Minority rights in the middle east this page in

MINORITY RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
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Minority Rights in the
Middle East
JOSHUA CASTELLINO
and
KATHLEEN A. CAVANAUGH
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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© Joshua Castellino and Kathleen A. Cavanaugh, 2013
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1
In Memory of Lian Abu Hussein
‫ذل‬ ‫رك‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫وب‬ ‫سح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬
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Table of Contents
Table of Case Law ix
Table of Legislation x
United Nations Documents xii
Table of International Organizations’ Documents xvi
Introduction 1

1 Th e Contemporary Middle East 9
Introduction 9
1 Th e Territorial Ambit 11
2 Th e Crucial Peace and Security Questions 14
3 Islam, the Middle East and Human Rights Law 29
4 Constructing Minorities 47
5 Approach to Human Rights by Middle Eastern States 54
Conclusion 78
2 Minority Identities in the Middle East: Religious
Minorities 79
Introduction 79
1 Non-Muslim Religious Minorities 82
2 Islamic Minorities 127
Conclusion 140
3 Minority Identities in the Middle East: Ethno-national and
Other Minorities 141
Introduction 141
1 Trapped Minorities 142
2 Ethnic/National Minorities 165
3 Political Minorities 176
4 Majoritarian Minorities 179
Conclusion 181
4 Minority Rights in Iraq 182
Introduction 182
1 History 186
viii Table of Contents
2 Identifi cation of Minorities 203
3 Rights of Minorities 221

4 Remedies 240
Conclusion 251
5 Minority Rights in Syria 255
Introduction 255
1 History 264
4 Remedies 326
Conclusion 332
6 Minority Rights in Lebanon 334
Introduction 334
1 Th e Unwanted Past 338
4 Remedies 362
Conclusion 374
Conclusion 376
Bibliography 383
Index 417
Table of Case Law
Alhaji lla Alkamawa v Alhaji Hassan Bello and Alhaji
Malami Yaro [1998] 6 SCNJ 127 . . . . . . . 243
MK Barakeh v. Tel Aviv Magistrate Court et. Al. , HCJ case
5754/10 [petition
withdrawn June 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Zoabi v. Th e Knesset , HCJ case 8148/10 [case pending,

order to show cause issued] . . . . . . . . . 147
Ka’adan v. the Israel Land Administration , HCJ case 6698/95
[PD 54(1) 258 (2000)] . . . . . . . . 149
Adalah, et. al. v. Th e National Council for Planning and
Building, et. Al. , HCJ
case 2817/06 [June 15, 2010] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
MK Zahava Galonv v. Th e Attorney General, et. al. , HCJ
case 466/07 [petition
dismissed January 11, 2012] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Adalah and others v. Th e Minister of the Interior , HCJ cases
7052/03, 7102/03
[May 14, 2006] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Table of Legislation
Arab Charter for Human Rights 1994
Arab Republic of Egypt, Constitution 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122–3
Arab Republic of Egypt, Decree No. 12025 of the Year 2004
Concerning
Certain Provisions Enforcing Law No. 154 of the Year 2004 on
Amendment of Certain
Provisions of Law No. 26 of the Year 1975 Concerning the
Egyptian Nationality
July 25, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Arab Republic of Egypt, Decree No. 1231 of the Minister of
the Interior May 2011 . . . . . . . . 158
Assyrian National Pact 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Camp David Accords September 17, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 23, 25, 150, 158
Charter of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference 1969 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Covenant of the League of Nations 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Darfur Peace Agreement 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Declaration of Agreement for Federal Union of the United
Arab Republic,
Syria and Iraq April 17, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements
for Palestinians (Oslo I) September 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–7
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel May 14,
1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Egyptian-Israeli General Armistice Agreement February 24,
1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty (Heskem HaShalom Bein Yisrael
LeMitzrayim )
March 26, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 23, 26, 158
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Constitution 1952 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112–13
Islamic Council of Europe, Universal Islamic Declaration of
Human

Rights September 19, 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 74–5
Islamic Republic of Iran, Constitution 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 128, 137
Law on the Structure, Duties and Mandate of the Afghanistan
Independent
Human Rights Commission (No. 3471) May 14, 2005 . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
League of Arab States, Arab Charter on Human Rights May
22, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 74–5
Lebanese-Israeli General Armistice Agreement March 23, 1949
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pact of the League of Arab States 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Republic of Lebanon, Constitution 1926, amended 1990 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346, 350–9, 365
Republic of Lebanon, Parliamentary Election Law (Law No.
25) October 8, 2008 . . . . . . 359, 370
Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights May 22, 2004, entered
into force March 15, 2008 . . . 75
Syrian Arab Republic, Code of Personal Status For Catholic
Communities in Syria,
(Law No. 31) 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Syrian Arab Republic, Constitution 1973, amended
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 302,
308, 310, 311–14, 316, 320, 322, 324
Syrian Arab Republic, Labour Code (Law No. 279) June 1,
1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324–5
Syrian Arab Republic, Law of Local Government (Legislative
Decree No.

15) May 11, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319–20
Syrian Arab Republic, Law of Personal Status 1953, amended
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Syrian Arab Republic, Legislative Decree No. 26 April 14,
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Syrian Arab Republic, Legislative Decree No. 49 April 7, 2011
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Th e Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–19, 280
Th e Beirut Declaration on the Regional Protection of Human
Rights 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 74–5, 77
xiTable of Legislation
Th e Cairo Declaration 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 74–5
Th e Lebanese Republic, Law of 16 July 1962 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Th e Palestinian-Israeli Agreement on Security Arrangements
in Hebron and the
Renewal of the Negotiation, March 31, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Th e Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Principles on Interim
Self-Government
Authority 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Th e Paris Protocol April 29, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Th e People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Constitution
1963, amended 1996 . . . . . . . . . 92–3
Th e Republic of Iraq, Constitution 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163, 186, 202, 221–240, 244, 249, 356
Th e Republic of Yemen, Constitution 1994, amended 2001 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Th e State of Israel, 7 Laws of the State of Israel (LSI) 113
(5713-1952/53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Th e State of Israel, Land Acquisition Law 1953 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Th e State of Israel, Land Administration Law, Amendment
No. 7 (5769–2009),
the Book of Laws 2209 August 10, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Th e State of Israel, Lands Law, Amendment No. 3 (5771-
2011), the Book
of Laws 2291 April 5, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Th e State of Israel, Law to Amend the Cooperative Societies
Ordinance
(No. 8) 5771-2011 March 30, 2011, the Book of Laws 2286 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148–9
Th e State of Israel, Law to Amend the Land (Acquisition for
Public Purposes)
Ordinance, No. 3 (5770-2010), the Book of Laws 2228 February
15, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Th e State of Israel, Th e Absentees’ Property Law 1950 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Th e State of Israel, Th e Nationality and Entry into Israel Law
(Amendment)
July 27, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
(Amendment)

March 21, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
July 31, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Th e State of Israel, Th e Negev Development Authority Law,
Amendment
No. 4 (5770-2010), the Book of Laws 2250 July 22, 2010 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Th e Treaty of Lausanne 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282, 318
Treaty Alliance between Britain and Iraq October 10, 1922,
FO 371/14515
E125/125/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190–1
Treaty of Peace between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
and the State of Israel
(Wadi ‘Araba) October 26, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
United Nations Documents
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Palestine’, UN Doc.
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 152
General Assembly Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp.
(No. 16) at 49,
UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3, entered into force

January 3, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
General Assembly Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp.
(No. 16) at 52,
UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 UNTS 171, entered into force
March 23, 1976 . . . . . . . . . 55–6
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
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22, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
General Assembly Res. 54/263, Annex II, 54 UN GAOR Supp.
(No. 49) at 6,
UN Doc. A/54/49, Vol. III (2000), entered into force January
18, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

General Assembly Res. 54/263, Annex I, 54 UN GAOR Supp.
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force December 23, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
xiiiUnited Nations Documents
Somalia,
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Somalia,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Somalia,
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Somalia,
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Somalia,
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Somalia,
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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Displaced Persons,
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Displaced Persons,
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Displaced Persons,
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Special Representative of the Secretary General on the
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71–2
Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Mission to
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
the Right of an
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

the Right of an Adequate
Standard of Living, Mission to Iran, E/CN.4/2006/41/Add.2,
July 19–30, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary
Executions, Mission to
Afghanistan, Report E/CN.4/2003/3/Add.4, October 13–23,
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary and Arbitrary
Executions,
Mission to the Sudan, Report E/CN.4/2005/7/Add.2, June 2–12,
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Executions, Mission to
Afghanistan, Report A/HRC/8/3/Add.6, May 5–15, 2008 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Mission
to Algeria, Report E/
CN.4/2003/66/Add.1, September 16–26, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 92
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to Israel, Report
A/HRC/10/8/Add.2, January 20–27, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Counter Terrorism,
Mission to Israel,
Report A/HRC/6/17/Add.4 [and A/HRC/6/17/Add.4/Corr.1],
July 3–10, 2007 . . . . . . . . 71–2
Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial
Discrimination,

Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Mission to Kuwait, Report
E/CN.4/1997/71/Add.2, November 17–27, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial
Discrimination,
Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Mission to Mauritania
Report
A/HRC/7/19/Add.6, January 20–24, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
xiv United Nations Documents
Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, Mission
to Iran,
Report E/CN.4/2005/85/Add.2, February 22–29, 2004 . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food (3–12/07/2003),
Mission to the
Occupied Palestinian Territories, Report
E/CN.4/2004/10/Add.2, July 3–12, 2003 . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and
Expression,
Mission to the Sudan Report E/CN.4/2000/63/Add.1, September
20–26, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Opinion and
Expression,
Mission to Iran, Report E/CN.4/2004/62/Add.2, November 3–
11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Iraq,

Report E/CN.4/2001/42,
November 5–9, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Iraq,
February 11–15, 2002 . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the
Occupied Palestinian
Territories since 1967, Report A/HRC/10/20, February 11, 2009
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report E/CN.4/1998/66, January 1, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report E/CN.4/1999/38/Add.1, May 17, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report E/CN.4/2000/36, April 19, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report E/CN.4/2002/46, January 23, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report E/CN.4/2003/42, January 6, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Sudan,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report A/61/469, September 20, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Sudan,
Report A/HRC/7/22, March 3, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane and
Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, Report A/HRC/4/33/Add.3, June 25–
29, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Special Rapporteur on Traffi cking in Persons, especially
Women and Children,
Mission to Lebanon, Report E/CN.4/2006/62/Add.3, September
7–16 , 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Special Rapporteur on Traffi cking in Persons, especially
Women and Children,
Mission to Bahrain, Qatar and Oman, Report
A/HRC/4/23/Add.2, November 17, 2006 . . . 72
Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes
and Consequences, Mission
to Pakistan and Afghanistan, Report E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4,
September 1–13, 1999 . . . . . 71

to the Occupied Palestinian Territories, E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4,
June 13–18, 2004 . . . . . . . 72
to the Sudan, Report E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.5, September 28 to
October 2, 2004 . . . . . . . . . 72
to Iran, Report E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.3, January 29 to February
6, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
to Afghanistan, Report E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5, July 9–16, 2005
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
to Algeria, Report A/HRC/7/6/Add.2, January 21 to February 1,
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Executions; Special
Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the
Highest Attainable
Standard of Physical and Mental Health; Representative to the
Secretary General
on Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons and Special
Rapporteur on

United Nations Documents xv
Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right of an Adequate
Standard of Living, Joint visit
to Lebanon and Israel, Report A/HRC/2/7, September 10–13,
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment
of the Highest
Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, Mission to
Syria, UN.Doc.
A/HRC/17/25/Add.3, March 21, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Mission to Iran,
Report
E/CN.4/2004/3/Add.2/Corr.1, February 15–27, 2003 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances,
Mission to
Yemen, Report E/CN.4/1999/62/Add.1/Corr.1, August 17–21,
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries, Mission to
Afghanistan, Report
A/HRC/15/25/Add.2, April 4–11, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
UN Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of
human rights
in Iraq, March 15 , 2002, E/CN.4/2002/44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Background Information
on the

Situation of Non-Muslim Religious Minorities in Iraq, October
1, 2005 . . . . . . . 204, 210, 217
UN High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Surviving in the city: A
review of
UNHCR’s operation for Iraqi refugees in …
1
Routledge Handbook on Human
Rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Uprisings’ have exploded notions that human rights are
irrelevant to
Middle Eastern and North African politics. Increasingly seen as
a
global concern, human rights are at the fulcrum of the region’s
on-
the-ground politics, transnational intellectual debates, and
global
political intersections.

and
North Africa:
emphasises the need to consider human rights in all their
dimensions, rather than solely focusing on the political
dimension, in order to understand the structural reasons
behind the persistence of human rights violations;
onsider human
rights—conceptual, political and transnational/international;
discusses issue areas subject to particularly intense debate—
gender, religion, sexuality, transitions and accountability;
contains contributions from perspectives that span from
global theory to grassroots reflections, emphasising the need
for academic work on human rights to seriously engage with
the thoughts and practices of those working on the ground.
2
expertise allows the book to capture the complex dynamics by

human rights have had, or could have, an impact on Middle
Eastern
African politics and society, as well as anyone with a concern
for
Human Rights across the globe.
Anthony Tirado Chase is a Professor in International Relations
at
Occidental College, USA. Professor Chase is a theoretician of
human
in the context of the Middle East.
3
Routledge Handbook on Human
Rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Edited by Anthony Tirado Chase
4

First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
5
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
informa business © 2017
Anthony Tirado Chase
editorial material, and of the
authors for
accordance with sections 77 and
78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any
nical, or other means, now
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue
record for this book is
available from the British Library Library of Congress
Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Chase, Anthony Tirado, editor.
Title: Routledge handbook on human rights and the Middle East
and North Africa / edited
by Anthony Tirado Chase.
Other titles: Handbook on human rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY:
Routledge, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016021351 | ISBN 9781138807679
ISBN 9781315750972 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Human rights–Middle East. |

Human rights–Africa, North.
Classification: LCC JC599.M53 R68 2017 | DDC 323.0956–
dc23
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021351
6
ISBN: 978-1-13880767-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-31575097-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
7
Sanders for their invaluable help in editing this volume.
8
Dedication
Dedicated to the sweet memory of Ruth Flora Tirado Chase. My

mother passed on the sense that nothing is worth doing unless it
is
—and all that led to its creation—is
saturated with that spirit. Death is not an end; the spirit lives on
through the acts it continues to inspire.
Front cover artist: Ganzeer
Cover art: “Of course, Harara, 2014”
Art description: A portrait of Ahmed Harara. Harara is an
Egyptian
activist who lost one eye to a bullet during the January 28, 2011
to
Hosni Mubarak’s fall from power on February 11, 2011. Harara
lost
his other eye during anti-military protests near the Ministry of
the
one of
many
protestors to lose eyes to sniper fire.
-repeated Egyptian

Designed in Cairo, Egypt, 2013.
9
Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
CONTENTS
Editor biography
List of contributors
PART I Frameworks
SECTION I Introduction and overview
1 Human rights and the Middle East and
North Africa: indivisibility, social rights,

SECTION II A conceptual framework: political,
economic, and cultural rights in the Middle East
and North Africa
2 Political legitimacy, contingency, and
rights in the Middle East and North Africa
Hussein Banai
3 Economic rights in the Middle East and
North Africa
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat
kindle:embed:0006?mime=image/jpg
10
4 Cultural rights in the Middle East and
North Africa: art, revolution, and
repression
Mark LeVine
SECTION III A political framework: intersecting
human rights and governance crises in the
Middle East and North Africa

5 Genocide in the contemporary Middle
East: a historical and comparative regional
perspective
Martin Shaw
the Arab World: a framework for
understanding Radical Islamism
Nader Hashemi
in Turkey: one step forward, two steps
Turan Kayaoglu
since the Green Movement
Shadi Mokhtari and Neda Nazmi
9 Narrating law: Israel and the Occupied
Territories
Kathleen Cavanaugh

of international humanitarian law
Stephen Zunes
SECTION IV A transnational and international
framework: human rights beyond borders
11
11 Rival transnational advocacy networks
and Middle East politics at the U.N.
Human Rights Council
Laura K. Landolt
12 Redefining rights: Organization of
values in the U.N. human rights system
Ann Mayer
Mahmood Monshipouri

14 Rights, refugees, and the case of Syria:
what do human rights offer?
Kathleen Hamill
PART II Issues
SECTION V Gender and human rights in the
15 Colliding rights and wrongs: intimate
labor, health, human rights, and the state
in the Gulf
Pardis Mahdavi
policy and human rights in Iran
Homa Hoodfar
17 Women’s rights in the Middle East:
constitutions and consequences
Anicée Van Engeland
1
human rights

Micheline Ishay
12
SECTION VI Religion and human rights in the
19 Shari`ah and human rights
Khaled Abou El Fadl
20 Islam, the principle of subjectivity, and
individual human rights
Barbara Ann Rieffer-Flanagan
rejection, reconciliation, or
reconceptualization?
Marie Juul Petersen
22 Rhetoric versus reality: American
foreign policy and religious freedom in
the Middle East
Barbara Ann Rieffer-Flanagan

SECTION VII Transitions and accountability in
the Middle East and North Africa
23 Core transitional justice debates in the
Middle East and beyond
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm
24 Courts as a tool in transitions: lessons
from the special tribunal for Lebanon
Chandra Lekha Sriram
25 Lessons on transitioning from
authoritarianism: pitfalls and promise
from Tunisia’s experience
Rim El Gantri
cultural rights in Morocco
Osire Glacier
13
PART III Conclusions: global theory and grassroots

reflections
SECTION VIII Conclusions from a global
viewpoint: theoretical justifications and
contestations around human rights
27 International human rights at 70: has
the Enlightenment project run aground?
David P. Forsythe
28 On the local relevance of human rights
Koen de Feyter
29 Israel/Palestine, human rights and
domination
Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon
Alison Brysk
31 Making human rights ‘universals’ from
the ground up?
Lisa S. Alfredson

SECTION IX Conclusions from a grassroots
viewpoint: reflections on dynamics around
struggles for human rights in the Middle East
and North Africa
32 Reflections on three decades of human
rights work in the Arab region
Fateh Azzam
33 Egypt 2011–15: how can a democratic
revolution fail to improve human rights
conditions?
Amr Hamzawy
14
34 Reflections on human rights before and
Bahey eldin Hassan
35 Human rights, law and politics: a
reflection on human rights work in the

Lynn Welchman
Index
15
Editor Biography
Anthony Tirado Chase is a Professor in International Relations
at
Occidental College, USA. Professor Chase is a theoretician of
human
recent
article is “Human Rights Contestations: Sexual Orientation and
Gender Identity” in International Journal of Human Rights
(April,
2016). His previous books are Human Rights, Revolution, and
Reform
in the Muslim World (2012) and Human Rights in the Arab
World:
Independent Voices (co-edited with Amr Hamzawy, 2006).

16
Contributors
Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the Omar and Azmeralda Alfi
Distinguished Professor in Islamic Law at the University of
fourteen
books on various topics in Islam and Islamic law, including his
most
recent work Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari`ah in the
Modern
Lisa S. Alfredson is an Assistant Professor at the University of
She
is the author of the book, Creating Human Rights (University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2008), as well as numerous policy reports
for
international human rights organizations.
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat is Professor of Political Science at the
University of Connecticut. Exploring both theoretical and
empirical

questions of human rights, with an emphasis on women’s rights
and
their interpretation/application in Islamic and Turkish contexts,
she
published numerous books and articles on human rights and
their
relation to democracy, development and globalization.
Fateh Azzam is the Director of the Asfari Institute for Civil
Society
and Citizenship, and Senior Policy Fellow at the Issam Fares
Institute
for Public Policy and International Relations, both at the
American
University in Beirut. He previously served as the Middle East
Regional Representative of the U.N. High Commissioner for
Human
Rights, Director of Forced Migration and Refugee Studies at the
17
American University in Cairo, Human Rights Program Officer
at the
Ford Foundation in Lagos and Cairo, and Director of the

Palestinian
organization Al-Haq. He led the process of establishing the
Arab
Human Rights Fund.
Hussein Banai is an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Studies at Indiana University.
Aliso
University of California, Santa Barbara. She is the author and
editor
of ten volumes on international human rights.
Kathleen Cavanaugh is socio-
Lecturer
in the Faculty of Law, Irish Centre for Human Rights, National
University of Ireland, Galway.
Koen De Feyter is Professor of International Law at the
Group on Law and Development of the University of Antwerp,
Belgium.
Rim El Gantri is a transitional justice expert who is currently
head

of office at the International Center for Transitional Justice,
Nepal.
She led the ICTJ Tunisia program for about five years. Notable
among her published writings is “Tunisia in Transition: One
Year
Truth and Dignity Commission.”
Distinguished Professor of Political Science Emeritus, at the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He taught various aspects of
International Relations for forty-two years, with special
human rights and humanitarian affairs.
18
International Studies at Bishop’s University. She is the author
of
Universal Rights, Systemic Violations and Cultural Relativism
in
Morocco (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013); and Political
Women

in Morocco, Then and Now (Trenton: Africa World Press,
2013).
Neve Gordon is a Professor of Politics at Ben-Gurion University
in
Israel and is the author of Israel’s Occupation (California:
University
of California Press, 2008) and co-author of The Human Right to
Dominate (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Kathleen Hamill is an independent human rights lawyer and
for Health
and
of
Professor.
Amr Hamzawy is a Professor at both American University in
Cairo,
and Cairo University. Dr. Hamzawy is a former member of both
the
Egyptian People’s Assembly and the Egyptian National Council
for
Human Rights, as well as author of, A Margin for Democracy in

Egypt – The Story of An Unsuccessful Transition (in Arabic),
among
other books.
Nader Hashemi is an Associate Professor of Middle East and
Islamic
Politics and the Director of the Center for Middle East Studies
at the
Studies.
Bahey eldin Hassan is the Director of the Cairo Institute for
Human
Rights Studies. He has authored and edited many books,
and articles on human rights in the Arab region.
Homa Hoodfar is Professor of Anthropology at Concordia
19
intersection of political economy, gender and development and
women’s movements and electoral politics in the Middle East.

University
of Denver. She is the author and editor of numerous books,
including
Internationalism and Its Betrayal, The Nationalism Reader, The
History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Era of
Globalization, and The Human Rights Reader.
Turan Kayaoglu is a Professor of International Relations at the
Washington, Tacoma. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Muslim
World
Journal of Human Rights.
Laura K. Landolt is Associate Professor of Political Science at
Oakland University. She examines relationships between state
power
and human rights advocacy.
Mark LeVine is Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History at
University of California, Irvine, and a Distinguished Visiting
Professor at Lund University’s Center for Middle Eastern
Studies. He

University of Beirut to study the evolution of human rights
discourses in the Arab world.
Pardis Mahdavi, PhD, is Associate Professor at Pomona College
and
include
rights, youth culture, transnational feminism and public health
in
ures.
Ann Elizabeth Mayer is an Emeritus Associate Professor of
Legal
University
20
contemporary Middle East and North Africa and international
Human Rights was published in 2012.

focuses
on the local and international politics of human rights in the
Middle
East.
Francisco State University and University of California,
Berkeley. He
is editor, most recently, of Information Politics, Protests, and
Human
Rights in the Digital Age (New York: Cambridge University
Press,
2016) and Inside the Islamic Republic: Social Change in Post-
Khomeini Iran, (London: Hurst & Company, forthcoming).
Neda Nazmi is an expert in Iranian politics and civil society
development. She holds Masters degrees from American
University
and Allameh Tabataba`i University, and a BA in Political
Science
from Tehran University.

Nicola Perugini is Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow at Brown
University
and co-author of The Human Right to Dominate (New York:
Oxford
University Press, 2015).
Marie Juul Petersen is a sociologist of religion with a PhD from
Copenhagen University. She works at the Danish Institute for
Barbara Rieffer-Flanagan is a Professor of Political Science at
on
the intersection of religion, politics and human rights.
21
Martin Shaw is a sociologist of global politics, war and
genocide. He
Institut Barcelona d`Estudis
Internacionals, Professorial Fellow in International Relations
and
Human Rights at the University of Roehampton, London, and
Emeritus Professor of the University of Sussex.

and peace
Lebanon. She is Professor of International Law and
International
Relations and Director of the Centre on Human Rights in
Conflict at
the University of East London.
Bassam Tibi, born in Damascus, was Professor of International
Relations until his retirement in 2009 from the University of
universities including Harvard, Princeton, Yale and the latest,
Cornell University, where he acted as A. D. White Professor
between
2006 and 2010.
for
Socio-Legal Studies and a Lecturer in law and religious studies
at
Cardiff University.
e Middle East and
North

Africa at SOAS, University of London. Prior to becoming an
academic she worked with non-governmental organizations
(NGOs)
in the Arab human rights movement, mostly in Palestine but
also
elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, an engagement
she
has sought to maintain since joining SOAS.
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm is Assistant Professor of Political
Science
interests
include transitional justice, human rights, post-conflict
reconstruction, and democratization.
22
Stephen Zunes is a Professor of Politics and coordinator of
Middle
focus
includes human rights, U.S. foreign policy, strategic nonviolent

action, and Middle Eastern/North African politics.
23
Part I
Frameworks
24
Section I
Introduction and overview
25
1
Human Rights and the Middle East
and North Africa
Indivisibility, social rights, and structural

26
Introduction
In conceptualizing this Handbook, I have sought to highlight
original
to
goal
in doing so is simple: to capture in ways that cannot be done in
human rights have had or could have an impact on MENA
politics.
intellectual conversations are high a
popular
uprisings inflected by human rights principles have been
violently
repressed everywhere from Iran, across the Arab world, and in
Turkey. In their place, long dominant authoritarianisms are
ms vary among secular, ethnic,
and/or Islamist justifications, but share a common foundation in

authoritarianisms show a resilience and ability to morph into
progressively more brutal systems of power that leave many
with
the sense that there is no alternative.
-
colonial inheritance of despotic power structures, current
realities of
failed governance that have exacerbated divisions al ong many
fault
lines, and extra-regional forces that consistently reinforce anti-
-interest.”
Nonetheless, it is also worth remembering that human rights
have
long been part of informing subterranean articulations of
alternatives to dominant forms of culture, economics, politics,
and
quite visibly—
rebellion, and social resistance—during the popular uprisings
that

27
swept the region from 2009 to 2013. But, now that the hope
represented by those uprisings seems a distant memory, there
has
been a return by many in academic and policy-making circles to
status quo thinking that assumes the MENA is solely defined by
secular military rule or anti-pluralist Islamisms? Syrian-style
“stability” or fiefdoms ruled by
misleading
ones. Lazily taking them as a frame effaces other possibilities,
serving the purposes of elites invested in their perpetuation with
devastating results for the region’s peoples, societies, and
states, as
well as the broader regional and global order.
Most specific to this Handbook’s purposes, those frames have
limited thought about even the possibility of alternatives to the

have, nonetheless, persisted in
many
parts,
nine sections, and thirty-
in
particular, have become interwoven with discourses that reject
false
-
inflected discourses have sought, instead, to somehow make
space in
the MENA’s political, economic, cultural, and social structures
for
pluralisms of different sorts. I will conclude this introductory
ter
domain, with particular reference to sexual orientation and
gender
identity-related (SOGI) rights. I argue that connecting social
resistances to human rights is not just important in isolation; it
is
connected to sustaining interconnected resistances in the
cultural,

economic, and political rights’ spheres.
In that light, the goal in this Handbook of coming to terms with
human rights’ potential impacts is ambitious, but more realisti c
than
make
sense of how rights have been part of varieties of resistances
against
28
dominant power structures—local, domestic, regional, and
international—and, beyond that, what the variables are that will
determine if they may do so more successfully in the future.
29
indivisibility, intersections,
multidisciplinarity, and beyond
rs

who in diverse ways—
other
and, indeed, in disagreement with my own views—are at the
edge in thought about what human rights are, how they can be
the
MENA condition whether human rights will or will not have an
disciplines as well as regional and thematic expertise. Part I of
the
on,
further situate the reader within frameworks for thinking about
human rights in the MENA. Section II gives a conceptual
framework
inclusive of different categories of human rights—from social
rights
to political, economic, and cultural rights. Section III gives a
political
framework inclusive of key countries, sub-regions, and the U.S.
as an
omnipresent external hegemon. Section IV gives a transnational

and
international framework that makes clear the intersecting levels
in
global politics throu
play
out, and how powerful states increasingly contest human rights
at
all of these levels. Part II’s sections focus the reader on issue
areas
that have been subject to particularly intense debate. Section V
explore
rights’
relevance in the MENA. Section VI gives different points of
view on
the intersections of religion and human rights in the
predominantly
Muslim MENA. Section VII takes on transitions and
accountability
demands
30

institutions.
Part III contains two concluding sections that end the Handbook
in a particularly distinctive manner. Section VIII’s Conclusions
from
a global viewpoint: theoretical justifications and contestations
around human rights calls on human rights theoreticians with a
global perspective to shed light on human rights in the MENA.
MENA is not an insular region disconnected from global
currents,
including those in academic circles. To the contrary, academic
conversations about human rights’ history, relation to the state,
and
their contradictory dynamics in many parts of the world can and
should info
these
rights that see them as having progressively grown out of
Enlightenment thought and post-WWII history. A top down

diffusion of human rights from a singular foundation—
philosophical
or historical—is increasingly seen as less important to human
rights’
rights have been malleable enough to be seized and repurposed
as
useful tools to grassroots struggles in many different contexts
around
the globe.
conceptualization of Section IX’sConclusions from a grassroots
viewpoint: reflections on dynamics around struggles for human
-practitioners who reflect on their decades of work
on
human rights in the region. It is a key premise of this Handbook
that
academic work on human rights in the MENA should more
seriously
is

general
and, most egregiously, on human rights in the MENA. Lynn
31
with the observation that academics need to be open to being
‘surprised’ —that is to having their …

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