SOC. STUD. 8 PPT-LECTURE 1.4 (Ancient Egypt).pdf

2. WELCOME TO
ANCIENT EGYPT

3. Osiris, the lord of Tuat, the Underworld is killed by his brother Seth who cut up
his body into pieces. Isis, the wife of Osiris, searches for the pieces and having
found them brought him back to life. Now Osiris sits as a judge of the dead in
the nether world. All who enter his realm must have their hearts weighed by
Anubis. The heart must be lighter than a feather to enjoy the rewards of
immortality. While a heart that is heavier than a feather is fed to the
crocodile-headedgodknownasthedevourerofthedead.
Introduction

4. • Egypt - was “the gift of the Nile” according
to Herodotus.
• The Nile River is known today as the longest
river in the world and is the only river that
flows from south to north.
• The Nile River has a steady and slow current
that lends itself well for use in transporting
people and goods up and down its length.
Geographic
Setting

5. • Equally significant was the fact that the Nile
River Valley was surrounded by deserts called
the Red Lands or Deshert.
• To the west were the Libyan or western desert
and Sahara Deserts.
Geographic Setting

6. • To the south was Nubian Desert.
• To the east was the eastern desert or the
Arabian Desert.
• To the north was The Nile Delta.
Geographic Setting

7. Religion
• Religion was central to
Egyptian life.
• It was essentially
polytheistic
characterized by
numerous deities.

8. Amon - Re
• He was the chief god.
• He was declared to have
given birth to himself.
• He was also considered
as the God of
righteousness, justice,
and truth and the
upholder of the moral
order of the universe.

9. Osiris
• was another important
god who was believed to
be the ruler of the Nile in
the spirits of the dead.
• He was supposed to have
been killed by his
brother, Seth, who cut
off his body into pieces.

10. Isis
• The wife of Osiris.
• She collected all the pieces
and brought Osiris back to
life.
• She was worshipped as the
goddess of creation and love.
• She was usually depicted as a
woman with a throne
headdress.

11. Religion
• Significantly, the death
of Osiris symbolized
the resumption of the
flooding of The Nile
that provided vitality
to the land.
• His death and
resurrection became
an important basis for
the belief in
immortality and life
after death.

12. Horus
• was another important
god who was believed to
be the ruler of the
reincarnation of the
living pharaoh.
• he was believed to be the
son of Isis who was
depicted as the falcon
god.

13. Anubis
• The jackal-headed god of
the graveyard.
• He was the patron of
embalmers and was
believed to be
responsible for weighing
the heart of the deceased
before Osiris .

14. Religion
• The ancient Egyptians
believed that the heart
should be lighter than
a feather.
• Only then would the
soul or ka be allowed
to live in paradise.
• Should the heart be
heavier than a feather,
it was fed to the
devourer of the dead
or the crocodile-
headed god.

15. Hapi
The personification of the
Nile, honoring the river's
inundations and fertile
deposits on the fields of
Egypt. He was normally
depicted as a fat man,
holding the symbols of
abundance.
Anubis
A god of the dead dating to
the Old Kingdom as part of
Osirian myths. He was the
patron of embalmers and
had a vital role in the travels
of the deceased in TUAT or
the Underworld. He was
usually shown as a jackal or
as a man with a jackal head.
Amon
The state god of Egypt in the
New Kingdom (1550-1070
BCE)with major temples at
Karnak and Luxor in Thebes
and other large cities such as
Memphis. He was often
depicted as a handsome
young man wearing two
plumes or as a ram.

16. Ma'at
The goddess of truth who
presided over the judgments of
the deceased in Osiris' domain.
She was depicted as a woman
with a feather on her head,
and in time her name was used
to signify the spirit of calm and
cooperation that was viewed
as the ideal for human society.
Isis
The wife of Osiris and the
mother of Horus, one of the
longest-lived deities of
Egypt, surviving into Roman
times. One of the great mother
goddesses, she was shown as a
woman with a throne
headdress. A protector of the
living and the dead, she was
especially revered for her
magical powers.
Horus
The falcon god, sky deity,
and the living ruler, who was
eventually involved in the
lsis-Osiris myths.
Worshipped originally in
Upper and Lower Egypt, he
became the first state god of
Egypt, associated with the
royal cult.

17. Re
The sun god of Heliopolis, from
the earliest eras, and believed
to be the father of the kings of
Egypt while they lived. He
headed the ENNEAD of
Heliopolis and was then
assumed by Amon of Thebes,
who bore the incorporated title
of Amon-Re. Re was
represented as a man with a
falcon's head or with a ram's
head. He was involved in the
mortuary rituals and in the
daily crossing of the sun in the
heavens.
Osiris
Neith
The goddess of SAIS, the
patroness of war and hunting.
Neith was closely connected to
the god SOBEK and protected
the dead and the CANOPIC
JARS. She was shown as a
woman wearing the red crown
of Lower Egypt and carrying a
shield and crossed arrows.
The god of the dead in Egypt, dating
to ancient times and maintaining
popularity throughout the nation's
history. He was the lord of Tuat, the
Underworld, and a form of the dead
kings and other deceased. He began
as a fertility god but became the
judge of the dead in later eras. He
was normally depicted as a man in
mummy wrappings, wearing a
plumed crown.

18. Wadjet
The cobra goddess, patroness
of Lower Egypt, and involved
in the coronation of the kings.
She was always viewed as a
protectress of Egypt, and
depicted as a woman with a
cobra head or as a cobra about
to strike at the nation's
enemies.
Thoth
Seth
The borther of Osiris,
Isis, and Nepthys, who
slew Osiris. He was
associated with the
northeastern Delta and
the deserts and was
represented by the
mythical Typhonean
animal. The god of wisdom, dating
to Hermopolis and
associated with the ibis. He
was represented by the
moon and was also the
patron of writing and
counting. He was depicted
as a man with an ibis head
or by a baboon.

19. Religion
• The ancient Egyptians also believed in a happy afterlife.
• It was suggested that the life of abundance that The Nile afforded the
ancient Egyptians in their present life directly inspired the belief that the
afterlife was equally bountiful.
• There was one with the same fertile fields and light and sacred waters
beautified by lakes and gardens. This belief in the afterlife seemed
rooted in their environment.

20. Ancient Egyptian Mummy Recipe

21. Religion
• Ut - the process of embalming by the
Egyptians from a Latin word that means “to
put into aromatic resins.”
• Mummy – is Persian word that means “pitch
or bitumen” which was used in embalming.
• The Book of the Dead – was a loose collection
of magical spells and incantations that gave
detailed instructions to the deceased on how
to successfully pass through the different
stages of Tuat or the Underworld by enabling
them to assume different forms and giving
them correct passwords. Book of the Dead

22. fringilla. Fusce ut diam a turpis dictum, id
elementum enim lacinia. Aliquam tincidunt ex sem,
quis vestibulumelit ligula. Nunc gravida
Book of the Dead in Papyrus
fringilla. Fusce ut diam a turpis dictum, id
elementum enim lacinia. Aliquam tincidunt ex sem,
quis vestibulumelit ligula. Nunc gravida
Egyptian

23. • I have not done iniquity.
• I have not robbed with violence.
• I have not done violence to any man.
• I have not committed theft.
• I have not slain a man or woman.
• I have not uttered a falsehood.
• I have not killed the beasts, which are the property of God.
• I have not laid waste the lands which have been plowed.
• I have not encroached upon sacred times and seasons.
Ethical Doctrines of the Book of the Dead

24. • I have not fouled water.
• I have not taken vengeance upon the god.
• I have not sought distinctions.
• I have not increased my wealth, except with such things as
are justly my own possessions.
• I have not defiled the wife of a man.
• I have not acted deceitfully.
FromE.A.WallisBudge,TheBookoftheDead:TheChaptersofComingForthbyDay.
(WesternCivilizationStudyGuide,9thedition,byBurns,Lerner,Meacham,p.9)
Ethical Doctrines of the Book of the Dead

25. Government
• Pharaoh – (Great House) was not only the ruler of
Egypt but was also worshipped as the god Horus.
• Theocracy – the type of government of Egypt.
- is a form of government wherein the
ruler is believed to be god or of divine origin.
• By virtue of his claim to divinity, The Pharaoh had
the power to mobilize his entire people to support
projects or any undertaking for whatever purposes
or ends.

26. System of Writing
Hieroglyphics – ancient Egyptians’ own system of writing. It
was a complicated writing system that required years of
training.
Scribes – a special group of people who were trained to
master the hieroglyphics.
The knowledge about ancient Egypt was mostly limited to
the lives of the rulers.

27. Ancient Hieroglyphics

28. How the Rosetta Stone
Changed the World
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3L1gLfKBbt8&t=372s

29. ARCHAIC PERIOD (3100-2686 BCE)
Menes was the first to unify Upper
and Lower Egypt.
The Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BCE)
came to be known as the “Age of
Pyramids” – the great pyramids
were built as the burial places for
pharaohs.
Step Pyramid at Saqqara – the first
pyramid built in Egypt for the
pharaoh Djoser.
Imhotep – considered the “Father of
Architecture in Stone”
- the vizier of the pharaoh Djoser.
*The largest pyramid built was for
pharaoh Khufu or Cheops at Giza.
Spread of
Culture

30. The Inventor of the First Pyramid
| Lost Treasures of Egypt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brMc05lOIFg

31. Egyptology - Pyramid
Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOznETH5nGY

32. MIDDLE KINGDOM (2055-1786 BCE)
• This period was marked by
significant public works such as
the construction of vast irrigation
and hydraulic projects.
• Military campaigns were
launched in Nubia, Libya, the
Sinai, and Palestine.
• Common people were allowed to
mummify their dead.
• 2nd Intermediate Period (1786-
1567 BCE) marked the invasion of
the Hyksos.
• Hyksos – conquered the Delta and
ruled Egypt for a time.
Spread of
Culture

33. NEW KINGDOM (c. 1570-1090 BCE)
-also known as “Age of Empire”
• Ahmose I – the founder of the 18th
dynasty.
- he defeated the
Hyksos and reestablished control
over Egypt.
• A time when Egypt began to
expand its territories through
military conquest.
• Thutmose III (1490-1436 BCE)–
the “Napoleon of Egypt”.
-he established an imperial
system where he placed his own
officials in the palaces of vassal
rulers.
Spread of
Culture

34. NEW KINGDOM (c. 1570-1090 BCE)
Amenhotep III (1402-1363 BCE) –
during his reign the Egyptian
Empire reached its zenith.
Amenhotep IV – became known as
the heretic pharaoh.
- he changed his name to
Akhenaton which meant “devoted
to Aton”.
• Tutankhamun (1347-1338 BCE) –
son of Amenhotep IV, age 9 (or
11), became pharaoh upon the
death of his father.
• King Tut – is the popular name of
Tutankhamun among scholars
and students of antiquity.
• Rameses II (1290-1224 BCE)
- he succeeded in reclaiming
Palestine and engaged the
Hittites for more than 20 years.
Spread of
Culture

35. Legacy of
Egypt
The Egyptians
developed 12-
month calendar
that became the
basis of the
modern calendar.
The practice of
mummification
allowed the
Egyptian to gain
significant
knowledge about
the human body.

36. Legacy of
Egypt
Their construction
of pyramids
reflected their
knowledge of
practical
geometry.
The development
of the
hieroglyphics and
the invention of
the papyrus made
record keeping a
central activity
that supported the
work of
government.

37. Legacy of
Egypt
The importance of
papyrus was
superseded only
by the invention of
paper.
With computer
technology, it is
now possible to
correspond, keep
files, and send
information and
data without the
use of paper.

38. THANK
YOU