, Testing, and Evaluating a Prototype
Does actual performance and function line up with model
performance and function?

You learn a lot more when you fail, learn from mistakes, then
succeed, than when you succeed the first time.
Visual thinking causes you to make connections between
perspectives and between things that would usually not be
connected.
Knowledge of subject matter offers the danger of fixed and
rigid thinking, but also allows foundation for ideas and
strengthens intuition in the creative process.
Determination is required to overcome hurdles and resistance
that are inevitable in the design process.
Research must be done to determine what the designed solution
should be, the nature of the problem must be fully understood.
Specifications are statements of what the product will actually
do. These are quantitative and can be measured. These are
gathered from assessing customer needs that are assessed by
customer surveys and feedback, etc.
Constraints are the things that you are not able to do because
they are imposed on you. Cost, time, resources, government
regulations, material availability.
Brainstorming because you can’t just come up with one, often
times you need multiple possible solutions to determine which
is the best.

Design becomes more than just art when engineering analyses
come in. This is the predictions of loads, when things will fail,
how much a bridge can hold, etc.
2
Sect. 2: The Design Process
Describe the design problem clearly and fully.
Research and investigate the problem.
Generate alternative designs.
Choose and justify your optimal design.
Develop a prototype.
Test and evaluate the design solution.
Redesign the solution with modifications.
Communicate your achievements.
Most all engineers follow this process when designing solutions
for customer problems and needs. And these apply to artifacts,
systems, and processes/infrastructures.

3
Phase 1: Describe the Design Problem Clearly and Fully
Finding the nature of the problem, its environment.
Finding the specifications (goals) and constraints (limitations).
Safety considerations
Let’s consider the problem that humans need to sit.
Why do people need to sit? What drives the human desire to do
that? Where and when? Do they need to bring their sitting
device with them?
How much does the person weigh sitting in it? What is the
typical geometry of a person? Do we need to consider safety?
What could happen in event of a failure?
With design solutions involving human safety, it’s important for
safety factors to be included in design. For example, your chairs
are probably designed to carry 600 pounds and your bridge is
definitely designed to hold at least 8X its expected max weight.
4

Phase 2: Research and Investigate the Problem
This involves…
Scanning solutions to similar problems (Benchmarking)
Scanning current and emerging technologies currently available
Doing small experiments and making small prototypes to search
for possible solutions.
Chair example: At some point in history someone acknowledged
the problem that chairs weren’t mobile. Before solving this
problem, that person or group scanned and looked at every still
chair their ever was and also looked at other pieces of furniture
or small bodied products that were mobile.
They also scanned all the different technologies available for
“moving things” such as air propulsion, wheels, bearings,
rollers like we see on mobile chairs today.
They may of also tested different wheels and rollers for which
would work best in homes and offices, on hard floor and carpet.
5
Phase 3: Generate Alternative Designs
Brainstorming and Creativity

Developing Design Concepts
Sketches, 3D Models, etc.
Screening down to a select few and developing further.
Here is where brainstorming and creativity come in. Looking at
what is currently able to accomplish similar tasks and applying
them to design concepts.
Screening methodologies can be voting, authoritative decision,
least risk decision, or just choosing by opinion. Decision
matrices can also be used at this stage.
6
Initial Screening
Further Developed Superior Concepts

Phase 4: Choose and Justify Your Optimal Design
Alternatives are weighed in terms of…
Make a Decision
Further Development
Performance predictions, analyses, material selection,
manufacturing plan
Safety, Risk
Design for Environment (DFE), Design for Manufacturing
(DFM), Design for Assembly (DFA)
Industrial Design, Robust Design
Tradeoffs, cultural/environmental/economic effects,
performance, costs, profit potential
Testing is often done with low-level prototypes to test
functionality
Risk assessment for company and the potential customer
When weighing these alternatives, its important to ensure the
quality of the information you are using.
Also when assessing the effects these alternatives might have,
appropriate forecasting techniques and trend analyses should be

used. These forecasts and trend analyses are done in more detail
when the optimal design is chosen.
Decision matrix, economic analyses, done in teams, not one
person making the decision
Safety: In art you might want to reconsider using materials that
aren’t toxic. When designing an ad that says “This lift can
handle any load!” You might want to consider safety concerns
that entails.
DFE: Looking for ways to employ conservation, regeneration,
and stewardship into the design process. Ecological design:
designing to be more inline with natural processes.
DFA: Figuring out how to make assembly easier so that its
safer, faster, and less expensive for either customers or the
manufacturer.
DFM: Figuring out how to make manufacturing as cost-effective
as possible, taking into account the manufacturing process into
the design.
Robust Design: Is the design going to hold up under unknown
and uncontrollable variables (earthquakes, improper use, etc.)
Industrial Design: The looks and feels of the design.
9
Further Development of Optimal Design

Phase 5: Develop a Prototype
Prototype: A working model for testing the design.
Model: A representation of the function(s) of a design.
Purpose:
ID possible modifications
Minimize potential for costly errors
Types:
Scale models, functional models, appearance models.
Computer graphic, simulator, analytical, physical.
Methods:
3D print, stereo-lithography, small-scale manufacturing
methods
Mathematical models and simulators/programs
Finite Element Analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics
Not just one prototype is made. Usually development teams will
begin making prototypes as early as the first phase of the design

process. They start out really simple and increase in complexity.
So the reason for prototypes is that companies and development
teams don’t want to have “Oh crap” moments.
More and more prototypes and models are moving to the
computer and less and less being actually constructed.
Scale models allow you to see individual parts of a very small
assembly or allows you to see the entire design in an overall
view in large assemblies.
Functional models will be built to test individual or multiple
functions. Tests are large parts of function models.
Appearance models are to assess the industrial design of the
products and see how customers will respond to the product.
11
Prototypes
3D Printed Appearance Prototype Model
Manufactured Scale Model
Functional Prototype

Prototypes
Stereo-lithography
Dynamic Test in Simulator
Creep Test of Wheel to IRobot
Phase 6: Test and Evaluate the Design

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