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KOMPUTASI
STATISTIK
PERTEMUAN KE-9
PENDUGAAN PARAMETER
PENDUGAAN TITIK
 Penduga mean
 Distribusi sampling 𝑥 :
 sampel 1 : x11, x12, …, x1n  𝑥1
 sampel 2 : x21, x22, …, x2n  𝑥2
 …
 sampai kemungkinan sampel terakhir
 Sehingga
𝜇 = 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑥 dan
𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜎2
𝑛
𝑥 ~ 𝑁 𝜇, 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎
𝑛
 Pendugaan Interval Mean:
 Kita tahu bahwa 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑥 dan 𝑥 ~ 𝑁 𝜇, 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎
𝑛
, jika
𝑧 =
𝑥−𝜇
𝜎
𝑛
, maka z ~ N(0, 1)
 Sehingga
𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑧𝛼 2
𝜎
𝑛
< 𝜇 < 𝑋 + 𝑧𝛼 2
𝜎
𝑛
= 1 − 𝛼
 Maka kita bisa membangun interval kepercayaan sebagai berikut:
UJI HIPOTESIS MEAN
 Hipotesis Statistik merupakan suatu pernyataan atau dugaan yang mungkin benar
atau mungkin salah tentang parameter dari satu atau lebih populasi yang bisa diuji
secara empiris (berdasarkan data).
 Beberapa hal yang berkaitan dengan uji hipotesis diantaranya :
 tingkat signifikansi (α) atau peluang melakukan kesalahan tipe I;
 tingkat kepercayaan/taraf nyata (1- α) atau peluang kepercayaan untuk dapat menolak H0;
 peluang kesalahan tipe II (β ) dan
 tingkat kekuatan uji (1- β) atau seberapa besar peluang menolak H0 jika H0 salah.
SKEMA TIPE KESALAHAN PADA UJI HIPOTESIS
Keputusan H0 benar H1 benar
Menerima H0 Keputusan yang benar
(1-α)
Keputusan yang salah
(Kesalahan Tipe II atau β)
Menolak H0 Keputusan yang salah
(Kesalahan Tipe I atau α)
Keputusan yang benar (1- β)
LANGKAH-LANGKAH PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS
 Susunlah hipotesis nol dan hipotesis alternatif
 Tentukan tingkat signifikansinya (𝛼) disebut juga taraf nyata atau peluang untuk melakukan
kesalahan.
 Tentukan statistik tabel yang sesuai dengan kasus yang diteliti beserta wilayah kritiknya (daerah
penolakan) yang diikuti dengan melakukan penghitungan statistik uji beserta wilayah kritik
berdasarkan nilai tabel sebarannya atau dengan menghitung p-value (the lowest significancy value).
Statistik uji diperoleh dengan menstandardisasikan penduga parameter, sebagai berikut:
 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑔𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑔𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Lakukan keputusan berdasarkan hasil nilai statistik uji. Tolak H0 jika nilai statistic uji berada dalam
wilayah kritik dan sebaliknya terima H0 jika berada di luar statistik uji.
UJI HIPOTESIS TERKAIT RATA-RATA
 Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari satu populasi dan ingin dibandingkan apakah nilai
rata-rata dari sampel tersebut sama dengan satu nilai yang akan dihipotesiskan, maka
statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji beda rata-rata satu sampel (one sample t
test).
 Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari dua populasi yang berbeda dan independen, maka
statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji beda rata-rata dua sampel independen (t
test atau z test).
 Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari dua populasi yang berbeda namun dependen, maka
statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji dua sampel dependen (t test atau z test).
UJI HIPOTESIS DENGAN R
 Uji Hipotesis Rata-rata Satu Sampel, Varians populasi diketahui.
 Untuk uji ini kita bisa menghitung nilai z secara manual dengan rumus seperti yang telah
dijelaskan dan kemudian hitung p-value dengan fungsi qnorm dan bandingkan dengan α.
 Atau kita bisa gunakan package BSDA dan gunakan fungsi z.test berikut:
z.test(
x,
y = NULL,
alternative = "two.sided",
mu = 0,
sigma.x = NULL,
sigma.y = NULL,
conf.level = 0.95
)
 Package BSDA ini bisa kita gunakan juga untuk uji 2 sampel
 Uji Hipotesis Rata-rata jika varians populasi tidak diketahui (Uji t)
 Secara umum, di R kita menggunakan fungsi t.test baik untuk uji hipotesis rata-
rata satu sampel ataupun dua sampel baik independent maupun dependen.
 Syntax:
## Default S3 method:
t.test(x, y = NULL,
alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"),
mu = 0, paired = FALSE, var.equal = FALSE,
conf.level = 0.95, ...)
## S3 method for class 'formula'
t.test(formula, data, subset, na.action, ...)
x y
x1 y1
x2 y2
… …
xn yn
nilai kategori
x1 1
… …
xn 1
y1 2
… …
yn 2
Formula
nilai ~ kategori
 Uji-t satu sampel
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
 Syntax:
t.test(x, alternative = "two.sided", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0
 Syntax:
t.test(x, alternative = “greater", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0
 Syntax:
t.test(x, alternative = “less", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
 Uji-t dua sampel independent (asumsi varians sama)
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs H1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
 Syntax:
## Default S3 method:
t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", var.equal = TRUE,
conf.level = 0.95)
## S3 method for class 'formula'
t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, var.equal = TRUE,
conf.level = 0.95, ...)
 Uji-t dua sampel independent (asumsi varians tidak sama)
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs H1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
 Syntax:
## Default S3 method:
t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", var.equal = FALSE,
conf.level = 0.95)
## S3 method for class 'formula'
t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, var.equal = FALSE,
conf.level = 0.95, ...)
 Uji-t dua sampel dependent
 Hipotesis: H0 : 𝑑 = 0 vs H1 :𝑑 ≠ 0
 Syntax:
## Default S3 method:
t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", paired = TRUE,
conf.level = 0.95)
## S3 method for class 'formula'
t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, paired = TRUE,
conf.level = 0.95, ...)
TERIMA KASIH

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Pertemuan 10 new - Komputasi Statistik.pptx

  • 3. PENDUGAAN TITIK  Penduga mean  Distribusi sampling 𝑥 :  sampel 1 : x11, x12, …, x1n  𝑥1  sampel 2 : x21, x22, …, x2n  𝑥2  …  sampai kemungkinan sampel terakhir  Sehingga 𝜇 = 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑥 dan 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜎2 𝑛 𝑥 ~ 𝑁 𝜇, 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎 𝑛
  • 4.  Pendugaan Interval Mean:  Kita tahu bahwa 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝑥 dan 𝑥 ~ 𝑁 𝜇, 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎 𝑛 , jika 𝑧 = 𝑥−𝜇 𝜎 𝑛 , maka z ~ N(0, 1)  Sehingga 𝑃 𝑋 − 𝑧𝛼 2 𝜎 𝑛 < 𝜇 < 𝑋 + 𝑧𝛼 2 𝜎 𝑛 = 1 − 𝛼  Maka kita bisa membangun interval kepercayaan sebagai berikut:
  • 6.  Hipotesis Statistik merupakan suatu pernyataan atau dugaan yang mungkin benar atau mungkin salah tentang parameter dari satu atau lebih populasi yang bisa diuji secara empiris (berdasarkan data).  Beberapa hal yang berkaitan dengan uji hipotesis diantaranya :  tingkat signifikansi (α) atau peluang melakukan kesalahan tipe I;  tingkat kepercayaan/taraf nyata (1- α) atau peluang kepercayaan untuk dapat menolak H0;  peluang kesalahan tipe II (β ) dan  tingkat kekuatan uji (1- β) atau seberapa besar peluang menolak H0 jika H0 salah.
  • 7. SKEMA TIPE KESALAHAN PADA UJI HIPOTESIS Keputusan H0 benar H1 benar Menerima H0 Keputusan yang benar (1-α) Keputusan yang salah (Kesalahan Tipe II atau β) Menolak H0 Keputusan yang salah (Kesalahan Tipe I atau α) Keputusan yang benar (1- β)
  • 8. LANGKAH-LANGKAH PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS  Susunlah hipotesis nol dan hipotesis alternatif  Tentukan tingkat signifikansinya (𝛼) disebut juga taraf nyata atau peluang untuk melakukan kesalahan.  Tentukan statistik tabel yang sesuai dengan kasus yang diteliti beserta wilayah kritiknya (daerah penolakan) yang diikuti dengan melakukan penghitungan statistik uji beserta wilayah kritik berdasarkan nilai tabel sebarannya atau dengan menghitung p-value (the lowest significancy value). Statistik uji diperoleh dengan menstandardisasikan penduga parameter, sebagai berikut:  𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑔𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑔𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟  Lakukan keputusan berdasarkan hasil nilai statistik uji. Tolak H0 jika nilai statistic uji berada dalam wilayah kritik dan sebaliknya terima H0 jika berada di luar statistik uji.
  • 9. UJI HIPOTESIS TERKAIT RATA-RATA  Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari satu populasi dan ingin dibandingkan apakah nilai rata-rata dari sampel tersebut sama dengan satu nilai yang akan dihipotesiskan, maka statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji beda rata-rata satu sampel (one sample t test).  Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari dua populasi yang berbeda dan independen, maka statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji beda rata-rata dua sampel independen (t test atau z test).  Jika sampel yang digunakan berasal dari dua populasi yang berbeda namun dependen, maka statistik uji yang digunakan dapat menggunakan uji dua sampel dependen (t test atau z test).
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  • 12. UJI HIPOTESIS DENGAN R  Uji Hipotesis Rata-rata Satu Sampel, Varians populasi diketahui.  Untuk uji ini kita bisa menghitung nilai z secara manual dengan rumus seperti yang telah dijelaskan dan kemudian hitung p-value dengan fungsi qnorm dan bandingkan dengan α.  Atau kita bisa gunakan package BSDA dan gunakan fungsi z.test berikut: z.test( x, y = NULL, alternative = "two.sided", mu = 0, sigma.x = NULL, sigma.y = NULL, conf.level = 0.95 )  Package BSDA ini bisa kita gunakan juga untuk uji 2 sampel
  • 13.  Uji Hipotesis Rata-rata jika varians populasi tidak diketahui (Uji t)  Secara umum, di R kita menggunakan fungsi t.test baik untuk uji hipotesis rata- rata satu sampel ataupun dua sampel baik independent maupun dependen.  Syntax: ## Default S3 method: t.test(x, y = NULL, alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), mu = 0, paired = FALSE, var.equal = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...) ## S3 method for class 'formula' t.test(formula, data, subset, na.action, ...) x y x1 y1 x2 y2 … … xn yn nilai kategori x1 1 … … xn 1 y1 2 … … yn 2 Formula nilai ~ kategori
  • 14.  Uji-t satu sampel  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0  Syntax: t.test(x, alternative = "two.sided", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0  Syntax: t.test(x, alternative = “greater", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇0 vs H1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0  Syntax: t.test(x, alternative = “less", mu = mu0, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
  • 15.  Uji-t dua sampel independent (asumsi varians sama)  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs H1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2  Syntax: ## Default S3 method: t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", var.equal = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95) ## S3 method for class 'formula' t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, var.equal = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
  • 16.  Uji-t dua sampel independent (asumsi varians tidak sama)  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs H1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2  Syntax: ## Default S3 method: t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", var.equal = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95) ## S3 method for class 'formula' t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, var.equal = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
  • 17.  Uji-t dua sampel dependent  Hipotesis: H0 : 𝑑 = 0 vs H1 :𝑑 ≠ 0  Syntax: ## Default S3 method: t.test(x, y, alternative = "two.sided", paired = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95) ## S3 method for class 'formula' t.test(nilai ~ kategori, data, paired = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95, ...)