Associated in tractor manufacturing unit and developed cognizance of manufacturing procedures. Coordinated and controlled power take-off revolutions per minute to enhance efficiency of tractors. Employed Arduino Systems and maintained an regulated, constant PTO RPM. Analysed the performance of Common Rail Direct injection based tractors. Assisted in operations of build and validation department. Collaborated in quality check and quality assurance operations.

1. 1Department of Automobile
Engineering
Controlling FIP to compensate load in tractor.
Done by
Atluri Rushyanth Harikrishna Tarachand (1111310264)
Guided by
Mr.N.Ganesh Kumar ,M.E
Assistant Professor
Department of Automobile Engineering
Batch: I (20)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Mahindra and Mahindra Limited (M&M) is an Indian
multinational automobile manufacturing corporation headquartered
in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
• It is one of the largest vehicle manufacturers by production in India
and the largest manufacturer of tractors in the world. It is a part of
Mahindra Group, an Indian conglomerate. It was ranked 21st on a
list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2011.
• Mahindra and Mahindra, branded on its products usually as
’Mahindra’, produces SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, commercial
vehicles, and two wheeled motorcycles and tractors.
Department of Automobile
Engineering
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3. ABSTRACT
• A power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is any of several methods
for taking power from a power source, such as a running engine, and
transmitting it to an application such as an attached implement or
separate machines.
• In tractors the power take-off allows implements to draw energy
from the engine. Tractor and implement are designed to be operated
at rated engine rpm and the PTO rpm should be maintained 540 rpm
at the same time. There is a need to keep the PTO rpm at constant
540 so that the power output of the engine is fully efficient to the
work.
• If the PTO rpm is not 540 then then there might be a loss in the
efficiency of the engine. Here the process is to control the inline fuel
injection pump lever of the tractor by push or pull the lever to
maintain the rpm of the PTO shaft constant 540.
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Engineering
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4. CONCEPT
• When the load is applied on the tractor the PTO rpm will be
decreasing from 540.
• To maintain it for constant 540 rpm a microcontroller setup is used
which moves the Fuel Injection lever.
• Whenever there was a drop of PTO rpm the microcontroller get the
signal in the form of pulses.
• The microcontroller which controls the linear actuator sends the
readings whether to push or pull the FIP lever to maintain a constant
540rpm.
• By this the PTO rpm is calculated and the efficiency of the PTO rpm
will be good.
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Engineering
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5. POWER TAKE OFF(PTO)
• A power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is any of several
methods for taking power from a power source, such as a
running engine, and transmitting it to an application such as an
attached implement or separate machines.
• Most commonly, it is a system comprising a splined output shaft on
a tractor designed so that a PTO shaft, a kind of drive shaft, can be
easily connected and disconnected, and a corresponding input shaft
on the application end. The power take-off allows implements to
draw energy from the engine.
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Engineering
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6. Department of Automobile
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Engine rpm vs PTO rpm
• In the PTO the system varies according to the type of tractor.
• In domestic tractors of Mahindra the PTO rpm is 540 at 2100 rpm.
• Where as in the CRDI tractors the PTO rpm is 540 when the engine
rpm is 1800.
• You can therefore determine the PTO speed in revolutions per minute
(RPM) by multiplying the engine speed by the PTO percentage.

7. MICROCONTROLLER ARDUINO(UNO)
• Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software
company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices.
• The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE)
• A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch.
• A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a
processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded
system.
• •The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in
other machin- ery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and
peripherals for computer systems.
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Engineering
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8. LINEAR ACTUATOR
• A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight
line, in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric
motor.
• Linear actuators are used in machine tools and industrial machinery,
in computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, in valves
and dampers, and in many other places where linear motion is
required.
• Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion.
Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a
rotating motor.
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Engineering
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9. INLINE FUEL INJECTION PUMP
• An in-line injection pump fuel system layout is essentially all in-line
diesel injection pumps use one or more cylinders, called barrels,
where a reciprocating plunger produces very high pressures.
• Although various types of valve have been used for the start and end
of injection, but the only suitable one for modern engines are those
in the form of ports that are covered and uncovered by the plunger
and the edge of the spill groove.
• As the plunger is jerked upward by the cam, its upper end covers
the fuel inlet port, so that above it fuel pressure starts to build up,
initially slowly and then extremely rapidly. To terminate injection,
this pressure is suddenly released by uncovering of the spill port.
• The spill groove is generally straight but inclined so that, by rotating
the plunger, the timing of the spill point can be controlled, and so
also the quantity of the fuel injected to match the engine
requirement. Department of Automobile
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• The load acting on the fuel injection pump varies from hand lever to Foot
pedal.
• In Inline fuel injection pumps the process which pulls the FIP lever is
Mechanical process.
• It means that the hand lever and foot pedal are connected to the
mechanical wiring.
• From the tractors Arjun yuvo the weight acting on FIP lever is 4 to 5 kg.
Bhoomiputra tractor has weight of 4.5 to 5 kg acting on the FIP lever.
• Whereas Dhruv has a weight acting of 7.5 to 8 kg acting on the lever due
to mechanical system composition.
• This tells that there are different loads acting on different tractors.

11. CONTROLLING THE FIP
• Normally load acting on the FIP lever in the Mahindra tractors is 4
to 5 kg
• Whenever there was a load acting on the FIP lever the PTO rpm
may slightly decreases to the 20 to 30 rpm.
• So the PTO rpm decreases from 540 to 520 rpm.
• Due to this more amount of fuel enters into the engine and rpm of
the PTO in- creases to the 540.
• To control the FIP the procedure which I was implementing is by
using the Microcontroller coding and push and pull the FIP lever by
using the Actuator.
.
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Engineering
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12. PULVARIZATION
• Pulse signals from the PTO is in the form of pulse width
modulation(PWM).
• The signals in the PTO will be noted by using the Proximity sensor.
• A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby
objects without any physical contact.
• A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam
of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for
changes in the field or return signal.
• The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s
target.
• The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined
"nominal range".
• Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to
report a graduated detection distance.
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Engineering
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13. CODING OF MICROCONTROLLER
• The first step is to write your program code. This is usually done is
Arduino software.
• But some compilers support other languages as well. Find out what
other people who are using the same microcontrollers are doing.
• The microcontroller which we are used is the Arduino system.
• In this the coding is done by the Arduino software where there was
an conceptual basics.
• It consists of port pins which has input and output, where input
signals is sent to the microcontroller.
• The control board is then send the signals by input and send the
signals to the output.
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Engineering
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14. TESTING
• The testing in the lab is done at Build and Validation.
• Here there is an voltmeter where the voltage is up to the 24V.
• The actuator which was used is the 24V linear Actuator.
• The maximum current passed through the Linear actuator is 6Amp.
• Whenever the connection given to the voltmeter the current in the Actuator
goes to the 4Amp.
• One wire is given to the ground and other wire connected to the VSS.
• From the Arduino there are three connections like Enable,In1,In2.
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Engineering
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Proximity sensor on PTO Actuator mounted on tractor
• The tractor which I selected was domestic tractor which is
MStar.
• There the proximity sensor is connected to the PTO shaft
and readings noted.
• The proximity sensor is connected to the rpm board in
order to know the rpm speed.

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Engineering
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•The Actuator is placed at correct place or even attached to the fuel injection
pump lever.
•The actuator is given a 12V voltage and current is passed to the Actuator by
using the control board.
•The Actuator then pushes the lever.
•Whenever there was an increase in the rpm as rpm goes more than 540.
•Then the microcontroller gets the signal from the proximity sensor and it
controls the Actuator which then pulls the lever.
•So that the rpm is maintained constant 540.
535 RPM

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Engineering
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THANK YOU