History of Mainland (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) from Prehistory to Present Period

1. Philippine Normal University
National Center for Teachers Education
Taft Avenue, Manila
WRITTEN REPORT
ON HISTORY OF MAINLAND
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
Thailand
Vietnam
ASEAN Society and Culture
Prof. V. Colis
Group3: II-3 BEE
Rovillos,Rainer John
Santos, Rose AnnCamille
Sison, Rocel
Sobonsky, Rapunzel
Tizon, Genesis
Villanueva,Lea Paula
Zambrano, Krizza

2. HISTORY OF CAMBODIA
I. Pre History
 There is a legend in Cambodia that states how the land came to be.
o Through the union of a princess, daughter of a dragon king who rules over a
watery land and a foreigner who is an Indian Brahman named Kaundinya. One
time Kaundinya sailed by the watery land and the princess came to greet him.
He shotan arrow fromhis magic bow into her boat causing the fearful princess
to agree to a marriage. In a great need of a dowry the dragon king drank up all
the water in his land and presented them to Kaundinya to rule over. The new
kingdom was named Kambuja.
 This legend is historically opaque but it does say something about the cultural forces
that broughtCambodiaintoexistence andbegantocoalesce as a cultural entity in their
own right between the first and fifth century.
 The first humans in were Stone Age hunters and gatherers. However farming was
introduced in Cambodia in about 2300 B.C. the first farmers in Cambodia used stone
tools in but from 1500 B.C they used weapons and tools made in bronze and by about
500 B.C they learned to use iron.
 Cambodia’sfirstcivilizationarose inthe MekongRiverDeltainsouthern Vietnamduring
150 AD. This civilization was known to the Chinese who called it Fu-nan.
II. Early Kingdoms of Cambodia
A. Funan Kingdom
 Funan was the first kingdom that arose in Cambodia during the 1st
century to 6th
century AD with it’s capital Vyadhapura (Hunter City in Sanskrit).
 Founded by Kaundinya. It was said to be the largest of all the kingdoms in Cambodia.
 Funan is a Chinese name and it may be a transliteration of the ancient Khmer word
‘Bnam/Vnam’ (Mountain). This kingdom may have existed across an area between Ba
Phnom in Prey Veng Province and Oc-Eo in KienGiang Province in Southern Vietnam.
 Funankingdomembracedthe worshipof the Hindudeities Shiva and Vishnu and at the
same time, Buddhism. The people practiced primitive irrigation which enabled
successful cultivationof rice andtradedraw commoditiessuch as spices with China and
India.
 The weakening of the Funan Empire was unclear, and it was overthrown by one of its
vassal state of Chenla in early 7th century.
 The Funanese people were completely absorbed by Chenla as time passed by.

3.  Funan thus had laid a basic foundation for the evolution of Angkor Civilization in later
centuries.
B. Chenla Kingdom
 Chenlaisa Chinese term and there is little to support the idea that Chenla was unified
kingdom.
 Chenlaemergedaround6th
to 8th
centuryas a subordinate of Funan Kingdom. However
after 60 years Chenla achieve its independence and conquered the whole Funan
absorbing its people and culture.
 Chinese called themselves water chenla and land chenla.
 Water Chenla was locatyed around Angkor Borei and the temple mount of Phnom Da.
 Land Chenlawas in the upper reaches of Mekong River and east of Tonle’ Sap Lake.
 Late in the eighth century AD, Water Chenla was subjected to attacks by pirates from
Java, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula.
 By the beginning of the ninth century, it had apparently become a vassal of the
Sailendra dynasty of Java.
 The last of the Water Chenla kings allegedly was killed around AD 790 by a Javanese
monarch whom he had offended.
 The ultimate victor in the strife that followed was the ruler of a small Khmer state
located north of the Mekong Delta. His assumption of the throne as Jayavarman II (ca.
AD 802-50) marked the liberation of the Khmer people from Javanese suzerainty and
the beginning of a unified Khmer nation.
 Anothernaval state emergedintoastrong"Java Empire"acrossthe sea. Dispute among
the historiansaboutthe centerof thisJava Empire still hasnotbeenresolved,asit could
be either the Java Island of today Indonesia or the Malay Peninsula. Java vigorously
expandeditsterritory,sailed to invade, and finally conquered the weak Chenla states.
 Ironically,the fate of Chenlaandthe invasionof JavaEmpire plantedthe actual seed for
the establishment of the Angkor Empire.
C. Rise of the Angkor Empire
 The sacred mountain of Phnom Kulen is home to an inscription that tells of Jayaverman II
proclaiming himself a universal monarch or Devaraja (God-King) in 802.
 Jayavarman II is said to be a resident in the Buddhist Shailendra’s court in Java. Upon his
returnto Cambodiahe instigated an uprising against Javanese control over southern lands
of Cambodia.
 He setout to bring the country under his control through alliances and conquests, the first
monarch to rule Cambodia.
 After 802CE, Jayavarman II continued to pacify rebellious areas and enlarge his kingdom.

4.  Before 802CE, he had brieflybasedhimself atapre-Angkorian settlement near the modern
town of Roluos (13km southeast of Siem Reap).
 For some reason,perhapsdue tomilitaryconsiderations,he movedfromthe Roluos area to
the Kulen Mountains.
 Some- time afterestablishinghiskingshipin802CE, he movedthe capital back to the Roluos
area, which he named Hariharalaya in honor of the combined god of Shiva and Vishnu. He
reigned from Hariharalaya until his death in 850CE.
 The key to the rise of Angkor was a mastery of water and elaborate hydraulic system that
allowed Khmers to tame the elements.
 First massive irrigation works that supported the population of Angkor was dated to the
reignof Indravarman(I,IIor III) who built the Baray (reservoir) of Indratataka. He marks the
flourishing of Angkorian art with the building of temples in the Roluos area, notably in
Bakong.
 By the turn of the 11th
century the kingdom was losing control of its territories.
 Suryavarman I, a usurper, reunified the kingdom through war and alliances, stretching the
frontiersof the Empire.A patternwasbeginningtoemerge and is repeated throughout the
AngkorianPeriod:Dislocationandturnoil, followed by reunification and further expansion
under a powerful king.
 By 1066 Angkor was again driven by conflict, becoming the focus of rival bids for power.
 SuryavarmanII(1112-51) embarked on another phase of expansion, waging costly wars in
Vietnamandthe region of central Vietnam known as Champa. He brought Champa to heel
and reduceditto vassal statusbut the Chamsstruck back in1177 witha naval expeditionup
the Mekong and into Tonle’ Sap Lake. Chamstooks the city of Angkor and put king
Dharanindravarman II to death.
 The following year a cousin of Suryavarman II rallied the Khmer troops and defeated the
Chams in another naval battle. The new leader was crowned, Jayavarman VII in 1181.
 JayavarmanVIIbuiltthe city of Angkor Thom and many other monuments. He was the first
Cambodiansocialist leader who proclaimed the population as equal, abolished castes and
embarked on a program of school, hospital and road building.
D. Decline and fall of Angkor Empire
 The irrigation network was overworked and slowly starting to silt up due to massive
deforestation. Massive construction projects such as Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom put an
enormousstrain on the royal coffers and on thousands of slaves and common people who
subsidized them in hard labor and taxes.
 Following the reign of Jayavarman VII, temple construction effectively ground to a halt
because hispublic works quarried local sanstone into oblivion and had left the population
exhausted.
 As neighboring states of the Angkor grew, they became a major threat to the empire,
especially the Thai State of Ayuthaya in the Chaophaya River Basin to the West.

5.  In orderto protect the empire,the Angkorhad to direct portion of its manpower to secure
strong armed forces, which in turn, deprived itself from giving good maintenance to its
irrigationsystem.Duringthisperiod,perhapsdrawnbythe opportunities for sea trade with
Chinaand fearof the increasinglybellicose Thais, the Khmer elites began to migrate to the
Phnom Penh area.
 The road network built by Jayavarman VII had aided the transports of products and trades
throughout the empire and also facilitated the Khmer troops to quell its neighbors. It had
become a double-edgedswordwhenthe Angkorbecame weak as the invaders could easily
march inthrough thisroad network,insteadof previouslysailingupfromthe Mekong River.
 Thisturnedout to be true when the newly emerged Ayuthaya, a Thai kingdom in the West
became stronger. They use this road to march from the Chaophaya River basin through
Phnomrung(inBurirumof modernThailand) andthen through Aranyapathet to attack right
at the heart of Angkor and finally sacked the empire in 1431. The glory of the Angkor
Civilization was terminated since that time.
III. Colonization period
 The era of yo-yoingbetweenThai andVietnamese masterscame to close in 1864, when
French gunboats intimidated King Norodom I as Cambodia was in danger of vanishing
from the map.
 By 1870’s French officialsin Cambodia began pressing for greater control over internal
affairs. Norodom was forced into signing a treaty that turned his country into virtual
colony, sparking a two year rebellion that constituted the only major uprising in
Cambodia until World War II.
 In 1907 the French were able to pressure Thailand into returning the northwest
provinces of battambang, Siem Reap and Sisophon in return for concessions of Laos
territory to the Thais.
 During World War II the Japanese were able to occupy much of Asia. With France
collaborating with the occupying Germans, the Japanese were happy to let their new
French allies control affairs in Cambodia.
 The fall of Parisin1944 and Frenchpolicyindisarray,the Japanese were forced to take
control of the territory by early 1945.
 AfterWorldWar II, the Frenchreturned making Cambodia an autonomous state within
the French Union.
 The end of France’s control over Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam became official in July
1954 with the signing of the Geneva Accords.
 This concluded 90 years of French administration in Cambodia that had started with
KingAngDuong writingtoFrance in 1853 and askingfor protection against its powerful
and expansionist neighbors, Vietnam and Siam, as Thailand was then called.

6. IV. Contemporary Period
King Norodom Sihanouk
 On the verge of defeat in 1945, the Japanese removed their French collaborators and
installedanominallyindependentCambodiangovernment under the recently crowned
young king, Norodom Sihanouk.
 France reimposed its protectorate in early 1946 but allowed the Cambodians to draft a
constitution and to form political parties.
 Soonafterward,fightingeruptedthroughoutIndochinaasnationalistgroups,some with
Communist ideologies, struggled to win independence from France.
 Most of the fighting took place in Vietnam, in a conflict known as the First Indochina
War (1946-1954).
 In Cambodia, Communist guerrilla forces allied with Vietnamese Communists gained
control of muchof the country.However,KingSihanouk, through skillful maneuvering,
managed to gain Cambodia's independence peacefully in 1953, a few months earlier
than Vietnam.
 The Geneva Accords of 1954, which marked the end of the First Indochina War,
acknowledged Sihanouk's government as the sole legitimate authority in Cambodia.
V. Modern State
 Sihanouk'scampaign for independence sharpened his political skills and increased his
ambitions.
 In 1955, he abdicated the throne in favor of his father to pursue a full-time political
career, free of the constitutional constraints of the monarchy.
 In a move aimed at dismantling Cambodia's fledgling political parties, Sihanouk
inaugurated a national political movement known as the SangkumReastrNiyum
(People'sSocialist Community), whose members were not permitted to belong to any
other political group.
 The Sangkum won all the seats in the national elections of 1955, benefiting from
Sihanouk's popularity and from police brutality at many polling stations. Sihanouk
served as prime minister of Cambodia until 1960, when his father died and he was
named head of state.
 Sihanoukremainedwidelypopular among the people but was brutal to his opponents.
 In the late 1950s the Cold War (period of tension between the United States and its
allies and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR, and its allies) intensified in
Asia.
 In this climate, foreign powers, including the United States, the USSR, and China,
courtedSihanouk.Cambodia's importance to these countries stemmed from events in

7. neighboringVietnam,wheretensionhadbeguntomountbetweenaCommunistregime
in the north and a pro-Western regime in the south.
 The USSR supported the Vietnamese Communists, while the United States opposed
them, and China wanted to contain Vietnam for security reasons. Each of the foreign
powers hoped that Cambodian support would bolster its position in the region.
 Sihanouk pursued a policy of neutrality that drew substantial economic aid from the
competing countries.
 In 1965, however,Sihanoukbroke off diplomaticrelationswiththe UnitedStates.Atthe
same time,he allowedNorthVietnamese Communists, then fighting the Vietnam War
against the United States and the South Vietnamese in southern Vietnam, to set up
bases on Cambodian soil.
 As warfare intensified in Vietnam, domestic opposition to Sihanouk from both radical
and conservative elements increased.
 The Cambodian Communist organization, known as the Workers Party of Kampuchea
(later renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea, or CPK), had gone underground
after failing to win any concessions at the Geneva Accords, but now they took up arms
once again.
 As the economy became unstable, Cambodia became difficult to govern single-
handedly.
 In needof economic and military aid, Sihanouk renewed diplomatic relations with the
United States. Shortly thereafter, in 1969, U.S. president Richard Nixon authorized a
bombing campaign against Cambodia in an effort to destroy Vietnamese Communist
sanctuaries there.
VI. Khmer Republic
 In March 1970 Cambodia'slegislature,the NationalAssembly, deposed Sihanouk while
he was abroad.
 The conservative forces behind the coup were pro-Western and anti-Vietnamese.
General Lon Nol, the country's prime minister, assumed power and sent his poorly
equipped army to fight the North Vietnamese Communist forces encamped in border
areas.
 Lon Nol hoped that U.S. aid would allow him to defeat his enemies, but American
support was always geared to events in Vietnam.

8.  In April U.S. and South Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia, searching for North
Vietnamese, who moved deeper into Cambodia.
 Over the next year, North Vietnamese troops destroyed the offensive capacity of Lon
Nol's army.
 In October 1970 Lon Nol inaugurated the Khmer Republic. Sihanouk, who had sought
asylum in China, was condemned to death despite his absence.
 By that time, Chinese and North Vietnamese leaders had persuaded the prince to
establishagovernmentinexile, allied with North Vietnam and dominated by the CPK,
whom Sihanouk referred to as the Khmer Rouge (French for "Red Khmers").
 In 1975, despite massive infusionsof U.S.aid,the KhmerRepubliccollapsed, and Khmer
Rouge forces occupied Phnom Penh.
 The UnitedStatescontinuedbombingCambodiauntil the Congressof the United States
halted the campaign in 1973.
 By that time,LonNol'sforceswere fightingnotonlythe Vietnamese but also the Khmer
Rouge. The general lost control over most of the Cambodian countryside, which had
been devastated by U.S. bombing.
 The fightingseverely damaged the nation's infrastructure and caused high numbers of
casualties. Hundreds of thousands of refugees flooded into the cities.
 In 1975, despite massive infusionsof U.S.aid,the KhmerRepubliccollapsed, and Khmer
Rouge forces occupied Phnom Penh. Three weeks later, North Vietnamese forces
achieved victory in South Vietnam.
 Democratic Kampuchea
 Pol Pot Pol Potis a pseudonymforthe Cambodianguerrilla commander SalothSar, who
organized the Communist guerrilla force known as the Khmer Rouge.
 The Khmer Rouge ousted General Lon Nol in 1975, establishing a brutal Communist
regime that ruled until 1979.
 Immediately after occupying Cambodia's towns, the Khmer Rouge ordered all city
dwellers into the countryside to take up agricultural tasks.
 The move reflected both the Khmer Rouge's contempt for urban dwellers, whom they
saw as enemies, and their utopian vision of Cambodia as a nation of busy, productive
peasants.
 The leaderof the regime,whoremainedconcealedfromthe public, was SalothSar, who
used the pseudonym Pol Pot.

9.  The government,whichcalleditself DemocraticKampuchea(DK),claimedto be seeking
total independence from foreign powers but accepted economic and military aid from
its major allies, China and North Korea.
 Khmer Rouge Carnage The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, killed close to 1.7 million
people in the mid- to late 1970s.
 Withoutidentifyingthemselvesas Communists, the Khmer Rouge quickly introduced a
series of far-reaching and often painful socialist programs. The people given the most
power in the new government were the largely illiterate rural Cambodians who had
fought alongside the Khmer Rouge in the civil war.
 DK leaders severely restricted freedom of speech, movement, and association, and
forbade all religious practices.
 The regime controlled all communications along with access to food and information.
 Former city dwellers, now called "new people," were particularly badly treated.
 The Khmer Rouge killed intellectuals, merchants, bureaucrats, members of religious
groups, and any people suspected of disagreeing with the party.
 Millions of other Cambodians were forcibly relocated, deprived of food, tortured, or
sent into forced labor.
 While in power, the Khmer Rouge murdered, worked to death, or killed by starvation
close to 1.7 million Cambodians.
 The Khmer Rouge also attacked neighboring countries in an attempt to reclaim
territories lost by Cambodia many centuries before.
 Afterfightingbroke outwithVietnam(thenunitedunderthe Communists) in 1977, DK's
ideology became openly racist.
 EthnicminoritiesinCambodia,includingethnic Chinese and Vietnamese, were hunted
downand expelledormassacred.Purgesof party members accused of treason became
widespread.
 People ineasternCambodia,suspectedof cooperatingwithVietnam, sufferedseverely,
and hundreds of thousands of them were killed. While in power, the Khmer Rouge
murdered, worked to death, or killed by starvation close to 1.7 million Cambodians-
more than one-fifth of the country's population.
VII. Present Period
Recent Development

10.  In October 1991 Cambodia's warring factions, the UN, and a number of interested
foreignnationssignedanagreementinParis intended to end the conflict in Cambodia.
 The agreementprovidedforatemporarypower-sharingarrangementbetweenaUnited
Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and a Supreme National Council
(SNC) made up of delegates from the various Cambodian factions.
 Prince NorodomSihanouk,the former king and prime minister of Cambodia, served as
president of the SNC.
 The Paris accords and the UN protectorate pushed Cambodia out of its isolation and
introduced competitive politics, dormant since the early 1950s. UNTAC sponsored
elections for a national assembly in May 1993, and for the first time in Cambodian
history a majority of voters rejected an armed, incumbent regime.
 A royalist party, known by its French acronym FUNCINPEC, won the most seats in the
election, followed by the CPP, led by Hun Sen. Reluctant to give up power, Hun Sen
threatened to upset the election results.
 Under a compromise arrangement, a three-party coalition formed a government
headed by two prime ministers; FUNCINPEC's Prince NorodomRanariddh, one of
Sihanouk's sons, became first prime minister, while Hun Sen became second prime
minister.
 In September1993 the governmentratified a new constitution restoring the monarchy
and establishingthe Kingdomof Cambodia.Sihanoukbecame king for the second time.
 After the 1993 elections, no foreign countries continued to recognize the DK as
Cambodia's legal government.
 The DK lost its UN seat as well as most of its sources of international aid.
 The unrealistic power-sharing relationship between Ranariddh and Hun Sen worked
surprisinglywell forthe nextthree years,butrelationsbetween the parties were never
smooth.
 The CPP's control over the army and the police gave the party effective control of the
country, and it dominated the coalition government. In July 1997 Hun Sen staged a
violent coup against FUNCINPEC and replaced Prince Ranariddh, who was overseas at
the time, with UngHuot, a more pliable FUNCINPEC figure.
 Hun Sen's action shocked foreign nations and delayed Cambodia's entry into the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
 By the endof 1997, Cambodiawas the onlynationinthe regionthatwas not a member.

11.  Despite the coup, elections scheduled for July 1998 proceeded as planned.
 Hundreds of foreign observers who monitored the elections affirmed that voting was
relatively free and fair; however, the CPP harassed opposition candidates and party
workersbefore andafterthe elections,whendozenswere imprisonedandseveral were
killed. The election gave the CPP a plurality of votes, but results, especially in towns,
where votingcouldnotbe dictatedbylocal authorities, indicated that the party did not
enjoy widespread popular support.
 Prince Ranariddh and another opposition candidate, Sam Rainsy, took refuge abroad
and contested the outcome of the election.
 In Novemberthe CPPandFUNCINPECreachedanagreementwherebyHun Sen became
sole prime minister and Ranariddh became president of the National Assembly.
 The parties formed a coalition government, dividing control over the various cabinet
ministries.Inearly 1999 the constitution was amended to create a Senate, called for in
the 1998 agreement.
 These signs that Cambodia's political situation was stabilizing encouraged ASEAN to
admit Cambodia to its membership a short time later.
 Pol Pot died in 1998, and by early 1999 most of the remaining Khmer Rouge troops and
leaders had surrendered. Rebel troops were integrated into the Cambodian army.
 In 1999 two Khmer Rouge leaders were arrested and charged with genocide for their
part in the atrocities.
 Since the ParisAccords of 1991, Cambodia'seconomicgrowthhasdependedonmillions
of dollars of foreign aid.
 Foreign interest in Cambodia has decreased, however, and the country has received
diminishing economic assistance. This development, along with the continued lack of
openness in Cambodian politics, has made Cambodia's prospects for democratization
dim, as well as its chances for sustained economic growth.
HISTORY OF LAOS
I. Pre-history
 A landlockedcountry
- Laos issurroundedbylandsthat iswhyit doesn’thave coastlines.Itissurrounded
by Vietnam,China,Myanmar,Thailand,andCambodia.

12.  HoabinhianHunter-Gathererswere the firstinhabitants
- Theywere austro-asiaticpersonswhomigratedinLaos.
- Theylearnedagriculture lateron
 The Plainof Jars in XiengKhouangplateau
- It isone of the oldestrelics(2000 yearsago) and one of the wondersof the world
- ArchaelogistssaidthatItwasoriginallyatrade route because IndiaandVietnam
were seentohave the same jars as that inXiengKhouang.A Frencharcheologist,
Madeline Colani,saidthatthose jarswere funeral jarsfortheyhave seenbracelets
and irontools
- Legendaboutthe plainof jars saidthat the jars were made forbrewingalcohol.
 MekongRiver
- Servesasthe borderof Laos fromthe othercountriessourroundingit.
- A backwaterriver
- Believestobe inhabitedbyaserpentdeiti calledNgeuk
II. Kingdomof LanXang
 LanXangmeans“a millionElephant”
- Elephantsare the meansof transportation,aswell asenginesforwar
 FaNgum
- The firsteverkingof LanXangwhofoundedthe kingfomhimself
- He foughtmanybattlesandreignedgoodbuthe was overthrownedwhenhe
startedto seduce the wivesof hisofficialsandstartedbeingambitiousof warfares.
- He wasan indirectheirtohisgrandfather,SouvannaKhamphongof MeuangSua
(LuangPrabang).
- He wassucceededbyhisson,Samsenthai
 KingSamsenthai
- AlsocalledUnHeuan
- Ruledfor43 years(1372 until 1417)
- Had 2 wives(FromAyutthayaandLanNa, Thailand)
- The kingdomwasstable inthe span of yearsof his reignand he builtmanytemplesand
otherbuildings.
 KingXainyaChakkaphat
- Took the throne afterSamsenthai,youngestsonof samsenthai
- LanXangsufferedinvasionathistime – the Vietnameseinvasion.The invasionwas
because of an insultsentbya ruler of XiengKhouangprovince tothe Vietnamese
emperor.
 KingVixun
- Restoredthe kingdom
- He builtMahaViharatohouse the Phra Bang Palladium
- Developedclose relationtonorthernThailand
- His sonisPhothisaratandhis grandsonisSetthathirat
 KingSurinyavongsa

13. - LongestrulerinLanXang Kingdomwhoruledfor57 years.
- He had twoEuropeanVisitorsathistime – The merchantGerritVanWusthoff,andthe
JesuitmissionaryGiovanni-MariaLeria.
 The fall of LanXangKingdom
- Surinyavongsaonlyhadone heir,buthisheirwassentencedtodeathafterbeingproven
that hisson seducedthe wife of aseniorcourtofficial.
- No one couldsucceedthe throne thatwas leftbySurinyavongsasoadispute had
happened
- The solutionistodivide the kingdomintothree-LuangPhrabang, Vientiane,and
Champassak
- The three kingdomswere inconstantquarrel witheachotherandtheywere inweak
state so the Siameasilyoverrunthe three kingdoms.
III. ColonizationPeriod
 1893 - Frenchseizedcontrol of Laos
- Laos isblessedwithrichnatural resourcesandlocatedstrategicallythatiswhythey
were prone tocolonisation.
- Frenchforcedthe Siamsto
 1939-1945 (WWII) – JapanInvadedlaos
- JapansurrenderedafterWWIIandFrenchtook control overlaosagain
 Lao Issara (Free Laos) wasformed
- A nationalistmovement
- WhenfrenchreoccupiedLaos,the Lao Issaranationalistswere exiledtothailand
- Frenchunifiedtheirterritoriesinlaosasa single country,havingSisavangvongasthe
headof state.
- A partial independence wasgiventoLaosin1949 and an amnestyforthe nationalists
exiled.
 The PathetLao was formed(LaoState)
 Thiswas a communistmovementwhohadrisenunderthe leadershipof Prince
Souphanouvong.
 1953 – Full independence asaconstitutional monarchy wasgivenbythe French.
 1962 – The GenevaAgreements
- HeldinGeneva,Switzerland.Thisagreementhasgivenpeace toLaotians.
- Participantsinthe GenevaAgreementagreedtorespectthe sovereignityandneutrality
of Laos.
 1964-1973 – US aerial bombingin Laos
- The US bombingwasalsoknownas the “secretwar inlaos”
- The US droppednumeroustonsof bombsonthe landof Laos.
- ThisUS missionistohelpthe royal laogovernmentagainstthe PathetLao.
 1975 – Lao People’sDemocratic Republicwasestablished
- Guidedbythe Lao People’sRevolutionaryParty(communistparty).

14. - NewEconomicMechanism(NEM) reformwaslaunchedandit introducedmarket
incentivesandstartedtodecentralizinggovernmenteconomicenterprise.
-
IV. Contemporary and modernLaos
 1994 – “Friendshipbridge”wasopenedinMekong
- Alsocalledasthai-laofriendshipbridge.
 1997 - Laos became a memberof the ASEAN
 Laos openeditstourismtodiversifytheireconomy.
 Laos’ relationshiptoothercommunistcountriescontinued.
- Its economicreliance tothe Westandto japanhas extended
 Laos remainedpooranddependentonothercountriesdespite of manyreforms.
HISTORY OF MYANMAR (BURMA)
I. Pre History
 The prehistory of Myanmar spanned hundreds of millennia to about 200 B.C.
Archaeological findings suggest that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as
Burma as early as 750,000 years ago.
 The firmestevidence of thisisYuanmouMan—one of the oldest known hominid fossil
inChina,and thoughtto be a Homo erectusfossil—found in Yunnan Province of China,
which borders Myanmar.
 The oldest fossils found in Asia—including Peking Man and Java Man—are Homo
Erectus. In 1994, Java Man was dated to be 1.7 million years old.
 The earliestarchaeological evidence suggeststhatcultures existed in Burma as early as
11,000 B.C. when a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian people lived along the
Irrawaddy River.
 Named after the central dry zone sites where most of the early settlement finds are
located, the Anyathian period was when plants and animals were first domesticated
and polished stone tools appeared in Burma.
A. The Neolithic or New Stone Age
 When plants and animals were first domesticated and polished stone tools
appeared,is evidenced in Burma by three caves located near Taunggyi at the edge
of the Shan plateau that are dated to 10000 to 6000 B.C. About 1500 B.C., people in
the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice, and domesticating
chickens and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.

15.  By 500 B.C., iron-working settlements emerged in an area south of present-day
Mandalay. Bronze-decorated coffins and burial sites filled with earthenware
remains have been excavated.
 Archaeological evidence at Samon Valley south of Mandalay suggests rice growing
settlements that traded with China between 500 B.C. and 200 A.D.
B. Pondaung
 A geographical regioninMyanmarlying partly in the Sagaing and partly in Magway
Divisions of Myanmar.
 According to the Myanmar government: “It has become well known worldwide due
to the discovery of fossilized remainsof anthropoid primatesomeyearsbackby both
Myanmar and foreign geologists.
 After laboratory tests and analysis of their finds and scientific discussions at
international forums a consensus has been reached that "Pondaung anthropoid
primate fossils are 40 million years older than their Egyptian counterparts which
were once considered the oldest".”
 The French Professor Jean Jacques wrote in the French newspapers, "Primates
fossils that were discovered in Pontaung region in the northwest of the Union of
Myanmar revealed that this region was once inhabited by the human beings that
dates back about 40 million years ago and thus these fossils were 7 million years
older than the fossils that were found in Egypt.”
 “Myanmar has foundthe mostreliable proof of 'Human Origin'. Therefore. to trace
the human origin. Scientists had to look into the earliest evidence of anthropoid
primates.The discoveryof manyfossilizedremainsof Pondaungprimateswithinthe
past fewyearsbyFrench,Japanese,andotherinternational scientistshasconfirmed
the original findings.
II. Kingdoms
A. The Mon Era
 The Mon probably began migrating into the area in about 3000 BC, and their first
kingdom Suwarnabhumi, was founded around the port of Thaton in about 300 BC.
 Spoken tradition suggests that they had contact with Buddhism via seafaring as
early as the 3rd century BC, though definitely by the 2nd century BC when they
received an envoy of monks from Ashoka.
 Much of the Mon's written records have been destroyed through wars. The Mons
blendedIndianandMonculture togetherinahybrid of the two civilizations. By the
mid-9th century, they had come to dominate all of southern Myanmar.
B. The Pyu Era
 The Pyu arrived in Myanmar in the 7th century and established city kingdoms at
Binnaka, Mongamo, Sri Ksetra, and Halingyi.

16.  During this period, Myanmar was part of an overland trade route from China to
India.Chinese sourcesstate thatthe Pyucontrolled18kingdomsanddescribe them
as a humane and peaceful people.
 The Pyu capital of Halingyi fell to the kingdom of Nanchao in the mid-9th century,
ending their period of dominance.
C. The Bagan Kingdom
 To the north another group of people, the Burmans began infiltrating the area as
well.
 By 849, they had founded a powerful kingdom centered on the city of Pagan and
filledthe voidleftbythe Pyu.The kingdomgrew in relative isolation until the reign
of Anawrahta (1044 - 77) who successfully unified all of Myanmar by defeating the
Mon city of Thaton in 1057.
 Consolidation was accomplised under his successors Kyanzittha (1084-1112) and
Alaungsithu (1112-1167), so that by the mid-12th century, most of Southeast Asia
was under the control of either the Bagan Kingdom or the Khmer empire.
 The Bagan kingdomwentintodecline asmore landandresourcesfell intothe hands
of the powerful Sangha (monkhood) and the Mongols threatened from the north.
 The last true ruler of Bagan, Narathihapate (reigned 1254-87) felt confident in his
ability to resist the Mongols and advanced into Yunnan in 1277 to make war upon
them. He was thouroughly crushed at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, and Bagan
resistance virtually collapsed. The king was assassinated by his own son, but the
dynasty was soon brought to an end in 1289, when the mongols installed a puppet
ruler in Myanmar.
D. Inwa and Bago
 After the collapse of Bagan authority, Myanmar was divided once again. The
Burmans had reestablished themselves at the city of Inwa by 1364, where Bagan
culture was revived and a great age of Burmese literature ensued.
 The kingdomlackedeasilydefendableborders,however,andwasoverrunbythe
Shan in1527.
 To the south,the Mons reestablishedthemselvesatBago,and undertheirking,
Dhammazedi (reigned1472-92),enteredagoldenage as well,becomingagreat
centerof commerce and TherinwadaBuddhism.
E. The Taungoo Dynasty
 Survivors of the destructionof Inwaeventuallyestablishedanew kingdomcentered
onTaungooin 1531 ledby Tabinshwehti (reigned 1531-50), who once again unified
most of Myanmar.
 Tabinshwehti'sbrother-in-law,Bayinnaung(ruled 1551-81) succeeded to the throne
and proceeded on a campaign of conquest conquering several states, including
Manipur (1560) and even Ayutthaya (1569).
 His wars stretched Myanmar to the limits of its resources, however, and both
Manipur and Ayutthaya were soon independant once again.
 Faced with rebellion by several cities and renewed Portugese incursions, the
Tourngoorulerswithdrew fromsouthernMyanmmarandfoundedaseconddynasty

17. at Inwa. Bayinnaung's grandson, Anaukpetlun, once again reunited Myanmar in
1613 and decisively defeated Portuguese attempts to take over Myanmar.
 His successor Thalun reestablished the priciples of the old Bagan kingdom, but
spent too heavily on religious expenditure and paid to little attention to the
southern part of his kingdom. Encouraged by the French in India, Bago finally
rebelled against Inwa, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752.
F. The Konbaung Dynasty
 A popularBurmese leadernamedAlaungpayadrove the Bagoforcesoutof northern
Myanmar by 1753, and by 1759 he had once again conquered Bago and southern
Myanmar while also regaining control of Manipur. He established his capital at
Rangoon.
 In 1760, he briefly conquered Tenasserim and marched on Ayutthaya, but his
invasion failed and he was killed. His son Hsinbyushin (ruled 1763-76) returned to
Ayutthaya in 1766 and had conquered it before the end of the next year.
 EvenChinatooknotice of Myanmar now,butHsinbyushinsucessfully repulsed four
Chinese invasions between 1766 and 1769. Another of Alaungpaya's sons,
Bodawpaya (ruled 1781-1819), lost Ayutthaya, but added Arakan (1784) and
Tenasserim(1793) to the kingdomas well. In Jaunary 1824, during the reign of King
Bagyidaw(ruled1819-37), a general namedMahaBandulasucceeded in conquering
Assam, bringing Myanmar face to face with British interests in India.
III. Colonization Period
 Under British Colonial Rule
 AlthoughBurmawasat timesdividedintoindependentstates, a series of monarchs
attempted to establish their absolute rule, with varying degrees of success.
 Eventually,anexpansionistBritishGovernment took advantage of Burma's political
instability.
 After three Anglo-Burmese wars over a period of 60 years, the British completed
their colonization of the country in 1886, Burma was immediately annexed as a
province of British India, and the British began to permeate the ancient Burmese
culture with foreign elements. Burmese customs were often weakened by the
imposition of British traditions.
 The British also further divided the numerous ethnic minorities by favoring some
groups, such as the Karen, for positions in the military and in local rural
administrations.
 During the 1920s, the first protests by Burma's intelligentsia and Buddhist monks
were launched against British rule.
 By 1935, the Students Union at Rangoon University was at the forefront of what
would evolve into an active and powerful movement for national independence.

18.  A younglawstudentAungSan,executive-committee member and magazine editor
for the Students Union, emerged as the potential new leader of the national
movement.
 In the years that followed, he successfully organized a series of student strikes at
the university, gaining the support of the nation.
 War with Britain
 In response to the continued conquests of Myanmar, the British and the Siamese
joined forces against Myanmar in 1824.
 The First Anglo-Burmese War(1824-26) endedina British victory, and by the Treaty
of Yandaboo, Myanmar lost Assam, Manipur, Arakan, and Tenasserim. As the
century wore on, the British began to covet the natural resources of Myanmar and
wanted to secure their supply route to Singapore.
 As a result, they provoked the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852, annexing Bago
province and renaming it Lower Burma.
 The war resulted in a revolution in Myanmar, with King Pagin Min (ruled 1846-52)
being replaced by his half-brother, Mindon Min (ruled 1853-78)).
 King Mindon tried to modernise the Burmese state and economy to resist British
encroachments,andhe establishedanew capital atMandalay,which he proceeded
to fortify. This was not enough to stop the Birtish, however, who claimed that
Mindon's son Thibaw Min (ruled 1878-85) was a tyrant intending to side with the
French and declared war once again in 1885, conquering the remainder of the
country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
 Japanese Occupation
 The Japanese occupied Burma at the beginning of World War II. In 1943, Burma
became nominally independent under Japanese control.
 During the Second World War, Burma was a battleground between the Japanese
Army and the Allies.
 The Burma and LedoRoads, linkingIndiatoChina, were built as a vital supply route
for Chiang Kai-shek in China. Even though it was built with great ingenuity,
determination and courage, they were completed late in the war and in the end
served little practical purpose.
 In December 1941, after a Japanese assault that lasted only a few hours, the Thais
surrendered to the Japanese.
 Duringthe raid a bombfell in the main post office but failed to explode. When the
Japanese invaded Bangkok they immediately occupied Chinatown (Sampeng) and
turned the Chinatown Chamber of Commerce into a command post. The Thais
signedatreaty withJapan,allowingthe stationingand transit of Japanese troops in
exchange for the preservation of Thailand’s sovereignty.
 In 1942, the Japanese unexpectedly swept into Burma from Thailand. Some
Japanese units entered Burma from the jungles of northwestern Thailand where
they had encounters with tigers and elephants.

19.  The Japanese wona stringof victoriesagainstChineseand British troops and finally
captured the key town of Yenangyaunh near the Burmese oil fields, which the
British destroyed before withdrawing.
 The onlyseriouslyresistance againstthe Japanese inthe Indochinacampaign was in
Burma, where the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers,
shot down dozens of Japanese planes.
 The Tigers flew a hundred P-40 fighter planes that were sent to China after the
passage of the Lend Lease Act in April, 1941.
IV. Contemporary Period
 Burma declared its independence in 1948, the popular sentiment to part with the
Britishwas so strong at the time that Burma opted not to join the Commonwealth.
Later itbecame the onlycountryin the world to combine Buddhism with socialism.
 AfterWorldWar II, Britainrealizeditcouldestablishcolonial ruleonlybyforce while
Aung San promised the possibility of a unified Burma to it fractious tribes.
 In January1947, Britainagreedtogive Burma independence afternegotiationswith
Aung San.
 According to Lonely Planet: “BogyokeAung San emerged from the haze of war as
the country’snatural leader.Anearlyactivistfornationalism, thendefenceminister
in the Burma National Army, Aung San was the man to hold the country together
through the transition to independence.
 Whenelectionswere heldin1947, AungSan’sparty wonan overwhelmingmajority.
But before he could take office, he was assassinated by a rival, along with most of
his cabinet. Independence followed in 1948, with Aung San’s protégé U Nu at the
helm. Ethnic conflicts raged and chaos ensued.”
 The new executive council, which now had increased credibility in the country,
begannegotiationsforBurmese independence,which were concluded successfully
in London as the Aung San-Attlee Agreement on 27 January 1947.
 The agreementleftpartsof the communistandconservativebranchesof the AFPFL
dissatisfied, however, sending the Red Flag Communists led by ThakinSoe
underground and the conservatives into opposition.
 Aung San also succeeded in concluding an agreement with ethnic minorities for a
unified Burma at the Panglong Conference on 12 February, celebrated since as
'Union Day'.
 AungSan (1915-1947) was Myanmar’snationalistleaderandassassinatedherowho
was instrumental in securing Myanmar's independence from Great Britain.
 Before World War II Aung San was actively anti-British; he then allied with the
Japanese during World War II, but switched to the Allies before leading the
Myanmar drive forautonomy.The boyish-lookingAungSanwasa charismaticyoung
leader.

20.  He founded Burma's army, negotiated the terms of Myanmar’s independence and
attempted to create a government including all groups.
 Six months before Myanmar’s independence, he was assassinated when he was
only 32 in July 1947. Aung San is Myanmar’s most venerated figure: the George
Washington of Myanmar.
 He was verypopularinhis time and is very popular today. Quotes form his speech
and hiswritinghave beenusedtosupporttothe militarygovernment.Sometimes it
seems like half the named streets in Myanmar are named after him and there is a
museum devoted to him in Yangon.
 Burma was the first nation to successfully break free from the British Empire since
the U.S. did so in 1776.
V. Present Period
 The currency of Myanmar was demonetized(declaredunusable)several times
makingsavingsworthlessovernightinmostcases withlittle ornocompensation.
 The reasonfor the practice was to strike at blackmarkettraderswho withheldlarge
amountsof currency outside the bankingsystem.Tothisdaypeople inMyanmar
have little faithinthe currencyorbanks andchoose to keeptheirsavingsingold,
jewelryorreal estate.
 The 50 and100 kyat noteswere demonetizedinMay,1964. Thiswas the firstof
several demonetizations,ostensiblycarriedoutwiththe aimof fightingblack
marketeering.
 On November3,1985, the 25-, 50-, and 100-kyat noteswere demonetizedwithout
warning,thoughthe publicwasallowedtoexchange limitedamountsof the old
notesfornewones.All otherdenominationsthenincirculationremainedlegal
tender.
 The country’s transition from military rule to representative democracy is
complicated by entrenched political and economic interests, religious and ethnic
cleavages, and difficult negotiations with an array of armed groups to settle
decades-long internal conflicts.
 As peace talks drag on, the nation’s parliamentary election, slated to take place in
late 2015, threatens to exacerbate tensions within and among groups.
 In addition,the constitutionunfairlyprohibits the mainoppositioncandidate,Nobel
Peace Laureate Aung San SuuKyi, from standing for president. Myanmar also faces
the imperative to address communal (particularly Buddhist/Muslim) violence
intensified by narratives spread on social media and elsewhere that inflame
prejudice and violence.
 Humanitarian access is still blocked in parts of Karen, Karenni, Shan, Arakan and
Kachin State.

21.  Karenand Karenni refugeescontinuetolive restricted lives with a decrease in food
supplies.
 Land confiscation and land rights abuses have become worse due to government
and business encroachment.
HISTORY OF THAILAND
I. Pre History
 Homo erectusfossilshave alsobeendiscoveredinThailand.
 Knownas the Lampang manfor itsdiscoveryinLampangprovince,the remains
have beendatedtoroughly1,000,000 - 500,000 yearsago inthe Pleistocene Era.
 The firstevidence of humanslivinginmodern-dayThailandwasdiscoveredatBan
Chiang,nearUdonThani innortheasternThailand;grave sitesandartifacts
includingbronze toolsandpotteryprovideevidence of asocietythatisthoughtto
have had knowledgeof rice cultivationandoccupiedthe areacontinuouslyfrom
2100 to 200 BCE, spanningthe Neolithictothe Iron Age.
 Thailandfirstinhabitantwere the MonandKhmergroups.
A. 1st
Milleniumof CommonEra
 The Tai people scatteredacrossYUnan,Vietnem,Laos,Thailand,andMyanmar
that resultedintovariouslanguages.Theyinhabitedthe northernmostreaches
of SoutheastAsia,betweenthe kingdomsof NanZhao,Pyuand Angkor.
B. ImportantEventsinthe 2nd
CenturyCE
 The SrivijayaEmpire of Sumatraexpanded itsreachupthe Malaysian
PeninsulaintoSouthernThailand.
 To facilitate the trade acrossthe Istmusof Kra,Chiaya,SuratThani and Nakhon
Si Thammarat were founded.
C. 6th
to 9th
Century
 Dvaravati,a Mon civilizationdwelledonthe fertilecentral plains.
 Dvaravati was a mysteriouscivilizationbecause the cities’establishedwere
surroundedbymoatsand earthenwalls,whereNahonPathomandLopburi
were placedasan importantreligiouscenter.
 Dvaravati contributedawell establishedinternal andexternal tradingroutes
that essential forThailanddevelopment.
 Dvaravati leftThailandwithawealthof Buddhistartworkwhichmanifeststhe
great influence Indianculture andreligionhadonthe region.
II. Kingdoms
A. Sukhothai Period(1238-1438)

22.  firstperiodinThai Kingdoms thatas foundedin1238byKhunBang KlangThao(Sri
Inthrathit) andKhunPhaMuang,twoThai governorswhorebelledagainstthe
Khmerand gave independence tothe region.
 The Kingdomwasnamedby itsrulers"the dawnof happiness”
 Consideredtobe the GoldenAge of Thai Culture
 The boundaryof Sukhothai stretchedfromLampanginthe northto Vientiane,in
presentdayLaos and the southto the Malay Peninsula.
 Duringthisperiod,the Thai have a strong goodrelationshipwithitsneighboring
countries
 In 1279, after the deathof KhunPhaMuang,RamkhamhaengKing,the thirdsonof
Si Inthrahit,ascendedtothe throne.
 Under the RamkhamhaengKing,Sukhothai hadastrong friendshipwith
neighboringChina.He organizedawritingsystemwhichbecame the basisfor
writingandeventuallydevelopedtobe the modernThai alphabet.
 KingRamkamhaengthe Great(c.1278-98), was the mostfamousKinginthistime
period,whoexpandedthe Kingdom’sborderthe most.
B. Ayutthaya Period(1351-1767)
 FoundedbyU-ThongKingin1350.
 Ayutthayaasan islandisformedbythe gatheringof three rivers,the ChaoPhraya,
the Pasak,and the Loburi and surroundedbyrice terraces.
 AyutthyaKingsadoptedKhmerinfluencesinleadership
 Theyusedabsolute monarchyandprefferedtobe treatedasgod-kings(devaraja
 In the 14th and 15th centuries,the Thai KingsinAyutthayabecame powerful
takingoverU-Thong,Lopburi,andAyutthaya.
 Ayutthaya’sterritorywasexpandednorthwardtowardsSukhothai andeastward
towardsthe Khmercapital of Angkorduringthe reignof KingU-Thongand his
successor.
 Duringthistime,Thai extendeditssovereigntyandgotinconflictswithit
neighboringcountries.
 Duringthe 17th
century,SiamstarteddiplomaticrelatiomsinwesternCountriesin
1767.
 Ayutthayafall waswhenthe Burmese invadedandconqueredAyutthayaafter
several attempts.
 The Burmese didnotretaincontrol for a longtime.
 General PhyaTaksinandhisfollowersbroke throughthe Burmeselinesand
escapedtoChantaburi.
 Theycame back to ChaoPhraya rivertoAyutthayaand expelledthe Burmese
occupationgarrisonandlootedthe capital of the city underthe Burmese.

23. C. Thonburi Period(1767-1782)
 BuiltbyPhyaTaksin
 KingTaksinhas ruleda peaceful countryforover15 yearsand extended
diplomaticrelationshipwithmanycountriesfromoverseasincludingChina.
Unfortunately,KingTaksin,whodevotedhislifetoprotecthisbelovedcountry,
was overstressedfromthe warsand eventuallybecameinsane.
 Thonburi collapsedbecauseof the coupin1782 by General Chakri.KingTaksin's
achievementshave causedprosperitytobestow onhimthe epithet"the Great"
D. Rattanakosin Period(1782-Present)
 KingChakri tookoverafter the deathof KingTaksin.He wasthe firstKingof the
Chakri Dynastyas the Rama I, whoreignedfrom1782 to 1809.
 He transferredthe capital of ThailandtoBangkok.
 He builtthe Grand Palace
 Rama II continuedKingChakri’sworkfrom1809 to 1824
 Rama III, KingNang Klao(1824-1851) reopenedrelationswithwesternnations
and developedtrade withChina.
 Rama III,KingMongkutx (1851-1868) of "The Kingand I" concludedtreatieswith
Europeancountries,avoidedcolonialization andestablishedmodernThailand.
He made manysocial and economicreformsduringhisreign.
 Rama V,KingChulalongkorn(1869-1910) continuedhisfather'straditionof
reform,abolishingslaveryandimprovingthe public welfare andadministrative
system.
WhySiam was neverconqueredby the European?
 By 1890 the Frenchwere determinedtotake overall of Siam.
 In 1893 France pushedintothe junglesof whatwe know asLaos, and since
the Siamese figuredoutwhatFrance wasup to,theyattacked.France
counteredattackedthe Siamese troopsanddemandedthatSiamgive to
France all theirlandseastof the Mekong.
 Rama 5, havingtakenoverthe country on the deathof hisfather,again
appealedtothe Britishforhelpwhichwasagainrefused.Infact,Britain
was happywiththe Frenchgrabbingcontrol of Siamese territorydue toa
newconceptknownas “The Doctrine of CompensatoryAdvantage.”Simply
put,France wouldbe allowedtotake easternSiaminreturnfornot
protestingwhenthe Britishtookoverthe restof the Burmese territories.
 With France inLaos and Cambodia,andthe BritishinBurma, the British
had achievedaregional alignmenttheywerehappywith,withSiam
forminga bufferstate.The BritishthustoldRama5 to give into French

24. demands,butthe Kingrefused.Thiswasadifficultthingtodointhe face of
a much mightierforce.
 The French,to force the issue,senttheirgunboatstoPaknamatthe
entrance to the ChaoPraya Riverand Bangkok.The Britishsenta note to
the Kingsayingthat hisrefusal togive inwouldresultinthe “complete
extinctionof the Siamesenationalexistence.”
 Facedwiththe refusal of Britainto supportit,Rama 5 eventuallyconceded
and wasforcedto give upmore territorytothe French.
 Nowthe stage wasset forthe Frenchto take overall of Siam.In1896 the
Britishandthe FrenchforeignministersmetinPariswiththe Frenchaiming
to take overwhat wascalledthe Korat Plateau(now calledIsaan).Informal
talks,the Frenchproposedtodivide Siamintotwoparts.Theyproposed
that the Chao PrayaRiverbe the dividingline,andthatthe Frenchholdall
of Siamto the east,and that Britaintake all of Siamto the westincluding
all of the peninsularlandsdowntowhatis now Malaysia.Thiswould
connectthe Britishheldterritoryof Burmato theirStraitsSettlements
(MalaysiaandSingapore).
 If the Britishhadagreed,all of Isaan and Pattayawouldbe Frenchand
Phuketwouldbe British.
 Britainrejectedthis,wantingtocontinue withthe bufferstate soFrance
counteredwithasecondproposal.Thisnew ideawasclose tothe first,
withthe one distinctionbeingthatthe ChaoPraya RiverValleywould
remainindependent.
 Since the Siamese weren’tinvitedtothese meetings,the Siamese
AmbassadortoEurope pulled off aback door lobbyingeffort,negotiating
withthe Britishdirectly,tellingthemthatthe entire countryof Siamshould
be usedas a bufferzone.The Britishfinallyagreedtothis.LordCurzon,
Viceroyof India,wrote aboutthe French“we particularlydesire toavoid
themas neighbors.”
 So in1896 the twocountriessignedatreatysayingtheywouldsupportthe
independenceof Siamagainstanythirdparty (Russia,andespecially
Germany,were bothnosingaroundSiam, seeingwhatpartstheycouldpick
off.)
 This wasa majordiplomatictriumphforSiam, whichmanagedtokeepits
independencealthoughFrance wasdeterminedtotake itover.Although
Siamhad to give upsome territorythatit had previouslyheldswayover,it
managedto retainitsfreedom, amajorityof itsland,andal of the land
inhabitedbyThai language speakingpeople.(Thelandsitconcededwere
mostlyKhmer,Malayor Lao).
 Of course,the twosignatoriescouldn’tkeeptheirhandstothemselves,
and so in1907 France pickedoff a bit more territorytoadd to Cambodia
(specificallyBattambangandSiemRiep),andthe Britishtwoyearslater

25. grabbeda bitmore landforMalaysiaand createdthe boundaryof whatis
todaythe borderline betweenThailandandMalaysia.
 Rama VI,KingVajiravudh (1910-1925) introducededucational reformssuchas
compulsoryeducationandothereducationalreforms.
 Rama VII, KingPrajadhipok(1925-1935), duringhisreign,Thailandchangedfrom
an absolute monarchytoa constitutional monarchy.The kingabdicatedin 1933
and wassucceededbyhis nephew.
 Rama VIII, KingAnandaMahidol (1935-1946), the country'sname was changed
fromSiam to Thailandwiththe adventof democraticgovernmentin1939.
 On December10, 1932, His MajestyKingPrajadhipoksignedThailandfirst
constitutionandthusended700 yearsof Thailandabsolute monarchy.Inspite
of a numberof successive constitutionsthatfollowedinthe spanof justover
half a century,the basicconceptsof constitutional governmentandmonarchy
laiddowninthe 1932 constitutionhave remainedunaltered.
 In 1939, Siam changesitsname to Thailand“Landof the Free”.
 In 1946, KingAnandawas assassinated.
 Rama IX,KingBhumibolAdulyadej(1946- present) isthe currentmonarch in
Thailand.
 August8, 1967 ASEAN was establishedinBangkok,bythe five original countries,
Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore andThailand.
III. ContemporaryPeriodto Present(1970-2015)
 In 1973, Studentrevolutiondestroyedthe militarygovernment,andcausedto
have free electionsbutresultedinaunstable government.
 In 1976, the Militarytakesoveragaininthe government.
 In 1978, A NewConstitutionispromulgated.
 In 1980, General PremTinsulanondaassumespowerbutgave itup on 1983 and
re-electedin1986.
 In 1988, General ChatichaiChoonhavenwonoverthe electionandbecame in
charge.
 In 1991, Militarycoup. AnandPanyarachun,acivilianbecame the prime minister
 In 1992, General SuchindaKraprayoonwaselectedinMarchelectionreplacing
Anand.OnSeptemberelection,ChuanLeekpaiwaschosentobe the prime
minister.
 In 1995, governmentcollapses.BanharnSilpa-archa,of the Thai Nationparty,
electedprime minister.
 In 1996, Banharn'sgovernmentresigns,accusedof corruption.
ChavalitYongchaiyudhof the New Aspirationpartywinselections.

26.  In 1997, Asianfinancial crisis:The bahtfallssharplyagainstthe dollar,leadingto
bankruptciesandunemployment.The IMFstepsin.ChuanLeekpaibecomes
prime minister.
 In 1998, tensof thousandsof migrantworkersare sentback to theircountriesof
origin.Chuaninvolvesthe oppositioninhisgovernmentinordertopushthrough
economicreforms.
 In 1999, economybeginstopickup again.Thai mediahighlighthighcostof drug
treatmentsforAidsandHIV.Thailandbeginstoputpressure ondrugs companies
to findwaysto make the drugs cheaper.
 In January2000, new Thai Love Thai party winselectionsafterpartial re-runof
poll.LeaderThaksinShinawatraformscoalitiongovernment.
 In June 2001, Burma-Thailandbordercrossing,whichwasclosedafterclashes
betweenthe twocountries'troopsinFebruary,re-opensafterThaksinvisits
Burma.
 In May 2002, Burma closesborderwithThailandagainafter Thai armyfiresshells
intoBurma duringbattle betweenBurmese armyandethnicShanrebels.Border
reopensinOctober.
 In January2003, more than 500 Thai nationalsare evacuatedfromCambodia
amidangry protestsafterremarksattributedtobya Thai actressthat Cambodia
"stole"itsAngokrWattemple complex fromThailand.
 In February2003, controversial crackdownondrugsstarts; more than2,000
suspectsare killed.The governmentblamesmanyof the killingsoncriminal
gangs; rightsgroupssay extra-judicialkillingswere encouragedbythe
authorities.
 In 2004, From Januaryto March, martial law isimposedinlargely-Muslimsouth
aftermore than 100 killedinawave of attacks blamedonIslamicmilitants.
 In February 2004, more than 100 Islamicmilitants die incoordinatedattackson
police basesinthe south.
 In October2004, 85 Muslimprotestersdie,manyfromsuffocation,whileinarmy
custodyfollowingviolenceata rallyinthe south.An enquiryconcludestheywere
not killeddeliberately.
 In December2004, thousandsof people - bothThaisandforeigntourists - are
killedaswhenamassive tsunami,triggeredbyanunderseaearthquakeoff the

27. coast of Sumatra, devastatescommunitiesonthe south-westcoast,includingthe
resortof Phuket.
 Policeman-turned-tycoonThaksinShinawatratransformedThai politicsbutwas
oustedina militarycoup
 In 2005, March, ThaksinShinawatrabeginsasecondtermasPM afterhisparty
winsFebruary'selectionsbyalandslide.
 In Julyof 2005, the violentunrestcontinuesinthe south,Prime MinisterThaksin
isgivennewpowerstocountersuspectedMuslimmilitantsinthe region.In
Novemberthe deathtoll inviolence since January2004 tops1,000.
 In October2005, Thailandredoubleseffortstofightbird fluasfreshoutbreaksof
the disease are reported.
 In 2006, April to May , a snapelectioncalledbythe PMamidmass ralliesagainst
himis boycottedbythe oppositionandissubsequentlyannulled,leavinga
political vacuum.The PMtakesa seven-week breakfrompolitics.
 In Augustof 2006, Prime MinisterThaksinShinawatraaccusesseveralarmy
officersof plottingtokill himafterpolice findacar containingbomb-making
materialsnearhishouse.
 On September19, 2006, militaryleadersstage abloodlesscoupwhile Prime
MinisterThaksinShinawatraisatthe UN General Assembly.RetiredGeneral
SurayudChulanontisappointedasinterimprime ministerinOctober.
 January 2007, martial law isliftedinmore thanhalf of the country.
 On April 2007, the firstdraft of a new constitutionisapprovedbyacommittee
appointedbythe militaryadministration.
 On May 2007, OustedPrime MinisterThaksinShinawatra'sThai RakThai party is
banned.Thousandsof soldiersare puton alert.
 August2007, votersapprove anew,military-draftedconstitutionina
referendum.
 December2007, general electionsmarkthe firstmajorsteptowardsa returnto
civilianrule,democracyresolved. The People PowerParty(PPP),seenasthe
reincarnationof Thaksin'sThai RakThai (ThaisLove Thais) party,winsthe most
votes.
 The PreahViheartemple sparkedaborderstandoff withCambodia

28.  On February2008, Thailand eturnto civilianrule.SamakSundaravejof the
Thaksin-linkedPeople PowerParty(PPP) issworninasprime minister.Ousted
premierThaksinShinawatrareturnsfromexile.
 July2008, PojamanShinawatra,the wife of formerprime minister
ThaksinShinawatra,isfoundguiltyof fraudandsentencedtothree yearsinjail.
She isgrantedbail pendinganappeal.
 August2008 - Thaksinflees toBritainwithhisfamilyafterfailingtoappearin
court to face corruptioncharges.
 September2008 - OppositionprotestersoccupyBangkok'smaingovernment
complex andbeginmassanti-governmentprotestscallingforthe resignationof
Prime MinisterSamakSundaravej.
 ConstitutionalCourtdimissesPMSundaravej forviolatingaconflictof interest
lawby hostingtwotelevisioncookingshowswhileinoffice.SomchaiWongsawat
chosenbyparliamentasthe new prime minister,butthe streetprotestsagainst
the PPPgovernmentcontinue.
 October2008, Thai troops shootdeadtwoCambodiansoldiersinafirefighton
the disputedstretchof the twocountries'border,nearthe PreahViheartemple.
 Thai Supreme CourtgivesfugitiveformerPMThaksinShinawatraatwo-yearjail
sentence afterfindinghimguiltyof corruptionoveralanddeal.
 The UN voicedconcernoverthe fate of Hmong repatriatedfromThailand
 November2008, Tensof thousandsof oppositionPeople'sAlliance for
DemocracysupportersrallyaroundparliamentinBangkokandblockade
Thailand'smainairportsin"final battle"totopple the government.
 December2008, Prime MinisterSomchaiWongsawatisforcedfromofficebya
ConstitutionalCourtrulingdisbandingthe governingPeople PowerPartyfor
electoral fraudandbarringitsleadersfrompoliticsforfive years.
 OppositionleaderAbhisitVejjajivaformsacoalitiontobecome Thailand'snew
prime minister,the country'sthirdnew leaderinthree months.
 March-April - Supportersof formerPMThaksinShinawatraholdmassrallies
againstthe government'seconomicpolicies.
 April 2009, Continuingunrestforcesthe cancellationof anASEAN summitafter
anti-governmentprotestersstormthe summitvenue inthe resortof Pattaya.
 PMAbhisitVejjajivamovestroopsintoBangkoktoendanoppositionprotestsit-
in.More than 120 people injuredinresultingclashes.

29.  June 2009, Leadersof the protestgroupthat helpedtopple ThaksinShinawatra
applyto registerthemselvesasthe New PoliticsParty.
 November2009, Row with Cambodiagrowsoverthe appointmentof
ThaksinShinawatraasan economicadvisertothe Cambodiangovernment.
CambodiatakesoverThai-ownedairtrafficcontrol firm.
 December2009, Up to 20,000 ThaksinsupportersrallyinBangkoktodemand
freshelections. MrThaksinaddressedthembyvideo-link.
 Thailanddeportsabout4,000 ethnicHmongback to communist-ruledLaos,
deemingthemtobe economicmigrants.The UN and US expressedconcern
abouttheirpossible receptioninLaos.
 February2010, Supreme CourtstripsMrThaksin'sfamilyof half of itswealthafter
rulingthathe illegallyacquired$1.4bnduringhistime as PM. Securityforces
placedonhighalertamid fearof clasheswithThaksinsupporters.15.
 March-May 2010, Tens of thousandsof Thaksin supporters - intrademarkred
shirts- paralyse partsof central Bangkokwithmonths-longprotestscallingfor
PMAbhisit'sresignationandearlyelections.Troopseventuallystormthe
protesters'barricadesina bidto breakthe deadlockandendthe
demonstrations.The deathtoll inthe violence - the worstinthe country's
modernhistory - isput at 91.
 August, ThailandresumesdiplomatictieswithCambodiaafterPhnomPenh
announcesthatoustedThai PM ThaksinShinawatraissteppingdownasits
economicadvisor.
 Thailand'spolarisedpoliticshasledtowavesof mass protest
 November2010, ThailandextraditesRussiannationalViktorBouttothe US on
chargesof arms dealing,aftermonthsof legal wrangling.Russiasaysthe move is
a "glaringinjustice"andpoliticallymotivated.
 January 2011- Tensionsrise asCambodiachargestwoThai citizenswithspying
afterarrestingthemforcrossingthe disputedborder.
 February - Afteran exchange of fire acrossthe Thai-Cambodianborder,the two
countriesagree toallow Indonesianmonitorsaccesstothe areato prevent
furtherclashes.
 April - Eighteenpeopleare leftdeadafterborderdisputeoverlandnearthe
ancientPreahViheartemple onthe Thai-Cambodiansparksarmedclashes.

30.  July - The pro-ThaksinPheuThai partywinsalandslide victoryinelections.
YingluckShinawatra- the sisterof MrThaksinShinawatra- becomesprime
minister.
 October- The governmentintroducesarice subsidyscheme withthe aimof
ensuringthatfarmers - who formthe mainpart of PheuThai'ssocial base inthe
rural northof Thailand - receive aguaranteedprice fortheirrice crop.The
scheme causesgovernmentdebttosoar,and the resultingincrease inthe price
of Thai rice causesthe countryto lose itsrank as the world'snumberone rice
exporter.
 2012, June - Anti-governmentyellow-shirtsblockade parliamenttoprevent
debate onproposedreconciliationbill aimedatendingsix-tear-oldpolitical
tensions.Groupfearsthata proposedamnestywouldenable the returnof
oustedPMThaksinShinawatra.
 November- Police disperse10,000-strongprotestinBangkokcallingfor
overthrowof Prime MinisterYingluckShinawatra.
 NewPitakSiam(ProtectThailand) movementledbyretiredGen
BoonlertKaewprasitunitesyellow-shirtsandotherswhosee the governmentasa
puppetof exiledformerPMThaksinShinawatra.
 December- FormerPrime MinisterAbhisitVejjajivaischargedwithresponsibility
for the deathof a taxi drivershotbytroops duringanti-governmentprotestsin
Bangkokin2010.
 2013, February - Government,Muslimseparatistsinsouthsignfirst-everpeace
talksdeal.
 April - Constitutional CourtblocksmovesbyrulingPheuThai partytoamend
2007 post-coupconstitution.
 June - Governmentcutsguaranteedprice forrice,provokinganangryreaction
fromfarmersand protestsinBangkok.
 PMYingluckShinawatrareshufflescabinetfor fifthtime,sackingcommerce
ministerresponsible forrice price subsidycutandtakingondefence portfolio
herself.
 July - Government,Muslimseparatistsinsouthagree toRamadanceasefire.
 November- Tensof thousandsof oppositionsupportersprotest inBangkok
againsta proposedpolitical amnestybillthatcriticssaywouldallow ousted

31. leaderThaksinShinawatra- the brotherof Prime MinisterYingluckShinawatra - to
returnto Thailandwithoutfacingjail.
 December- In response tooppositionpressure, PMYingluckShinawatra
announcesthatearlyelectionswill be heldinFebruary2014 butrejectscallsfor
herto stepdownin the meantime.
 Formerprime ministerAbhisitVejjajivachargedwithmurderover2010
crackdownon demonstratorsinwhichmore than90 people died.MrAbhisit,
leaderof the oppositionDemocratParty,deniesthe chargesandisgrantedbail.
 2014, February - General electionsgoaheadbutthe Constitutional Court
declarestheminvalidbecause of disruptionbythe opposition.
 May - Constitutional courtordersPrime MinisterYingluckShinawatraandseveral
ministersoutof office overallegedirregularitiesinappointmentof security
adviser.
 June - KingBhumibol giveshisassenttoaninterimconstitutionenactedbythe
juntaand givingthe militarysweepingpowers.
 August- CoupleaderGeneral PrayuthChan-ochaismade prime minister.
 November- Finance MinisterSommaiPhaseesaysThai electionsunlikelyuntil
2016.
 Parliamentbansthe trade inbabiesbornthroughsurrogate pregnancies,
followinggrowingpublicoppositiontothe practice.
 December- CrownPrince Vajiralongkornrevokesroyally-assignedfamilyname of
hiswife,followingthe arrestof several of herrelativesinacorruptioncase.
 2015, March - Coup-appointedPrime MinisterPrayuthChan-ochaendsmartial
law,continuestorule byexecutiveorder.
 May - Militarygovernmenttoholdreferendumonnew constitutioninearly
2016, delayingmove torestore democracy.Ex-Prime MinisterYingluckShinawatra
pleadsnotguiltyatstart of trial on chargesof negligence overrice subsidy
scheme.She facesupto 10 yearsin prisonif foundguilty.
 August- Terroristbombattack kills20 people atHinduErawanshrine,Bangkok.
HISTORY OF VIETNAM

32. I. Pre History
 Accordingto legend,adescendant of amythical Chineserulerwas the first ruler of the
Vietnamese people. His name was King De Minh.
 Lac Long Quan (Lac Dragon Lord) is said to be the ancestor of the Hung kings.
II. Kingdoms
A. Hong Bang Dynasty – 2879-258 BC
 Ruled by the Hung kings, an organized kingdom called Van Lang emerged.
 The Lac Lords somehow had control over people living in villages and small
communities.
 Eighteen generations of Hung kings reigned before being overthrown by ThucPhan.
B. Thuc Dynasty – 257-179 BC
 The Hong Dynasty ended when ThucPhan invaded Van Lang and united it with his
kingdom of Thuc and called it Au Lac, and renamed himself King An Duong.
 Au Lac ceased to exist in around 207 BC, as it was incorporated by Trieu Da into his
kingdom of Nam Viet.
C. Trieu Dynasty – 207-111 BC
 Nam VietisruledbyTrieuDa,a Chinese general.His kingdom covered part of Southern
China and Northern Vietnam.
 After almost a hundred years, Nam Viet is conquered by the Chinese through Chinese
emperor Wudi.
D. Chinese Domination – 111 BC-40 AD
 The Vietnamese were introduced to the advanced civilization, culture, language, and
customs of China.
E. 2nd
Century AD
 The Indian influenced kingdom of Champa arose.
F. Trung Sisters – 40-43 AD
 The Trung sisters led a rebellion against the Chinese. The revolt was temporarily
successful, and the older sister established herself as a ruler.
 The Chinese reciprocated the attacks, and Vietnam was again under the rule of the
Chinese. The Trung sisters killed themselves.
G.Ngo Dynasty – 939-967

33.  NgoQuyendefeatedthe Chinese in the battle of the Bach Dang River and founded the
Ngo dynasty.
 He reclaimed Vietnamese independence and he chose Lo Coa as his capital.
H.Dinh Dynasty – 968-980
 Dinh dynasty is under a political leader named Dinh Bo Linh, who unified the country
and renamed it Dai Co Viet or Great Viet State.
I. Early Le Dynasty – 980-1009
 Le Hoan isa powerful general whotookoverafterDinhBoLinh’sdeath.He deposedthe
heir to the throne, Din Bo Linh’s six year old son and married his widow.
 The commander of the palace guard named Ly Cong Uan took over and built the Ly
Dynasty, one of the greatest dynasties in Vietnam.
J. Ly Dynasty –1009-1225
 Ly Cong Uan took the name of Ly Thai To and moved the capital of Vietnam to Hanoi in
1010.
 The country thrivedanddevelopedgrowthandprosperity.Duringthe first century of Ly
dynasty, warfare between China and Champa were apparent. The second half was
relatively peaceful which allowed the rulers to impose a Buddhist ruling tradition.
 Thanh-Tong,the thirdLy emperorrenamed the country Dai Viet meaning Greater Viet.
K. Tran Dynasty –1125-1400
 Ly Dynasty was succeeded by Tran dynasty, its first emperor named Tran Thai Tong.
 Dai Viet’s clash with Champa and China was still apparent.
 In 1257, 1284, and 1287, the armies of Kublai Khan attacked Vietnam.
 The effectsof the wars affectedDai Vietseverely, leading to the overthrow of the Tran
dynasty in 1400.
L. Ho Dynasty – 1400-1407
 In 1400, General Ho Quy-ly proclaimed himself founder of the Ho dynasty. His reforms
were unpopular with the people, and China took it as a chance to seize the throne.
 In 1406, Dai Viet is once again a province of China, and was heavily exploited.
 Loi,a descendantof the Le family together with his army attacked the Chinese in 1418.
After ten years, he was able to eradicate them and reestablish the Le dynasty.
M. Later Le Dynasty –1428-1788
 Under the Later Le dynasty founded by Le Thai To, Dai Viet was proclaimed as an
independent countryand provided with reforms.

34.  Le Thanh Tong, an emperor of the Later Le dynasty, divided Vietnam into 13 provinces
or circuits, which were ruled by government officials who underwent Civil Service
examinations every three years.
 Under the Later Le Dynasty, the kingdom of Champa was also defeated in 1471.
 After the death of Le Thanh Tong in 1497, the power of Le dynasty declined.
N. Mac Dynasty – 1527-1592
 In 1527, Mac Dang Dungusurpedthe throne andthe Le Dynasty was overthrown by the
Mac family.
 Aftera longcontinuingbattle betweenthe forcesTrinhandMac, Mac finallysuccumbed
to the superior power of Trinh, putting an end to Mac’s reign over the country.
 The remaining descendant of the Le dynasty holds the power to the throne with the
help of Nguyen Kim.
 Nguyen Kim is assassinated, and his son-in-law Trinh Tung continues his military
command.
 The Le dynasty is figuratively restored to power, but it is the Nguyens who hold the
power.
 The Trinh family held north, the Nguyen family held south.
 The ongoing battle of the two families for political power continues, which left the
empire weak,corrupted,andthe peopleangry.Thisleadtothe Tay Son rebellion,ledby
the Nguyen brothers.
O. Tay Son Uprising – 1771-1802
 The Tay Son rebellion led by the three Nguyen brothers Nguyen Nac, Nguyen Lu, and
Nguyen Hue (not related to the Nguyen family)
 Gradually, the brothers took territories from both the Nguyen and Trinh lords.
 The entire clan of Nguyen was massacred, except for Nguyen Anh who managed to
escape to Siam.
 By 1786, the Tay Son army led an attack on Trinh in the North and defeated them. Tay
Son army seizes the capital and Nguyen Hue declares himself Emperor QuangTrung.
P. Nguyen Dynasty and Colonization of the French – 1802-1945
 In 1802, withthe assistance of the French,NguyenAnhsuccessfullydefeats the Tay Son
and proclaims himself as emperor, taking up the name Gia Long.
 The capital is moved to Hue.
 Gia Long changedthe name of the countryfrom Dai Vietto Nam Viet. Gia Long adopted
the ways of China, the capital Hue modeled after Beijing.
 Men and women were required to dress like Chinese citizens and the issued law code
followed that of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) model.
 Nguyen dynasty is the last Vietnamese dynasty.

35. III. Colonization of the French
 In the late 19th
Century, Vietnam became a French colony.
 In 1858, Tourane (Da Nang) was under the control of the French.
 In 1859, Saigon was captured by the French.
 In 1862, Emperor TuDuc signedanagreementtocede control of three provincesaround
Saigon.
 In 1883, North and Central Vietnam were forced to become French protectorates.
 In 1887, Indochinawasformed.Indochinaiscomprisedof CochinChina,Tonkin,Annam,
Laos and Cambodia.
 In 1930, the Indochinese Communist Party was formed.
 In 1940, Germany defeated France during the Second World War, and Japan invaded
Vietnam.
 In 1941, Viet Minh orthe League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded.
 1945:
 Ho Chi Minh writesa letterseekinghelpfromUSPresident Roosevelt, but was ignored.
 March:The Japanese ousted the French and took over Vietnam.
 Bao Dai is placed as the puppet Emperor of the Japanese.
 April: President Roosevelt dies and is replaced by Harry Truman.
 August: Japan surrenders to the Allies.
 1946:
 Ho Chi Minh signed a treaty with the French.
 The treaty indicatesthat French troops are allowed to return in Vietnam provided that
they will recognize Vietnam as a free state.
 December: The Viet Minh attack the French. The First Indochina war begins.
 1947: Operation Lea
 1949: Bao Dai signs the Elysee Agreement
 1950: The People’s Republic of China recognizes the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
 1954: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu
 1963:A militarycoup is launched, removing Ngo Dinh Diem from power. The day after,
he was executed.
 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
 1965: Viet Cong attacks
 1968: Tet Offensive
 1973: Ceasefire
 1975: Saigon captured by North Vietnam
IV. Present Vietnam
 1976: Vietnam is officially reunified and called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

36.  1994: The US lifts the economic embargo it placed on Vietnam in 1974.
 1995: Vietnam joins the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
 2000: Vietnam opens a stock exchange.
 2006: Vietnam becomes a member of the World Trade Organization.
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