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玛索海沟微生物群落-2018地质微生物大会-刘如龙.pdf
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深渊海沟微生物群落研究结果(已发表,Liu et al, 2020, Frontiers in Microbiology)
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玛索海沟微生物群落-2018地质微生物大会-刘如龙.pdf
1.
玛索海沟深渊沉积物中微生物 总群落及活性群落结构研究 刘如龙 上海海洋大学 深渊科学与技术研究中心 2018-06-10
2.
深渊简介 Jamieson 等,2010,TEE 水深6000-11000米的深海区域 主要由海沟与海槽组成 1-2%的海洋底层面积 但是组成了45%的垂直深度梯度 地球上人类了解最少的环境之一
3.
深渊极端环境 • 高压 – 深渊最显著的特征,与深度直接相关 –
Challenger Deep的压力可达1.1吨/平方厘米 • 低温 – 深渊环境典型温度在1.0-2.5 ℃ • 黑暗 – 缺乏光合作用 • 极端深度 = 营养贫瘠? 深渊 =“生态荒漠”?
4.
有机质来源 上层颗粒物
陆源有机质 化能合成 特殊V形构造导致的“有机 质聚集”效应。 地震及板块移动加剧“有机 质聚集”。 深渊,深海有机质汇聚地 Liu R.L. modified from Jamieson 2010, 2015 深渊 = 营养贫瘠 !
5.
深渊,有机质降解的“热点”! 挑战者深渊沉积物的微生物碳周转率是普通海底平原的2倍 Trenches O2 uptake (μmol
m-2 d-1) Izu-Bonin 750±100 Mariana 150±50 Mussau 270±10 New Britain 600±10 Tonga 230±50 Glud et al., 2013; Wenzhofer et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2018 深渊海沟沉积物具 有极高的微生物碳 周转率!
6.
嗜高压微生物 嗜高压微生物群落 深渊微生物 大量的深渊微生物来自上层海洋或陆地。 面临深渊极端高压和低温环境时可能进入 休眠或低活性状态。 假设: 深渊微生物群落中存在大量的休眠或 低活性类群? 问题: 哪些类群才是适应了深渊环境而真正 存活且参与有机质降解的?
7.
Luo et al.,
2018 研究内容 研究目标: • 玛索海沟表层沉积物微生物群落结构是怎 样的? • 有大量微生物类群是休眠或低活性? • 哪些微生物类群是适应深渊环境而真正存 活的? Trenches O2 uptake (μmol m-2 d-1) Mariana 150±50 Mussau 270±10 New Britain 600±10
8.
cDNA Relative Abundance(%) 0.0
.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 60.0 80.0100.0 cDNA Abundance (copies/g) 0.0 5.0e+12 1.0e+13 1.5e+13 DNA Relative Abundance (%) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.060.0 80.0 100.0 Arch% Bac% DNA Abundance (copies/g) 0 5e+8 1e+9 2e+9 2e+9 3e+9 3e+9 depth 0-2cm 2-3cm 3-4cm 4-5cm 5-6cm 6-7cm 7-8cm 8-9cm 9-10cm Bac. abund. Arch. abund. Archaea are likely better adapted to low energy flux (Valentine, 2007; Breuker and Schippers, 2013), and therefore have an advantage over Bacteria in oligotrophic sediments in contrast to eutrophic sediments. 玛索海沟沉积物可 能呈现类似近岸沉 积物的富营养状态? 细菌在玛索海沟沉积物中占绝对优势,具有较高的活性。 微生物丰度随深度锐减,主要活性集中在7cm以浅。 细菌、古菌丰度
9.
微生物群落组成 微生物总群落 (DNA)与活性群 落(RNA)结构明 显不同。 Alpha变形菌纲, SAR202、芽单胞菌 纲、浮霉菌纲等为 相对活性最高的类 群。
10.
休眠类群比率 休眠及低活性类群在总群落中的比例 (%) 休眠及低活性类群:占rRNA文库总序列<0.01% OTU类群
休眠及低活性类群比例为总群落的3%-23%, 表层0-2cm休眠类群比例最高。 3cm以深基本保持在3-6%之间,说明较深层微生物逐步对深渊沉积物环境 产生了适应。 验证了“深渊微生物群落中存在较大量的休眠类群”的假设。
11.
主要的活性类群 % of total
rRNA sequences 0 2 4 6 8 10 OTU951 OTU839 OTU765 OTU1078 OTU1019 OTU1007 OTU959 OTU585 OTU1090 OTU967 在rRNA文库中相对丰度最高的TOP10 OTUs Unclassified Gemmatimonadaceae- Gemmatimonadetes Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae------- Alphaproteobacteria Unclassified SAR202 clade ---------- Chloroflexi Unclassified JG30-KF-CM66--------- Chloroflexi Lowest classification Phylum/Class 在rRNA文库中相对丰度最高的TOP10 OTUs, 贡献了~30% rRNA序列。 全部为与数据库已有序列相似度较低的新种类 (Unclassified)。
12.
主要的活性类群 rDNA% 0 2 4
6 rRNA% 0 2 4 6 OTU951 OTU839 OTU765 OTU1078 OTU1019 OTU1007 OTU959 OTU585 OTU1090 OTU967 TOP 10活性类群的相对活性 (rRNA% :rDNA% ) 在微生物总群落中的比例均< 2%,单细胞活性较高。 说明在玛索海沟沉积物中最 为活跃的微生物类群并不是 在总群落中的优势类群,而 是一些相对丰度较低的类群。 Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae Unclassified Gemmatimonadaceae Unclassified Rhodospirillaceae Unclassified SAR202 它们如何适应高压、低温环 境? 有何功能? 有机碳降解机制和通量?
13.
总 结 玛索海沟沉积物中有活性微生物主要是细菌,古菌仅 占微生物群落的一小部分。 微生物总群落(DNA)与活性群落(RNA)结构明显 不同。 玛索海沟沉积物微生物群落中有3%-23%为休眠或低活 性类群,验证了“深渊微生物群落中存在大量的休眠 类群”的假设。 来自Alpha变形菌纲,SAR202、芽单胞菌纲等的细菌新 物种是玛索海沟沉积物中相对活性最高的类群。
14.
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