3. INTRODUCTION:
What is Postmodernism?
Before the concept Postmodernism there was another so-called the Modernism.
It came into existence to the modern period combined with industrialisation, market-oriented capitalist
economies, new social classes, democracy, and Enlightenment valuest- "reason and progress".
This controversial philosophy, the philosophy of the Enlightenment, it is possible that "the establishment of
objective facts and universal values." (Heywood, 2012)
Merriam-Webster: "of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to Modernism that are
typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms (as in architecture) or by ironic self-
reference and absurdity" (as in literature).
4. POSTMODERNISM
pre-modern- post
Logical
Rational
scientific
objective
narratives
absolute truth etc.
Postmodernism: its does not follow modernism in a choronologic order, modernism and postmodernism exists next to each other,
but there is no conflict between the two trends. You can say that postmodernism is the deconstruction of modernism.
5. Origin of Post-Modernism
The term "post-modernism" was used in the Latin-American literary criticism and in the Anglo-American literary
debates in the 1930s and 1940s, the main analysis of postmodernism got force mainly in the 1970s.
Post-modernism cannot be understood by ignoring modernism. Modernism originated from the thought of
"European Enlightment" that roughly began in the middle of the 18th century.
The term modernity is used to donate the type of society that arose in the West during the Enlightment.
Modernism appreciates human intellect as the significant strength and identifies this strength as the basis of a
scientific mentality. Modernity can be characterized as an era of scientific mentality.
In literature, modernism is an aesthetic movement that got popularity from around 1910 to 1030. The main figures
of high modernism include Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Marcel Proust and Franz Kafka.
6. Characteristics of Postmodernism
RELATIVISM: It is the position where one has left the belief in absolute truth, and instead embraced the idea
that knowledge is dependent on one's perspective.
NO GRAND NARRATIVE: This is the another feature which depicts postmodernism.
REJECTION OF THE ULTIMATE FAITH IN SCIENCE: Postmodernists deny this Enlightenment faith in
science and technology as instruments of human progress.
GLOBALIZATION OR MULTICULTURALISM: Because of huge globalization, different cultures tend to
get mixed.
"In a multicultural, diverse society there are countless ways in which people negotiate the everyday lived
experience of reality and diversity."
7. Principles and elements:
1. Criticism of comprehensive explanatory theories.
2. Dual criticism of the analysis in the humanities.
3. A new vision to concepts of history, Time and Place. 4. The truth is relative and not absolute.
4. Rejected the Idea of Representation.
Postmodern literature is a form of literature which is marked both stylistically and ideologically, by a
reliance on such literary conventions as fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, often unrealistic and
downright impossible plots, games, parody, paranoia, dark humour, and authorial self-reference.
Postmodern literature often rejects the boundaries between "high" and "low" forms of art and literature as
well as the distinction between genre and forms of writing and storytelling.
8. IMPACT IN GEOGRAPHY:
Although it is difficult to define postmodernism Dear (1986) usefully classified postmodernism into three components
I. postmodern style
II. post modern method
III. a postmodern epoch.
I.postmodern style: Postmodernism as a style originated in literature and literary criticism, and spread to other
artistic fields such as design, film, art, photography, and architecture, the general trend involved the promotion of
difference and the lack of conformity to over-riding structural imperatives.
II. Postmodernism as Method: Postmodernism as method is, according to Dear, likely to be the most enduring of the
three main trends.
III. Postmodernism as Epoch: Postmodernism may be thought of as an epoch, a historic era in which changes in
culture and philosophy are themselves located in the evolution of a global economy and geopolitics.
9. Issues and Problems of Post Modernism
1) Many readers find post-modern literature is difficult to understand. Use of difficult language, forms and difficult
jargons and terms. Ambiguous way of explanation makes post-modern literature almost unreachable to many
readers.
2) Postmodernism does not contain the flavour of anything obvious but in most cases, it is something that rejects any
format or simplicity. Whatever may be the field, whether it is art, music, architecture, literature or sociological
theory, lack of format has become the identity of postmodernity.
3) Nonetheless, the multifaceted characteristic of post-modernity makes it bizarre. In most cases, the post-modernists
highlights the problem without pointing any solution. Many people believe that post-modernism is just a
theory and not a fact.
10. MODERNISM
VERSUS
POSTMODERNISM
Modernism was prevalent from late 19th century
and early 20th- century style.
Postmodernism was prevalent from the mid-
twentieth century.
Modernism was influenced by the first world war. Postmodernism was influenced by the second
world war.
Modernism was based on using rational and
logical means to gain knowledge since it rejected
realism.
Postmodernism was based on an unscientific,
irrational thought process, and it rejected logical
thinking.
Modernism rejected the conventional styles of
prose and poetry.
Postmodernism deliberately uses a mixture of
conventional styles.
11.
12. CONCLUSION
Postmodernism has given us many ideas which are important.
We are getting tremendously influenced by the activities of the media and thus in our
subconscious, a virtual world is being created and in most of the cases we are living both in
the real and the virtual world simultaneously.
Multiculturalism is becoming a common matter.
Such multidimensional society that belongs multidimensional people with differences in
their choices is difficult to analyze.
So we should try to understand from postmodern thinking and learn what we can from
postmodern approach.
14. INTRODUCTION
What is geography in the 21st Century?
'We could begin by making the case that any individual without geography as a
significant and identifiable component of his or her
