Evidence-Based Public Health Tobacco Use Prevention Joseph Toole Evidence-Based Public Health 6 February 2017 The purpose of this research paper is to provide justification for the need of evidence based public health for tobacco usage, more specifically, smoking in Alaskan adults who are 18 years of age and older. In providing research for this justification, it will discuss the specific health condition or health risk. By discussing, it will provide information regarding tobacco usage and some of the health related risks surrounding it. It will also cover the target population of those being affected by tobacco usage as well as the size and scope of the issues revolving around tobacco usage. This research paper will conclude with some prevention opportunities and potential stakeholders. Tobacco use can take place in a variety of forms such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah and smokeless tobacco also known as chew or dip. It has been discovered that there are at least 250 of the 4000 chemicals identified in cigarette smoke alone which is the form of tobacco usage this research is primarily focused on. In regards to cigarette smoking, it has been found that some of the most toxic chemical associated with it are hydrogen cyanide which is a chemical primarily found in weapons. Another toxic chemical associated with cigarette smoking is carbon monoxide which is a chemical primarily found in automobile exhaust. Additional toxic chemical found in cigarette smoke include formaldehyde which is embalming fluid used to preserve the death of loved ones, ammonia which is found in common household cleaners and toluene which is used in paint thinners (Oregon State University, 2015). Tobacco use is considered to be the leading cause in preventable illness as well as death in the United States. It has be known to cause a wide variety of cancers which also include chronic lung disease such as bronchitis and emphysema. It also causes pregnancy related complications, heart disease and can potentially cause other serious health issues (Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). As mentioned, the reproductive effects include ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, reduced fertility in women, stillbirth, erectile dysfunction in men, birth defects which include clept lip and or cleft palate. Other effects associated with smoking tobacco include type 2 diabetes, age related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts, blindness, impaired immune functions, hip fractures, periodontitis and just an overall diminished health status (Healthy People 2020, 2017). The same causes are found in Alaskans. Research shows that on an annual basis, more Alaskans die from the direct effects of smoking tobacco then HIV/AIDS, homicide, motor vehicle crashes, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis combined. In 2012, it was reported that tobacco usage in Alaska cost an estimated $538 million dollars in medical expenditures as well as an additional $231 m ...

1. Evidence-Based Public Health Tobacco Use Prevention
Joseph Toole
Evidence-Based Public Health
6 February 2017
The purpose of this research paper is to provide justification for
the need of evidence based public health for tobacco usage,
more specifically, smoking in Alaskan adults who are 18 years
of age and older. In providing research for this justification, it
will discuss the specific health condition or health risk. By
discussing, it will provide information regarding tobacco usage
and some of the health related risks surrounding it. It will also
cover the target population of those being affected by tobacco
usage as well as the size and scope of the issues revolving
around tobacco usage. This research paper will conclude with
some prevention opportunities and potential stakeholders.
Tobacco use can take place in a variety of forms such as
cigarettes, cigars, hookah and smokeless tobacco also known as
chew or dip. It has been discovered that there are at least 250 of
the 4000 chemicals identified in cigarette smoke alone which is
the form of tobacco usage this research is primarily focused on.

2. In regards to cigarette smoking, it has been found that some of
the most toxic chemical associated with it are hydrogen cyanide
which is a chemical primarily found in weapons. Another toxic
chemical associated with cigarette smoking is carbon monoxide
which is a chemical primarily found in automobile exhaust.
Additional toxic chemical found in cigarette smoke include
formaldehyde which is embalming fluid used to preserve the
death of loved ones, ammonia which is found in common
household cleaners and toluene which is used in paint thinners
(Oregon State University, 2015). Tobacco use is considered to
be the leading cause in preventable illness as well as death in
the United States. It has be known to cause a wide variety of
cancers which also include chronic lung disease such as
bronchitis and emphysema. It also causes pregnancy related
complications, heart disease and can potentially cause other
serious health issues (Department of Health and Human
Services, 2017). As mentioned, the reproductive effects include
ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, reduced
fertility in women, stillbirth, erectile dysfunction in men, birth
defects which include clept lip and or cleft palate. Other effects
associated with smoking tobacco include type 2 diabetes, age
related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts,
blindness, impaired immune functions, hip fractures,
periodontitis and just an overall diminished health status
(Healthy People 2020, 2017). The same causes are found in
Alaskans. Research shows that on an annual basis, more
Alaskans die from the direct effects of smoking tobacco then
HIV/AIDS, homicide, motor vehicle crashes, chronic liver
disease and cirrhosis combined. In 2012, it was reported that
tobacco usage in Alaska cost an estimated $538 million dollars
in medical expenditures as well as an additional $231 million
dollars in productivity reduction as a direct result of tobacco
related deaths. This is a total of $769 million dollars and it
underestimates total costs which include a loss in productivity
as a result of tobacco related illness as well as the costs in
secondhand smoke exposure related illness and death which are

3. not included in these costs.
As mentioned in the introduction, the target population selected
for this research are adult smokers who are 18 years of age and
older. Current research shows that 1 in every 5 adults in Alaska
are currently smoking. It is the first time since 1996 because the
trend in smoking has decreased a significant amount in younger
adults from 27.7% in 1996 to average of 32.6% from the year
1997 to 2006 back down to 21.0% in 2014. In adults who are the
age 30 to 54, smoking has been reduced significantly from
29.6% in 1996 to 23.9% in 2014. In adults who are 55 years of
age, smoking has also decreased significantly from 21.4% in
1996 to 14.9% in 2014. The scope of the issue in tobacco usage
is not quite as significant today as it was years ago but the
numbers in health complications and deaths relating to tobacco
usage needs to continue to decrease (Department of Health and
Human Services, 2016).
In regards to preventing tobacco usage, there are plenty of
opportunities to do so. One strategy that could be used is in the
form of providing information associating the effects of using
tobacco. The strategy is primarily focused on community
education in an effort to increase the awareness of the general
public regarding the effects of tobacco usage and try to come up
with solutions to tackle the issue. The strategies involved here
include informing the community about the dangers of tobacco
use and educating adults about marketing and advertising
techniques used by tobacco companies to persuade individuals
in using their products. Another opportunity is in the form of
providing support. This strategy focuses on providing resources,
encouragement and reinforcement for the coalition members,
members of the community and organizations that are tied up in
implementing tobacco prevention as well as cessation strategies.
This coalition has the potential in supporting through activities
that educate, build public awareness alternate activities,
mentoring, referral services, support groups and tobacco retail
sale enforcement activities. An additional opportunity is
changing the actual physical design if what is in place currently

4. in regards to prevention. This strategy focuses on working with
local governments, schools, businesses, recreation facilities as
well as any other organization in an effort to identify methods
for modifying the environment which could be moving tobacco
products out of the stores and placing more tobacco free zone
signs up in that community as well as removing any advertising
or promotional material from that community (CADCA, 2016).
In regards to the stakeholders associated with preventing
tobacco usage in adults in an effort to reduce the amount of
individuals using and to reduce health complications associated
with using, there are a wide variety that play crucial roles.
Stakeholders include public health officials, local, state and
federal governments, policy makers, communities in the state of
Alaska such as businesses, hospitals, schools and even law
enforcement officials. Stakeholders can even be found in other
states across the United States to help implement a prevention
and control program for the use of tobacco as the program will
be used for a wide range of reasons. The reasons include
educating Alaska on tobacco use and the health complications
associated with its use. Local, state and federal government in
conjunction with policy makers can aid by enacting policy on
the use of tobacco. Schools and hospitals can educate adults as
well as children of the risks associated with tobacco use.
Businesses and the local community can advertise and push
awareness of the prevention program being implemented so that
there is full coverage in Alaska (CADCA, 2016).
After researching tobacco usage, the effects and health
complications of tobacco use has been identified. The target
population has also been discussed which are adults who are the
age of 18 and older. Prevention strategies and stake holders
have also been discussed. Prevention opportunities included
providing information, support and physical change. The
stakeholders included public health officials, local, state and
federal governments, policy makers, businesses, schools,
hospitals and local law enforcement, all of which play a crucial
role in a successful justification for the need of an evidence

5. base public health prevention program for tobacco use.
References
CADCA. (2016). Prevent Tobacco Use. Retrieved from
http://www.preventtobaccouse.org/prevention-
strategies/provide-support/
Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). Tobacco
Facts and Figures. Retrieved from
https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/about-tobacco/facts-figures/
Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Alaska
Tobacco Facts. Retrieved from
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=we
b&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwiajen_9fvRAhXBU7wKHbrFBz0QFggr
MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdhss.alaska.gov%2Fdph%2FChroni
c%2FDocuments%2FTobacco%2FPDF%2F2016_AKTobaccoFac
ts.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFNmuuqZKvPEB713djB1-2p2Ghi4g
Healthy People 2020. (2017). Tobacco Use. Retrieved from
https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-
objectives/topic/tobacco-use
Oregon State University. (2015). Types of Tobacco. Retrieved
from http://studenthealth.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/91
Running Head: PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
1
PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
5

6. PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
Joseph Toole
Evidence-based Public Health Practice
15 February 2017
Public Health Assessment
Smoking of tobacco is harmful to health of both active and
secondhand smokers due to the presence of nicotine. These
chemicals are responsible for many health problems in both the
active and passive smokers. Tobacco smoking has over the
recent past become a serious public health concern among the
young and older adults (Giovino, Henningfield, & Tomar,
1994). The use of tobacco tremendously increases the risks of
many types of cancers especially lung cancers. Therefore, the
use of easily accessible and time-efficient tools for
implementing an evidence-based public health (EBPH) approach
to improve population health is necessary (Wang & Burris,
1997).
Information from research studies and assessment methods
to be used. There is evidence that cigarette smoking causes
adverse outcomes in people with cancer (Giovino, Henningfield,
& Tomar, 1994). However, more research is needed regarding
those effects and the effects of passive smokers. There are
various methods for conducting community health assessments.
Notably, the systematic collection of data and analysis of the
same to provide a rational decision making (Grant, Hasin, Chou,
Stinson, & Dawson, 2004). For example, the cost-effectiveness
analysis (CEA) is an example of assessment tool.
Measuring intervention impact and effectiveness. The cost-
effectiveness analysis (CEA) is the most suitable tool for
measuring both the impacts and effectiveness of intervention
programs. This tool is applied by assessing the gross cost of

7. preventive measures against the use of tobacco by the
vulnerable group, that the young and older adults and the costs
of addressing health issues brought about through the use of
tobacco (Wang & Burris, 1997). These costs are compared to
determine that which demand relatively lower costs to attain.
Therefore, more resources can be channeled into the relatively
cheaper option to achieve the me goal. For instance, many
studies show that it is cheaper to prevent excessive smoking of
tobacco than to deal with the health impacts resulting from their
use (Giovino, Henningfield, & Tomar, 1994).
Justification of the necessity of community assessment.
For the healthcare providers, community assessment is
important in highlighting the areas of unmet needs and setting
out objectives that can solve such health challenges in a
community. Similarly, it is vital in addressing the impacts of
smoking of tobacco within different segments of the population.
Moreover, such assessments help in a more rational resources
allocation to combat any health issue. (Wang & Burris, 1997)
Collaborative efforts with key partners in conducting
community assessment. In order to carry out successful
community assessing, joint efforts from the governments, non-
governmental organizations, healthcare providers and the
community from which the assessment is to be done is
necessary. The community needs to be made aware of the
necessity of such assessment. Moreover, the government may
come in through funding such projects. The professional
contributions of the healthcare providers cannot be
overemphasized (Wang & Burris, 1997).
Conducting of the assessment in the community. The adult
population (≥18years) is the targeted group. The assessment can
be conducted through issuing of questionnaires about the
smoking and perceived effects of such habits. Medical
examination of the lungs can be done alongside administering
questionnaires. The information obtained can then be used to

8. compile assessment findings (Giovino, Henningfield, & Tomar,
1994).
Methods of disseminating community assessment findings.
There are multiple ways to be used such as giving out of
detailed reports by the assessment team, making press
conferences, seminars, and sending emails of their findings
(Wang & Burris, 1997)7.
Reference
Giovino, A. G., Henningfield, E. J., & Tomar, L. S. (1994).
Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiologic
reviews, 17(1), 48-65.
Grant, F. B., Hasin, S. D., Chou, P. S., Stinson, S. F., &
Dawson, A. D. (2004). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric
disorders in the united states: results from the national
epidemiologic survey on alcohol and relatedconditions.
Archives of general psychiatry, 61(11), 1107-1115.
Wang, C., & Burris, A. M. (1997). Photovoice: Concept,
methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment.
Health education & behavior, 24(3), 369-387.
Running Head: EVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH
1
EVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH
7EVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH
Joseph Toole
Evidence-based Public Health Practice
21 Feb 2017EVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH
EFFECTS OF TOBACCO USE (SMOKING)

9. INTODUCTION
Tobacco use is the first and the leading cause of lung cancer in
the world unites states of America. Smoking cigarette
containing tobacco has got more than 7000 chemicals which are
taken into the body of the smoker. Out of the 7000, 70 of them
cause cancer diseases which are severe and hard to cure.
Smoking cigarette has affected many people in the United States
of America. Mostly men have been the majority in the action of
smoking (Roger, Lloyd-Jones, Adams, Berry, Brown & Fox,
2015).
The research from the United States fact sheet shows that 17
out of 100 women smoke while the remaining larger percentage
goes to men who are the majority smokers. Generally smoking
cause about 480000 deaths out every year in the United States
of America. This is an equivalent ratio of 1/5 of every death. In
2015, 15.1% of the adults in the United States 18 years and
above smoked cigarettes and this trend is currently going on in
the US (Kohatsu, Robinson & Torner, 2012).
This indicates that there is an urgent need and desire to stop the
smoking of cigarette because they are made from tobacco plant.
Many people have died while others are still suffering from
lung cancer awaiting their death because there is no cure for
lung cancer. Cigarette smoking contains tobacco which is
known to have various chemicals that cause a variety of
cancerous ailments. This implies that the effect of cigarette
smoking is not only lung cancer but also other types of cancer
ailments as listed below:
· Cancer of the mouth

10. · Heart failure due to attacks caused by tobacco
· Skin cancer muscles pain when doing exercises
These are only but a few harmful effects of smoking tobacco in
the United States of America.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Scientific methodologies have been employed to research the
evidence of the effects of tobacco in the US. Among them there
are various statistical research tools that have been used
including the following: secondary data review, interview and
development of questionnaires. The tools have been
successfully been used to bring in a wider view of the problem
and how that affects the community in general (Kohatsu,
Robinson & Torner, 2012).
To begin with, we created and supplied 40000 sample
questionnaires using random sampling methods. The
questionnaires contained relevant questions to the topic of
study. We used the Google document tools in the internet to
distribute the questionnaires to working professionals in various
regions within the states. The major research-based counties
were New York, Washington and Florida among many others.
Notably, these three states are specifically known to host
majority of smokers. We received the replies of the respondents
and we recorded them down. Secondly we interviewed scientific
scholars who have been carrying out research on the causes and
control of cancer. They gave their comments which we recorded
down for analysis. we also interviewed doctors, new nurses,
physicians amount many other medical specialists who gave
their information about the number of patients that have been
admitted in their hospitals after contracting cancer diseases
(Roger, Lloyd-Jones, Adams, Berry, Brown & Fox, 2015).

11. Finally we checked on various secondary sources which present
their study findings on the effects of cancer in the US. Some
examples include the world health disease records, the United
States disease fact sheet and also the electronic health record
systems of patients in the United States of America. Finally we
carried out various laboratory experiments of the effects of
tobacco on people by the help of the various research
institutions and organizations that were established to initiate
cancer diagnosis and treatment to patients. We were able to
record all the results from all the departments of research study.
We therefore used to research to analyzes and assess our
findings and this is what we got from the results analysis
(Roger, Lloyd-Jones, Adams, Berry, Brown & Fox, 2015).
TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL POPULATION AFFECTED
BY CIRGARETTE SMOKING IN THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
POPULATION
TYPE ACCORDING TO USE OF TOBACCO
NUMBER OF PEOPLE
ESTIMATION OF THE POPULATION IN PERCENTAGE
People having diploma certificates
More than 24 out every 100 adults
24.2 %
People with GED certificate
34 of every 100 adults
34.1%
College degree
18 of every 100
7.5 %
Undergraduate degree
7 of every 100
7.2%
Graduate degree

12. 3 of every 100
2.6%
Below poverty level
More than 26 out of every 100
27%
Above poverty level
13 of every 100
13.55
By disability
21 of every 100
22.1%INTERVENTION AND EVALUATION
A serious prevention and control program need to be instituted
to assist in eradicating this problem in the community. First and
foremost, the harmful effect of the tobacco must be made known
to all the tobacco users. They must be informed about the
dangers of cigarette smoking in relation to lung cancer
problems. This requires a mass education program. Mass
information will be done through social media sites such as face
book, twitter and IG. Similarly there can be the use of the
website blogs where the effects of tobacco may be uploaded for
internet traffic readers to have access to the information. A
team of public officers will also be selected to talk with the
citizens in various public meetings and events as well as in the
TV and radio channels.
After mass education has been carried out a treatment program
will be initiated. This will be started first using mass media to
inform the victims about the cancer treatment and diagnosis
program that is going to take place. The day of treatment should
be announced including the hospitals that will be used as
treatment centers. The same hospitals will be used to enact free
cancer diagnosis for the people who will decide to volunteer for
checkup. From there those who will be found infected will be

13. put under a medication program until. The medication program
will be reinstated as soon the check-up is done. This will have
to go on for 3 months after which the program will be
terminated (Kohatsu, Robinson & Torner, 2012).
Moreover, an evaluation program plan will be started after the
treatment is completed to ensure that the drugs given are
helping to reduce the effects of cancer in the community.
Patients will also be re-examined to check for the medication
progress. Any potential change will be activated in case the
other alternatives fail. The social media will play a very
important role in the evaluation program. Social sites such as
face book twitter and Google will be used to communicate with
the patients by collecting feedback and opinions about the
treatment and medication program. Any necessary adjustments
shall be considered to ensure that the patients are experiencing
positive treatment and progress (Roger, Lloyd-Jones, Adams,
Berry, Brown & Fox, 2015).
References
Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J.,
Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., ... & Fox,
C. S. (2015). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011
Update1. About 1. About These
Statistics2. American Heart Association's 2020 Impact Goals3.
Cardiovascular Diseases4.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis5. Coronary Heart Disease, Acute
Coronary Syndrome, and
Angina Pectoris6. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) 7. High
Blood Pressure8. Congenital
Cardiovascular Defects9. Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure10.
Other Cardiovascular
Diseases11. Family History and Genetics12. Risk Factor:
Smoking/Tobacco Use13. Risk

14. Factor: High .... Circulation, 123(4), e18-e209
Aronson, R. E., Lovelace, K., Smith, M., & Shah, G. H. (2014).
Differences in Definitions of
EBPH and Evidence: Implications for Communication with
Practitioners. Frontiers in
Public Health Services and Systems Research, 3(2), 1.
Smith, K. M., & Bobe, F. W. (2015). Light adaptation of
bacteriochlorophyll-d producing
bacteria by enzymic methylation of their antenna pigments.
Journal of the Chemical
Society, Chemical Communications, (4), 276-277.
Kohatsu, N. D., Robinson, J. G., & Torner, J. C. (2012).
Evidence-based public health: an
evolving concept. American journal of preventive medicine,
27(5), 417-421.
Dreisinger, M., Leet, T. L., Baker, E. A., Gillespie, K. N., Haas,
B., & Brownson, R. C. (2013).
Improving the Public Health Workforce: Evaluation of a
Training Course to Enhance
Evidence‐Based Decision Making. Journal of Public Health
Management and Practice,
14(2), 138-143.
Running Head: A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR A PUBLIC
HEALTH PROBLEM 1
A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR A PUBLIC HEALTH
PROBLEM 6
A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR A TOBACCO USE

15. Joseph Toole
Institutional affiliation
28 Feb 2017
TOBACCO SMOKE CARCINOGENS AND LUNG CANCER
This article provides a detailed analysis of the smoking tobacco
and its history and effects in men from one generation to
another.
Smoking tobacco is one of the leading causes of preventable
cancer diseases in the world. Tobacco smoking has been dated
since long time ago and people have continued smoking from
one generation to another. This is because tobacco plant
contains a chemical known as nicotine which is addictive and it
causes a habit forming desire for continuous smoking. Nicotine
is a stimulant that makes the body active thus users feel some
false greatness in them (Hecht, 2015).
However, this greatness is temporary and does not last for long
unless one smokes tobacco again. Thus, one becomes a regular
smoker. Tobacco smoking contains two main types of activities.
These include two types of tobacco users, smoking tobacco and
smokeless tobacco. First and foremost smoking tobacco contains
a lot of smoke and that is why it is called so. Smoking tobacco
is the most commonly used and thus it affects both active and
passive smokers.
Research indicates the 3200 people in the United States of
America have died due to lung cancer caused by the passive

16. smoke of tobacco from their friends and families. This happens
most especially in homes where one or two of the members are
active smokers. As they smoke in their houses, the smoke is
inhaled by the other members say children for example. As the
father smokes for a long time in the house the smoke is usually
inhaled by the children and thus they are affected as well
(Hecht, 2015).
The other type of tobacco is known as smokeless tobacco and
this is mostly used by the youth in high schools and colleges.
Smokeless tobacco does not contain smoke and result high
school students can use it without being noticed. However
smoking tobacco regardless of whether they produce a lot of
smoke of not will eventually affected the active smokers. In
addition to this, tobacco smoke also affects passive smokers
like small babies in their mother’s womb. Tobacco has been
confirmed to infringe a lot of harmful effects to the unborn
baby. The baby could be born with some deformations and
abnormalities. At some other point the chemicals contained in
tobacco are known to cause high blood pressure which it related
to premature birth. There are other similar effects of tobacco
smoking in the body which include among the following listed
diseases: (Hecht, 2015).
· Emphysema
· Heart diseases
· Pregnancy complications which may led to abnormal born
babies and premature birth
· Acute bronchitis and lung cancer (Hecht, 2015).
Smokeless tobacco smoking causes lung tooth and decay, gum

17. diseases and also lowers productivity rate in males. This is
because there are chemicals which inhibit normal sperm
production thus leading to low sperm count and erectile
dysfunctions. As a result may people have been affected by
addiction of tobacco and tobacco is becoming a major threat and
health hazard in the society. Many people are joining smoking
of tobacco today and the rate has increased by 15 % in from the
previous cancer eradication and control records of statistical
result analysis. Each day the report in 2016 indicates that 3200
people who are below 18 years of age do their first smoking and
they continue to become longtime addicts. This indicates that
more than 2100 young people become daily smokers and this
report comes from the United States health analysis records and
statistical research. There is dire need to regulate smoking in
the society because tobacco brings more harm than good (Hecht,
2015).
IMPROVING THE PUBLIC HEALTH WORKFORCE:
EVALUATION OF A TRAINING COURSE TO ENHANCE
EVIDENCE‐BASED DECISION MAKING
This article mainly focuses on how to regulate smoking to stop
and reduce use of tobacco and to save lives of people from
cancer illnesses. The use tobacco threatens the lives of people
both in the community as shown above. This includes both
active and passive smokers. There is dire need and urgency to
control smoking tobacco. To begin with, many people are
ignorant to discover the harmful effects caused by tobacco.
They like the positive effects. Since the harmful side effects
take a long time, they may not realize them. Mass awareness
and information programs are the basic foundation to eradicate
the illnesses. As a result there ought to be a team of public
informants to spread the information about tobacco smoking and
its effects in the community. Promising events for such public
gatherings include in the wedding feats, funerals, and

18. recreational centers public meetings and vocations meetings. As
a result many people are found who can act as very good
audiences (Dreisinger, Leet, Baker, Gillespie, Haas &
Brownson, 2013).
Mass information also involves educating people in the dangers
of smoking. There many sources that can be used apart from
delivering public speeches in public events. One of them is by
the use of billboard and posters printed with words that address
the effects of smoking and the related causes of cancer. The
printed cards could be stuck to public places where everybody
can read while passing around. Similar small posters could be
printed and issued to people to take home and read at their free
time.
Secondly, companies that produce cigarettes must be regulated
to include a piece of information about the effects to tobacco to
people’s health. Creating counseling centers for tobacco addicts
could also be a great milestone in the intervention program. The
addicts must be trained on how to quit smoking and to reduce
addiction. A free cancer treatment program is developed in town
and city hospitals. This program should be sponsored by the
governments and relevant authorities in each country and also
sponsors and well-wishers. The cancer treatment program
should take at most three weeks every six months and from
there patients must be rechecked and evaluated (Dreisinger,
Leet, Baker, Gillespie, Haas & Brownson, 2013).
References
Dreisinger, M., Leet, T. L., Baker, E. A., Gillespie, K. N., Haas,
B., & Brownson, R. C. (2013).
Improving the Public Health Workforce: Evaluation of a
Training Course to Enhance

19. Evidence‐Based Decision Making. Journal of Public Health
Management and Practice,
14(2), 138-143.
Hecht, S. S. (2015). Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung
cancer. Journal of the national cancer
institute, 91(14), 1194-1210.
Aronson, R. E., Lovelace, K., Smith, M., & Shah, G. H. (2014).
Differences in Definitions of
EBPH and Evidence: Implications for Communication with
Practitioners. Frontiers in
Public Health Services and Systems Research, 3(2), 1.
Smith, K. M., & Bobe, F. W. (2015). Light adaptation of
bacteriochlorophyll-d producing
bacteria by enzymic methylation of their antenna pigments.
Journal of the Chemical
Society, Chemical Communications, (4), 276-277.