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玛索海沟深渊沉积物中微生物
总群落及活性群落结构研究
刘如龙
上海海洋大学
深渊科学与技术研究中心
2018-06-10
深渊简介
Jamieson 等,2010,TEE
水深6000-11000米的深海区域
主要由海沟与海槽组成
1-2%的海洋底层面积
但是组成了45%的垂直深度梯度
地球上人类了解最少的环境之一
深渊极端环境
• 高压
– 深渊最显著的特征,与深度直接相关
– Challenger Deep的压力可达1.1吨/平方厘米
• 低温
– 深渊环境典型温度在1.0-2.5 ℃
• 黑暗
– 缺乏光合作用
• 极端深度 = 营养贫瘠?
深渊 =“生态荒漠”?
 有机质来源
 上层颗粒物
 陆源有机质
 化能合成
 特殊V形构造导致的“有机
质聚集”效应。
 地震及板块移动加剧“有机
质聚集”。
深渊,深海有机质汇聚地
Liu R.L. modified from
Jamieson 2010, 2015
深渊 = 营养贫瘠 !
深渊,有机质降解的“热点”!
挑战者深渊沉积物的微生物碳周转率是普通海底平原的2倍
Trenches O2 uptake
(μmol m-2 d-1)
Izu-Bonin 750±100
Mariana 150±50
Mussau 270±10
New
Britain
600±10
Tonga 230±50
Glud et al., 2013;
Wenzhofer et al., 2016;
Luo et al., 2018
深渊海沟沉积物具
有极高的微生物碳
周转率!
嗜高压微生物
嗜高压微生物群落
深渊微生物
 大量的深渊微生物来自上层海洋或陆地。
 面临深渊极端高压和低温环境时可能进入
休眠或低活性状态。
假设:
深渊微生物群落中存在大量的休眠或
低活性类群?
问题:
哪些类群才是适应了深渊环境而真正
存活且参与有机质降解的?
Luo et al., 2018
研究内容
研究目标:
• 玛索海沟表层沉积物微生物群落结构是怎
样的?
• 有大量微生物类群是休眠或低活性?
• 哪些微生物类群是适应深渊环境而真正存
活的?
Trenches O2 uptake
(μmol m-2 d-1)
Mariana 150±50
Mussau 270±10
New
Britain
600±10
cDNA Relative Abundance(%)
0.0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 60.0 80.0100.0
cDNA Abundance (copies/g)
0.0 5.0e+12 1.0e+13 1.5e+13
DNA Relative Abundance (%)
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.060.0 80.0 100.0
Arch%
Bac%
DNA Abundance (copies/g)
0 5e+8 1e+9 2e+9 2e+9 3e+9 3e+9
depth
0-2cm
2-3cm
3-4cm
4-5cm
5-6cm
6-7cm
7-8cm
8-9cm
9-10cm
Bac. abund.
Arch. abund.
Archaea are likely better
adapted to low energy
flux (Valentine, 2007;
Breuker and Schippers,
2013), and therefore
have an advantage over
Bacteria in oligotrophic
sediments in contrast to
eutrophic sediments.
玛索海沟沉积物可
能呈现类似近岸沉
积物的富营养状态?
 细菌在玛索海沟沉积物中占绝对优势,具有较高的活性。
 微生物丰度随深度锐减,主要活性集中在7cm以浅。
细菌、古菌丰度
微生物群落组成
 微生物总群落
(DNA)与活性群
落(RNA)结构明
显不同。
 Alpha变形菌纲,
SAR202、芽单胞菌
纲、浮霉菌纲等为
相对活性最高的类
群。
休眠类群比率
休眠及低活性类群在总群落中的比例 (%)
休眠及低活性类群:占rRNA文库总序列<0.01% OTU类群
 休眠及低活性类群比例为总群落的3%-23%, 表层0-2cm休眠类群比例最高。
 3cm以深基本保持在3-6%之间,说明较深层微生物逐步对深渊沉积物环境
产生了适应。
 验证了“深渊微生物群落中存在较大量的休眠类群”的假设。
主要的活性类群
% of total rRNA sequences
0 2 4 6 8 10
OTU951
OTU839
OTU765
OTU1078
OTU1019
OTU1007
OTU959
OTU585
OTU1090
OTU967
在rRNA文库中相对丰度最高的TOP10 OTUs
Unclassified Gemmatimonadaceae- Gemmatimonadetes
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria
Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi
Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria
Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi
Unclassified JG30-KF-CM66--------- Chloroflexi
Lowest classification Phylum/Class
 在rRNA文库中相对丰度最高的TOP10 OTUs,
贡献了~30% rRNA序列。
 全部为与数据库已有序列相似度较低的新种类
(Unclassified)。
主要的活性类群
rDNA%
0 2 4 6
rRNA%
0
2
4
6
OTU951
OTU839
OTU765
OTU1078
OTU1019
OTU1007
OTU959
OTU585
OTU1090
OTU967
TOP 10活性类群的相对活性
(rRNA% :rDNA% )
 在微生物总群落中的比例均<
2%,单细胞活性较高。
 说明在玛索海沟沉积物中最
为活跃的微生物类群并不是
在总群落中的优势类群,而
是一些相对丰度较低的类群。
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae
Unclassified Gemmatimonadaceae
Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae
Unclassified SAR202
 它们如何适应高压、低温环
境?
 有何功能?
 有机碳降解机制和通量?
总 结
玛索海沟沉积物中有活性微生物主要是细菌,古菌仅
占微生物群落的一小部分。
微生物总群落(DNA)与活性群落(RNA)结构明显
不同。
玛索海沟沉积物微生物群落中有3%-23%为休眠或低活
性类群,验证了“深渊微生物群落中存在大量的休眠
类群”的假设。
来自Alpha变形菌纲,SAR202、芽单胞菌纲等的细菌新
物种是玛索海沟沉积物中相对活性最高的类群。
谢谢!
请批评指正!

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玛索海沟微生物群落-2018地质微生物大会-刘如龙.pdf