I know you applied for Jedi training but ended up with Information Security drills. Cyber Ninja then, hum? Not bad, buddy. You don’t remember but since that day when your parents docked (perhaps after too many drinks) you have been processing information. You are doing it right now with astronomical figures. Wait a second, astronomical is revealing... What is connecting you + your computers + the whole web to the rest of the Universe? Nature is quite good at hiding its secrets but we’ve got our elite troops giving it a try. Copernicus started this rather thrilling adventure about 470 years ago and I’ve been collecting some stamps to share with you. The plan is glue them together to revisit Information Security. Don’t mind the military digressions because the ultimate question is: When we will have an astronaut expert in Cyber Security?
2. Agenda
Presentation title
Three things:
In short
2
What’s the relation with Cyber Security?
Information Theory
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hr8CDohpY/AVy1QkCDuA0eszi/
LzhYf1BK+23OasWSTHjaMhGN
AOfwdDoYy0ewxOngwIgcAbY
WigkZw/qvP7n6i1EiAKYpqDKg+V
DKTCVynToO80qdYeskgd7ZHv2
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Hl2zCfCnzt+kczOE2NlT31XV/n
umPnm+OtKN2X2tZlbw9kjcxvm
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fGcQNGhwrLr8gHAro5O3o/Xn
BmbOtn1t7ort8A0OMOULnUyv
Entropy
67 years (1948)
NatureLife
Thermodynamics
+
+
~3.8 billion years
~13.8 billion years
Language
~100.000 years
+Milk Way
... inspiration for a Tactical Service Infrastructure (TSI)
1st Programming Language
62 years (1954)
World Wide Web
26 years (1989)
RSA
38 years (1977)
3. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Agenda
Let us have look at Cyber Security from a different angle…
3
@src Dead Poets Society (1989) scene
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097165/
+ fake thermo view by Photoshop
4. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Captain, my captain; our tools:
i. Copernicus attitude
4
ii. DeLorean to travel in time
iii. Millennium Falcon Fram…
Hey, Earth isn’t the center of the Universe!
We can use it to leave Earth, right?
iv. Basic Physics
Just for fun...
Deadlines, hum?!
5. Agenda
Presentation title
5
yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
What if we ask a Security Expert:
What’s up?
Systems
We are keeping systems running… (and runs to grab some coffee)
+ + …
That is, MISSION IMPOSSIBLE business
Risk Assessment + … etc
Say it is a good day
6. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
What if we ask an Astrophysicist:
6
What’s up?
Say it is a good day
System with 10 billion galaxies interacting
She will show you the latest simulated picture of the Universe:
Explaining: If you can compute the entropy S of such system, you will notice
that the amount of disorder is always increasing.
𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0
Amount of disorder always increase.
Second law of ThermodynamicsThat is,
Systems + + …
That’s why Cyber Security is Mission Impossible?
It is easier to break in than to protect systems...
dSuniverse = (dSsurroundings + dSsystem ) ≥ 0
7. Agenda
yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Thermodynamics
7
𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0Amount of disorder always increase
You can’t break it!
First law : Conservation o Energy
Second law : Entropy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed
Zero law : Temperature
What if the Universe is an OS?
Hypothesis: Then thermodynamics is
an unbreakable subsystem.
~13.8 billion years
8. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Let’s give it a try…
8
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8CDohpY/AVy1QkCDuA0eszi/Lzh
Yf1BK+23OasWSTHjaMhGNAOf
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r8gHAro5O3o/XnBmbOtn1t7ort8
A0OMOULnUyv
Rubiks’ cube Paper ball Encrypted
message
𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0
Amount of disorder always increase.
Second law of Thermodynamics:
What’s the relation?
Put on your Copernicus hat!
dSuniverse = (dSsurroundings + dSsystem ) ≥ 0
9. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Warm up in short
9
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hr8CDohpY/AVy1QkCDuA0eszi/
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Hl2zCfCnzt+kczOE2NlT31XV/n
umPnm+OtKN2X2tZlbw9kjcxvm
NAZVUGw7lX7z7FmHA8O3fML
fGcQNGhwrLr8gHAro5O3o/Xn
BmbOtn1t7ort8A0OMOULnUyv
Kabalmysteriet er bygget opp
med en rammefortelling om den
12 år gamle Hans Thomas, som
sammen med faren reiser med
bil gjennom Europa. Inn i denne
rammefortellingen finnes
historien fra Bolleboka, en
minitayrbok som Hans Thomas
får i Sveits. Hele historien
fortelles i tilbakeblikk av den 18
gamle Hans Thomas. Romanen
har 53 kapitler, med navn etter.
Kabalmysteriet er bygget opp
med en rammefortelling om den
12 år gamle Hans Thomas, som
sammen med faren reiser med
bil gjennom Europa. Inn i denne
rammefortellingen finnes
historien fra Bolleboka, en
minitayrbok som Hans Thomas
får i Sveits. Hele historien
fortelles i tilbakeblikk av den 18
gamle Hans Thomas. Romanen
har 53 kapitler, med navn etter.
BigPrime x BigPrime
BigNumber
Designed to be reversible
Designed to be reversible
Hard to reverse!
Private:
Public:
10. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure
10
Handheld
Laptop
HQ
Custom
Mobile
WLAN, UHF
Dismounted
VHF
VHF, SatCom
UHF, VHF, SatCom
WLAN, UHF,
VHF
WLANUHF, VHF,
SatCom
HQ
Laptop
Connectivity graph
Example of system: Tactical Ground Support
SatComVHF UHFWLAN
Good connectivity
Poor connectivity
No connectivity
11. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure
11
<Mobile>
<Core>
HQ (TN-H)
Dismounted (TN-D)
Mobile (TN-M)
Custom (TN-C) Company
Brigade
The equal capable adversary is here, Tiger
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Services
Squads
Platoon1
Platoonx…
Tactical Ground Support
MEDEVAC
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Cyber Napoleon
As you know, cyberwar is a “movie” apart…
15. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure
15
Two chains: Static view
Two Core Services
Controller
Service Mediator
Message Handler
Packet Handler
TSI Node
Southbound Interface
Northbound Interface
1
2
3
Information Systems
Cross-layer
Services
Sn
IN OUT
<You>
16. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
The fun chart
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8CDohpY/AVy1QkCDuA0eszi/Lzh
Yf1BK+23OasWSTHjaMhGNAOf
wdDoYy0ewxOngwIgcAbYWigkZ
w/qvP7n6i1EiAKYpqDKg+VDKTCVy
nToO80qdYeskgd7ZHv2lbKDYe+
A8ap9hgDE4jXorrtZbeHl2zCfCn
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X7z7FmHA8O3fMLfGcQNGhwrL
r8gHAro5O3o/XnBmbOtn1t7ort8
A0OMOULnUyv
16
Constant entropy
Changing entropy
Also handling information…
Information is the change in entropy
47 years (1968)
~3.8 billion years
17. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Life forms
17
Negative entropy
Increasing entropy
Entropy goes here
Heat + gases
<You>
Docking; lots of data is
transfered to make a baby
processed food
has higher entropy
>
IN
OUT
Information = change in entropy
~3.8 billion years
Replication
Food
18. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Calculators of yours
18
Negative entropy
Increasing entropy
Entropy goes here
Heat + gases
<Computer>
Docking; lots of data is
transfered to make a baby
processed food
has higher entropy
>
Software
Software
Software
Software
IN
OUT
Information = change in entropy
Ops! Software Services
47 years (1968) Microprocessor
19. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
19
Dynamic view
Service
Sn
i3i2i1 o1o2o3
In Out
TSI TSICross-layer calls
rorin
Cross-layer calls
1 Packet handler
2 Message handler
3 Service mediator
r Radio {WLAN, UHF, VHF, SatCom}
TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure
i1
i2
i3 o3
o2
o1
Traceability::Labelling and Protection::MessageHandling
.readLabel()
.decryptMesg()
.writeLabel()
.encryptMsg()
Principle of least privilege for methods’ calls:
Entropy is zero (dS = 0)
Entropy increases (dS > 0)
Wait a second, we just created another definition of ENTROPY?
.readLabel()
.decryptMesg()
.writeLabel()
.encryptMsg()
20. In Short
Presentation title
yyyy-mm-dd
Entropy, hum?
20
𝑆 = 𝑘 log 𝑊
1875 Boltzmann
Kinetic theory of gases
1948 Shannon
𝐻 𝑥 = −
𝑖
𝑝𝑖 𝑥 log 𝑝𝑖(𝑥)
Information theory
1944 Schrödinger
−(𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦) = 𝑘 log
1
𝐷
Metabolism of life forms
How many definitions of entropy out there?
21. In Short
Presentation title
yyyy-mm-dd
21
𝑆 = 𝑘 log 𝑊
Kinetic theory of gases
1875 Boltzmann
1948 Shannon
𝐻 𝑥 = −
𝑖
𝑝𝑖 𝑥 log 𝑝𝑖(𝑥)
Information theory
1944 Schrödinger
−(𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦) = 𝑘 log
1
𝐷
Metabolism of life forms
Brain power
much needed!
Quantum Physics Classical Physics
Organic Chemistry
Biology
<new computing
stuff here>
Cyber Security
𝑎𝑙𝑙
Your species
Systems, computers
and networks
Let’s do another experiment…
If you go
Iron man, …
22. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
If , then:
22
Past FutureNow
𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0
<Low entropy> <High entropy>
No cryptography
No life forms
No cryptography
No life forms
All fun must to happen NOW!
Including Information Security…
Amount of disorder always increase
white dwarf
In 5 billion years
Milk way will collide with
Andromeda
No life and its calculators
23. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Boundaries for cyber stuff
23
organized complexityprimal simplicity
Origin of life
@Earth
First Digital Electronic
Computer
Natural selection
+ Science and Technology
[ [
H0 H0+y
Hypothetical Boundaries for fun Life in the Universe
] ]
Hx Hx+c
Computers will
collapse after life forms
Humans today
Natural selection + Science and Technology
Jedi Master
Closer look at humans:
Little trouble here!
The machines may beat us up…
How to compute such conditions?
A. Matrix you must use
24. Agenda
Three things:
What if f(x) is more complex than
24
Girls
Will be easier cure cancer
than fix a bug…
f -1(f(x)) = x
System’s states: x is protected and y is unprotected
Singularity: humans are then obsolete*
f(x) > > Neo > guys
Even Neo can’t inverse such thing
Matrix in short: Neo is the inverse function of Smith
f(x)= yf -1(y) = xNeo Smith
The whole trilogy: Just calculations?
Yeah, girls!
f(x)= y*g(x)That is,
25. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
What if we have a dino?
Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Cyber Security
25 @detour trying to reach your permanent memory
food
smart food
# find / –n rootkit
for dino
Defense, hum?
26. In Short
@Tactical network
27
Diversity of nodes and radios:
decreases
Specialization
Deductioncapabilities
General Specialized
Low
High
Node B
Node C
Node A
Detection
Diligence
Planning
Protection
Response
Detection
Diligence
Protection
Response
Detection
Diligence
Protection
# policy domains
increase
Server(s)
Battalion
Sensor network(s)
increases
# classes, instances
and axioms
<OWL-DL>
<OWL-Lite>
<RDFS>
Life is protecting information using flesh and bones…
Diversity
Redundancy
27. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
«Software»
TSI Node
«Software»
Controller
«Software»
Service Mediator
«Software»
Packet Handler
«Software»
Message Handler
«Function»
Session
Management
«Function»
Message
Exchange
«Function»
Message
Adaption
«Function»
Message
Forwarding
«Function»
Message
Transport
«Function»
Packet
Forwarding
«Function»
Packet
Scheduling
«Function»
QoS Handling
«Function»
Routing
«Function»
Security
Handling
«Function»
Service Registry
«Function»
Contextual
Monitoring
«Function»
Policy
Management
«Function»
Metadata
Handling
«ResourceArtifact»
BS
IF I003
IF E001
IF I001
IF I005
IF I002
IF I004
IF E002
Let us make TSI so good…
…that an adversary will give us flowers!
The mindset one year ago...28
Tactical Service Infra (TSI) - Just Another Rather Very Intelligent System (JARVIS)
28. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Fix your species, Tiger!
Future of your species
Right now: Given a f-word function f(x), then f(People)
What if we GO Interstellar?
29
Want to improve Cyber Security?
Solar System in scale
All Cyber Security issues are here!
Let’s recompile your species with the SECURITY flag TICKED!
47 years (1968)
Microprocessor
World Wide Web
26 years (1989)
RSA
38 years (1977)
29. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
What if we could go skiing to the moon?
Norwegians conquered the last place on
Earth… the Moon was next…
30
Then we would have Norwegian flags all over the place...
Cool universe
The south pole
... something went wrong...
Cyber skiers... rejoice!
30. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Entropy and Space Exploration
A human is the lowest-cost, ~70kg, nonlinear,
all-purpose computer system which can be
mass-produced by unskilled labor.
― NASA, man-in-space report, 1965
What about potatoes entropy, NASA?
What !?
The Force
31
32. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
The puzzle
33
Notables from Lucasfilm: The options:
a) Smaug spitting fire
b) Storm Troopers in a explosion
c) Iron man flying
d) Sherlock blowing something
http://robertorigolin.com/puzzle/
35. Security Handling
3 Missions
Presentation title
36
yyyy-mm-dd
Say ‘Hi’ TSI!
3 layers
<Packets>
<Messages>
<Services>
3 brushes at the same time!
Service
Sn
i3i2i1 o1o2o3
In Out
TSI TSICross-layer calls
rorin
Cross-layer calls
39. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Nature calls every day…
- =
40
The happiness equation!
Feeling heavy?
high entropy
HAPPY again!
entropy goes here
less entropy
𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0
Amount of disorder always increase.
Second law of Thermodynamics:
The secret of life in short
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑆 ≥ 0
This demands a closer look…
40. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Happiness with respect to toilet
41
𝑑
.
𝑑
: −)
> 0
= 0
< 0
entropy goes here
once a week
2 weeks
+ 3 weeks
Hypothesis: happiness is predictable!
41. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Insights so far
42
=
TSI=
= Once a week
Tactical Service Infrastructure
Rubber ban
Hygiene
42. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Using my expertise
43
Mission Debrief
2 3
ri
i3
i2
i1 o1
o2
o3
ro
C11 C12 C1x
...
C21 C22 C2x
...
C31 C32 C3x
...
*
*
*
TN-xn
S1,...,Sn
Olocal
How many methods?
25 Core Services * 3 Interfaces * 5 methods/Int
= 375 methods
How many permutations?
375
5
375
10
= 1010 to 1019
C1x
C2y
C3z ...
...
C22 C2n...
ri
i3
i2
i1
C2y
Orchestrations of core services
43. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Using my expertise
44
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
S1 S2
Sn
i3i2i1
In
TSI Cross-layer calls
rin
o1o2o3
Out
TSI
ro
Cross-layer calls
O1
O2
O1On
O3
={ }S1 S2 Sn
...
O1
VHF SatCom
i1 o2
TN-D
O1 O2o1 i2
TN-M
onOnin
TN-H
...
O1 ~ {Observe, Act} O2 ~ {Orient, Act} On ~ {Orient, Decide}
O3
Attack
Diligence
Response
Planning
Attack
Diligence
Planning
Response Response
Cyber Napoleon
- Unauthorized access/modification
- Replace services
- Mess with orchestrations
45. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
46
Mission: catch the creative attackers within the system
<WANTED>
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Tactical Service Infra (TSI) - Just Another Rather Very Intelligent System (JARVIS)
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Handheld
<Dismounted>
Drone
<Relay>
Laptop
<Mobile>
Observe
OrientDecide
Act
Cyber Napoleon Vs.
Hey TSI.JARVIS, the funny
guy is around?
TSI.JARVIS
46. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Path to the Force…
Jedi Masters have high entropy or are hard to find…
But they wrote books…
so you can meet them!
47
dead (thermo equilibrium)
48. In Short
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Acknowledgment
Kabalmysteriet
Jostein Gaarder The Solitary Mystery
Thanks to Jostein Gaarder for motivating teenagers
to think for themselves.
49
Warning: this is a “dangerous” book. Use and abuse!
49. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
Take away message:
Let us have look at EVERYTHING from a different angle…
50
@src Dead Poets Society (1989) scene
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097165/
Grip dagen, stol så lite som mulig på den neste!
Message from the first Norwegian I ever met.
50. Agenda
Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd
Three things:
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Roberto Rigolin Ferreira Lopes
roberto.lopes@ntnu.no
The end… evolving…
What Nature has been teaching us about
Information Security?
51
“Study hard what interests you the most in the most
undisciplined, irreverent and original manner possible.”
― Richard Feynman
Always remember,
entropy goes here... o/
Editor's Notes
“The task is...not so much to see what no one has yet seen; but to think what nobody has yet thought, about that which everybody sees.” ― Erwin Schrödinger
“Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas.” ― Marie Curie
“Dare to think for yourself.” ― Voltaire
“Run from what's comfortable. Forget safety. Live where you fear to live. Destroy your reputation. Be notorious. I have tried prudent planning long enough. From now on I'll be mad.” ― Rumi
“My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place. And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.” ― Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland
“Do you train for passing tests or do you train for creative inquiry?” ― Noam Chomsky
Picture from Millennium Simulation Project. Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
“Think like a man of action, act like a man of thought.”― Henri Bergson
“I have been impressed with the urgency of doing. Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Being willing is not enough; we must do.” ― Leonardo da Vinci
J. Evans, B. Ewy, M. Swink, S. Pennington, D. Siquieros, and S. Earp, “TIGR: the tactical ground reporting system,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 42–49, October 2013.
“There's no sense in being precise when you don't even know what you're talking about” ― John von Neumann
“Be daring, be different, be impractical; be anything that will assert integrity of purpose and imaginative vision against the play-it-safers.” ― Cecil Beaton
“If you're not having fun, you're doing something wrong.” ― Groucho Marx
“Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.” ― Confucius
“We are trying to prove ourselves wrong as quickly as possible, because only in that way can we find progress.” ― Richard Feynman
“It is amateurs who have one big bright beautiful idea that they can never abandon. Professionals know that they have to produce theory after theory before they are likely to hit the jackpot.”Francis Crick
“All science is either physics or stamp collecting.”
― Ernest Rutherford
“Humans are allergic to change. They love to say, 'We've always done it this way.' I try to fight that. That's why I have a clock on my wall that runs counter-clockwise.” ― Grace Murray Hopper
“When you realize there is something you don't understand, then you're generally on the right path to understanding all kinds of things.” ― Jostein Gaarder, The Solitaire Mystery
“The two best days in your life are the day you were born and the day you find out why.”
—Mark Twain
“Do not stop thinking of life as an adventure. You have no security unless you can live bravely, excitingly, imaginatively; unless you can choose a challenge instead of competence.” ― Eleanor Roosevelt
“Let's be clear. The planet is not in jeopardy. We are in jeopardy. We haven't got the power to destroy the planet - or to save it. But we might have the power to save ourselves.” ― Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park
“It is not the strongest of the species that survives,not the most intelligent that survives.It is the one that is the most adaptable to change.” ― Charles Darwin
“Do the best you can, and don't take life too serious.” ― Will Rogers
“Romantics might like to think of themselves as being composed of stardust. Cynics might prefer to think of themselves as nuclear waste.” ― Simon Singh
“I'm not crazy about reality, but it's still the only place to get a decent meal.” ― Groucho Marx
“Do your thing. Do it every day. Do it 'unapologetically'. Don’t be discouraged by criticism. You probably already know what they’re going to say. Pay no mind to the fear of failure. It’s far more valuable than success. Take ownership, take chances and have fun. And no matter what, don’t ever stop doing your thing.” ― Asher Roth
“If you always do what interests you, at least one person is pleased.” ― Katharine Hepburn
“I have never listened to anyone who criticized my taste in space travel, sideshows or gorillas. When this occurs, I pack up my dinosaurs and leave the room.” ― Ray Bradbury, Zen in the Art of Writing
“Discovery is the ability to be puzzled by simple things.” ― Noam Chomsky
“There is no authority who decides what is a good idea.” ― Richard Feynman
“Always remember, your focus determines your reality.” ― George Lucas
“If you thought that science was certain - well, that is just an error on your part.” ― Richard Feynman
“[Martin Hellman:] Unless you're foolish enough to be continually excited, you won't have the motivation, you won't have the energy to carry it through.” ― Simon Singh
“Never try to live decently, boy—not unless you’re willing to open your life to tragedy and sadness. Live like a beast, and no event, no matter how harrowing, will ever be able to move you.” ― James Luceno, Star Wars: Tarkin
“It wasn't until I started reading and found books they wouldn't let us read in school that I discovered you could be insane and happy and have a good life without being like everybody else.” ― John Waters
“How many a man has dated a new era in his life from the reading of a book.” ― Henry David Thoreau, Walden
“Don't bend; don't water it down; don't try to make it logical; don't edit your own soul according to the fashion. Rather, follow your most intense obsessions mercilessly.”
― Franz Kafka
“Follow the path of the unsafe, independent thinker. Expose your ideas to the dangers of controversy. Speak your mind and fear less the label of 'crackpot' than the stigma of conformity.” ― Thomas J. Watson