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Research
• Re-Search
• Scientific and systematic search of information
• Clifford woddy says
‐ Defining and redefining problems
‐ Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions
‐ Collecting, organising and evaluating data
‐ Making decisions and testing conclusions
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Objectives of Research
• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon (Exploratory
Research)
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual (Descriptive Research)
• To determine the frequency with which something occurs
(Diagnostic Research)
• To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between
variables (Hypothesis Testing Research)
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Motivation of Research
• Get a research degree
• Face challenge in solving the unsolved problems
• Do creative work – Inner satisfaction of a creative Job
• Serve the society
• Get respectability
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• Descriptive vs. Analytical
• Applied vs. Fundamental
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative
• Conceptual vs. Empirical
• Some Other Types of Research –
• One-time research or longitudinal research - based on time
• Research or Laboratory research or Simulation research
• Clinical or Diagnostic research
• Historical research
Types of Research
6. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 6
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Types of Research
• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
7. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 7
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
8. Master of Computer Applications
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• Pure - It is the study of search of knowledge
–It can contribute new facts
–It can put theory to the rest
–It may aid in conceptual clarification
–It may integrate previously existing theories
• Applied Research - It is the study of finding solution to a problem
–It offers solutions to many practical problems.
–To find the critical factors in a practical problem.
Types of Research
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RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 9
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
10. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 10
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• Pure and Applied Research
Exploratory or Formulative Research
• preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which the
researcher has little or no knowledge
Purpose -
– To Generate new ideas
– To increase the researcher’s familiarity with the problem
– To Make a precise formulation of the problem
– To gather information for clarifying concepts
– To determine whether it is feasible to attempt the study.
Types of Research
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 11
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
12. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
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Descriptive Research
• is a fact- finding investigation with adequate interpretation.
• It is the simplest type of research.
• It is designed to gather descriptive information and provides information for
formulating more sophisticated studies
• Data are collected using observation, interview and mail questionnaire
Purpose -
• It obtained in a research may be useful for prediction about areas of social
life outside in the boundaries of research.
• Descriptive studies are valuable in providing facts needed for planning social
action programmes
Types of Research
13. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 13
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
14. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 14
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Diagnostic Study
– It is directed towards discovering what is happening, why is it happening
and what can be done about.
– It aims at identifying the causes of a problem and the possible solutions
for it.
Purpose -
– This study may also be concerned with discovering and testing whether
certain variables are associated.
– To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which
it is associated with something else.
Types of Research
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 15
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
16. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 16
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Evaluation Studies
• It is one type of applied research.
• It is made for assessing the effectiveness of social or economic
programmes implemented or for assessing the impact of developmental
projects area.
• The determination of the results attained by some activity designed to
accomplish some valued goal or objectives
Purpose –
• It directed to assess or appraise the quality and quantity of an activity and its
performance.
• To specify its attributes and conditions required for its success.
Types of Research
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
18. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 18
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Action Research
• Researcher attempts to study action. E.g. Eradication of Malariya
• A reflective process of progressive problem solving led by
individuals working with others in teams or as part of a
"community of practice" to improve the way they address issues
and solve problems
• Purpose –
•A baseline survey of the pre-action situation
•A feasibility study of the proposed action programme
•Planning and launching the programme
•Concurrent evaluation of the programme
•Making modifications and changes in the programme
Types of Research
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 19
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
20. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 20
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Experimental Research
• is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology,
physics, chemistry, biology, medicine etc.
• It is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the
researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and
measures any change in other variables
Purpose –
• Experiments are conducted to be able to predict phenomenon
• To maintain control over all factors
• A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test his
hypothesis
Types of Research
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1 August 2023
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
22. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 22
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Analytical study or statistical Method
• is a system of procedures and techniques of analysis applied to
quantitative data
• A system of mathematical models or statistical techniques
applicable to numerical data
• Purpose –
• It aims at testing hypothesis and specifying and interpreting
relationship
• It concentrates on analyzing data in depth and examining relationships
from various angles by bringing in as many relevant variables as
possible in the analysis plan
Types of Research
23. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 23
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
24. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 24
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Historical Research
• The systematic collection and evaluation of data related to past
occurrences in order to describe causes, effects, and trends of those
events that may help explain present events and anticipate future events
- Data is often archival-including newspaper clippings, photographs, etc.-
and may include interviews
Purpose
• To draw explanations and generalizations from the past trends
• enables to grasp our relationship with the past and to plan more
intelligently for the future.
• Helps in visualizing the society as a dynamic organism and its structures
and functions as evolving, steadily growing and undergoing change and
transformation.
Types of Research
25. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 25
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• Pure and Applied Research
• Exploratory or Formulative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Diagnostic Study
• Evaluation Studies
• Action Research
• Experimental Research
• Analytical study or statistical Method
• Historical Research
• Surveys
• Case Study
Types of Research
26. Master of Computer Applications
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• Surveys - A "survey" can be anything form a short paper-and-pencil
feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview
• Case Study - based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group, or event to explore causation in order to find
underlying principles
• provides a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data,
analyzing information, and reporting the results
Types of Research
27. Master of Computer Applications
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Quantitative approach - the generation of data in quantitative form which
can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion
Qualitative approach - concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes,
opinions & behavior
Research Approaches
Quantitative
Inferential Experimental Simulation
Qualitative
Group
Interview
Projective
Interview
Depth
Interview
28. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 28
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“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than
overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is
a famous Hudson Maxim - in context of which the significance of research
can well be understood
Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the
development of logical habits of thinking and organization
Significance of Research
29. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 29
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The significance of research can be understood keeping in view the following points –
• To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a
careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure;
• To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of
livelihood;
• To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and
insights;
• To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and
creative work;
• To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new theories.
Significance of Research
30. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 30
Research Method Vs Methodology Go, change the world
• Research methods - may be understood as all those
methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research.
• Research methodology – is a way to systematically solve the research
problem - a science of studying how research is done scientifically.
• It is the study of various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in
studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. It is
necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/
techniques but also the methodology
31. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 31
Research Method Vs Methodology Go, change the world
Research methods - can be put into the following three groups:
• First group - include those methods - concerned with the collection
of data - used where the data already available are not sufficient
to arrive at the required solution
• Second group - consists of those statistical techniques which are
used for establishing relationships between the data and the
unknowns
• Third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate
the accuracy of the results obtained
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33. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 33
Research and Scientific Method Go, change the world
Scientific method encourages a rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by
the demands of logic and objective procedure
Based on certain basic postulates which can be stated as -
• It relies on empirical evidence;
• It utilizes relevant concepts;
• It is committed to only objective considerations;
• It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims at nothing but making only adequate and
correct statements about population objects;
• It results into probabilistic predictions
• Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical scrutiny are for use in testing
the conclusions through replication;
• It aims at formulating most general axioms or what can be termed as scientific theories
34. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 34
Research Process Go, change the world
35. Master of Computer Applications
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1 August 2023
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1 - Formulating the Research Problem
•Two types of research problems
–Related to nature
–Related to relationships between variables
•Feasibility study of the problem should be done
•Two steps in formulating the research problem
• Understanding the problem
– Examine the literature related to the problem
– Conceptual literature related to concepts and theories of the problem
– Empirical review, concerned with previous studies or solutions to similar problem
– Researcher understands the problem - data ,material involved & operational issues involved
• Rephrasing the problem
– Break the problem into operational or analytical forms
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•The problem to be investigated must be defined unambiguously
•Verify the objectivity and validity of the background facts
•Determine the data to be collected, the characteristics of the data, its
relevance and relationship
•Follow a sequential pattern where the formulation can be broken up
into small portions, solved in sequence and analysed
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2 - Extensive literature survey
–Read the relevant articles present in
–indexing journals
–Published and unpublished articles
–Bibliographies
–Academic journals, conference proceedings , reports and
books
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3 - Development of working hypotheses
•Hypothesis is the assumption made to draw and test the empirical consequences
•It provides focal point on research
•It should be specific and limited
•Brings the research to the right track
•Researcher develop a hypothesis -
–In Discussion with colleagues and experts about the problem - Origin & Objectives
–By Examining data and records
–By Review of similar studies in the domain
–Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews on a limited
scale with interested parties and individuals with a view to secure greater insight into
the practical aspects of the problem
Working hypotheses arise as a result of a-priori thinking about the subject
39. Master of Computer Applications
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4 - Preparing the research Design
•Research design is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted
•Facilitates research to be efficient
•Collection of relevance evidence with optimum effort, time & expenditure
•Research design includes
–Means of obtaining the information
–Availability and skills of the researcher – and other scholars
–Selection of appropriate data and organizing it
–Time line of the research
–Cost factor related to research
40. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 40
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Determining sample design
•Sample design is a structured design for the research
•Can be probabilistic sample or non probabilistic
•Probability sample- each element has a probability to be included or not
–Based on simple random sampling, systematic sampling , stratified sampling,
cluster sampling
•Non Probability Sampling - present in the experiment
–Deliberate sampling or Convenience sampling, Judgement sampling, Quota
sampling
41. Master of Computer Applications
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5 - Collecting the data
• By Observation
• Personal Interview
• Telephone Interview
• Mailing by Questionnaire
• Through Schedules
42. Master of Computer Applications
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Data Collection Tools
• Data Collection - focuses on finding out all there is to a particular
subject matter. Data is collected to be further subjected to
hypothesis testing which seeks to explain a phenomenon.
• Types Data Collection –
• Primary Data Collection - gathering of raw data collected at the source –
Qualitative and Quantitative
• Secondary data collection – process of collecting data that is already
existing, be it already published books, journals, and/or online portals. In
terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to collect.
43. Master of Computer Applications
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44. Master of Computer Applications
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- Execution of the project:
• Check whether the data collected is adequate and accurate
– Questions and answers should be coded
– Occasional field checks should be made
– Careful with unanticipated factors
– Deal the non responsive participants and re sample it
• Execute in systematic manner and in time
45. Master of Computer Applications
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6 - Analysis of data:
• Data analysis can be done with the help of statistical tools
– Based on closely related operations such as establishment of
categories, application of categories etc
– Data can be condensed into groups and tables
– Coding operations can be done for tabulation
– Editing improves the quality of data
• Tabulation is used to classify data into tables
46. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 46
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Hypothesis-Testing , Generalization, Interpretation
• Different types of testing can be applied
– Chi square test, t-test, F-test
• Hypothesis is either accepted or rejected
• If there is no hypothesis, generalizations are established
– Generalizations can also be tested
– Explain the findings on the basis of some theory
• Interpretations may trigger new questions and lead to further
research
47. Master of Computer Applications
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 47
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7 - Preparation of the report or the thesis:
• Layout of the report
– Introduction
– Summary of Findings
– Main Report
– Conclusion
• Should be concise and objectives should be clearly mentioned
• Charts and illustrations should be presentable
• Calculations should be clearly mentioned
48. Master of Computer Applications
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7 - Preparation of the report or the thesis:
• Layout of the report
– Introduction
– Summary of Findings
– Main Report
– Conclusion
• Should be concise and objectives should be clearly mentioned
• Charts and illustrations should be presentable
• Calculations should be clearly mentioned
49. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 49
Criteria of Good Research Go, change the world
The qualities of a good research –
Good research is
• Systematic
–Structured with specified steps, creative
• Logical
–Guided by the rules of logic, process of induction and deduction
• Empirical
–Deals with real situation, with concrete data and validations
• Replicable
–Replicating the study and building a sound basis for decisions
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 50
Defining the Research problem
–Research problem refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences
in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution
–Components of a research problem are
•There must be an individual or group which has some difficulty or the problem
•There must be some objectives to be attained
•There are many/ alternate means to obtain the objectives
•Must consider the efficiency of the alternatives
•Must be some environments to which the difficulty pertains
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 51
Selecting the problem
– Do not choose a problem / subject which is over done
–Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average
researcher
–Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided
–Solution should be feasible
–Importance of the subject, qualifications and training of the researcher, the
costs involved, time factor
–Selection of the problem should be preceded by preliminary study
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 52
Techniques in Defining the problem
– Statement of the problem in a general way (Pilot Survey)
•Technical terms and words or phrases with special meanings used should be clearly
defined
–Understanding the nature of the problem
•Basic assumptions or postulates relating to research problem should be clearly stated
•Suitable time period and sources of data must be considered
•Limits within which the problem is to be studied should be mentioned clearly
•Time period should be specified clearly
•Scope of investigation should be considered
–Literature survey
–Developing the ideas through discussions (Experience Survey)
–Rephrasing the research problem
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 53
Research Design
Research Design is the
–Arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data
–Conceptual structure with which research is conducted
–Blue print for collection, measurement and analysis of data
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 54
Parts of Research Design
–Sampling Design
•Deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given
study
–Observational Design
•Relates to conditions under which the observations are made
–Statistical Design
•Concerns with the question of how many items are to be observed and
data to be analysed
–Operational Design
•Procedures are specified in the sampling
•Statistical design and observational design
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 55
Features of Research Design
Plan that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the
research problem
Specifies which approach to be used
Includes time and cost budgets
Flexible, appropriate, efficient and economical
Means of obtaining information
Availability and skills of researcher
Objective of the problem studies
Availability of time and money for research work
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 56
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH
DESIGN
56
1. Dependent and independent variables
2. Extraneous variable
3. Control
4. Confounded relationship
5. Research hypothesis
6. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research
7. Experimental and control groups
8. Treatments
9. Experiment
10. Experimental unit(s)
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 57
Dependen
t vs
Independe
nt variable
57
Quantitative values is called a variable.
Examples : weight, height, income are all examples of variables.
Qualitative values can also be converted to quantative
Continuous – different values taken Eg : Age
Discrete – Non continuous Eg No of children
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 58
Dependen
t vs
Independe
nt variable
58
Dependent : Variable depends on the consequence of other variable
Eg : Height depends on age, height is dependent and age is called as
independent
Height also depends on sex , then age and sex are independent
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Extraneou
s variable
59
Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study,
but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous
variables.
Ex: Intelligence of a person
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 60
Control
and
Confound
ed
relationshi
p
60
Control
The technical term ‘control’ is used when we design the study
minimising the effects of extraneous independent variables.
Confounded Variable
When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of
extraneous variable(s), the relationship between the dependent
and independent variables is said to be confounded by an
extraneous variable(s).
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Research
hypothesi
s
61
• The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an
independent variable to a dependent variable.
• A research hypothesis must contain, at least, one independent and one
dependent variable.
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 62
Experimen
tal and
Non
Experimen
tal
Hypothesi
s
62
•Research in which the independent variable is manipulated is termed
‘experimental hypothesis-testing research’
•A research in which an independent variable is not manipulated is
called ‘non-experimental hypothesis-testing research’.
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DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 63
Experimen
tal and
control
groups
63
In an experimental hypothesis-testing research when a
group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed a
‘control group’, but when the group is exposed to some
novel or special condition, it is termed an ‘experimental
group’.
64. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 64
Treatment
s,
Experimen
t and
Experimen
tal Units
64
Treatments:
The different conditions under which experimental and control
groups are put are usually referred to as ‘treatments’.
Experiment:
The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis,
relating to some research problem, is known as an experiment.
Experimental unit(s):
The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments
are used, are known as experimental units
65. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 65
Different
Researc
h Design
Reseasrch Design in case of
Exploratory Research studies
Descriptive and Diagnostic research studies
Hypothesis –Testing Research studies
66. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 66
Explorator
y
Research
studies
• Formulative research studies
• Formulating the problem and develop working hypothesis
• Discovery of new ideas and insights
The three steps are
• survey of concerning literature
• experience survey
• Analysis of insight stimulating
67. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 67
Descriptiv
e and
Diagnostic
Research
studies
Descriptive
Concerned with describing
characteristics of individual or group
Studies concerned with specific
prediction, narration of facts,
characteristics of groups/individuals
Diagnostic
Concerned with determining the
frequency with which something occurs
or its association with something else
Deals with studies concerning to
relationship between variables
68. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 68
Common
Methodol
ogy
•Formulating the objective of study
•Designing the methods
•Selecting the sample
•Collecting the data
•Processing and analysing the data
•Reporting the findings
69. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 69
Difference
s
70. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 70
Hypothesi
s – Testing
•Known as experimental studies
•Tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables
•Design initiated by RA Fisher for agricultural researches
•Three principles of Experimental designs
– Principle of Replication
– Principle of Randomization
– Principle of Local Control
71. Master of Computer Applications
RV College of
Engineering
1 August 2023
DEPARTMENT OF MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 71
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