This is a PPT on how a new city was developed on the sideshore of han river

1. The miracle on the Han river.
Presented By:
HS1270- Group II
Under the Supervision of
Professor Preeti Dash
Department of Humanities and Social
Sciences
National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela

2. Introducing us:
121BT0022 - RISHI GUPTA
121BT0023 - PRABHUDUTTA HOTA
121BT0024 - ADITYA NARAYAN D S JENAMANI
121BT0025 - SAHANA RAJ
121BT0026 - VRUSHANK
121BT0027 - D. UDAY KIRAN

3. INTRODUCTION
01
PAST OVERVIEW
02
ROLE OF THE
GOVERNMENT
03
What will we cover in this presentation?
ECONOMIC
POINT OF VIEW?
04
ACADEMIC PRESSURE
ON STUDENTS !
05
SOCIAL IMPACT
06

4. At a glance:
DURING KOREAN WAR - 1952 PRESENT DAY SEOUL

5. At a glance 2:
Seoul in 1960:
Beginning to
recover for the
Korean War
Seoul in
1997:
Around the
Asian
Financial
Crisis
Present day Seoul

6. 01
INTRODUCTION
Woohoo
let’s go to
Seoul

7. The Miracle on the Han River
“The world of the 21st century is overflowing with wealth but there are scenes that contradict this abundance.”
● By the end of the Korean war, South Korea was one of the poorest nations in the
World, ravaged by war, with meager natural resources and no infrastructure.
● Despite political instability, the government focused on significant public investments,
rapidly improving public enterprises, emphasizing improving its citizens' literacy rate,
and working on heavy industrial undertakings.
● The large family-owned conglomerates drove a large part of this: Chaebols, actively
favoured by the government.
● The 1988 Summer Olympics exhibited a recovered and vibrant country to the
International community. The host country ranked 4th in the medal count.
● 60 years later, it is now a member of G20, one of the most advanced democracies, and
a leader in technology and industry.

8. “How can a rose blossom from a garbage dump?”
-Head of UN special delegation-
“ This country has no future
This will not be restored even after a hundred years.”
-Douglas MacArthur-

9. A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS

10. 02 PAST OVERVIEW

11. 1997
1950-53
1988
1961
THE HISTORY
ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS
Like most developed industrialized economies South
Korea also experienced setbacks in exports and
consumer goods sales.
However, timely stimulus ensured that there unlike
other industrialized nations there was no recession
but positive growth for the two consecutive years.
Major General and later President Park Chung-hee lead a
coup against the interim government and brought in
sweeping economic reforms in 5 year plans and oversaw
the formation of the Chaebols
Large inflow of Foreign currency and fixed rates of
exchange created a economic bubble in the Asian
Economic region. Thailand, Indonesia and South
Korea were hit particularly hard. However, despite
the speed and dynamic of the crisis, it subsided just
as soon.
President Roh Tae-woo is elected president and
begins pushing for democratic reforms. The
government loosens its grip on the industries and
allows the market to be driven by traditional market
forces
The war was one of the most destructive in
modern conflicts and resulted in more civilian
casualties than WWII.
Seoul was captured and recaptured 4 times.
DEMOCRATIC REFORMS
KOREAN WAR
MILITARY COUP AND
MIRACLE BEGINS
GLOBAL FINANCIAL
CRISIS
2007-2009

13. AFTERMATH OF KOREAN WAR
DEVASTATION
Taking a toll of some 5 million
casualties ,the Korean war left
the newly formed Republic in a
state of devastation.
DEPENDENCE ON
SUBSIDIES
The reconstruction burden was
mostly in the form of foreign aid,
especially from the USA and its
allies. But, this stopped soon
after reconstruction.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Until 1961, political turmoil was
rife in South Korea. Despite
being a democracy, it was
mostly under authoritarian rule.
It suffered from major internal
unrest.

14. Despite the war’s devastation government stepped up towards the economic
development of south Korea following some major steps.
03. Role of Government

15. ● Unable to recover the ruins of war on its own, Korea was forced to rely on foreign aid but
when the foreign aid subsided after completion of the major restoration work,this caused
Korea's economic growth to stall.
● This was a dire situation for a nation whose budget relied more than ninety percent on
foreign aid.
● In 1960, the military regime came to power having succeeded in a military intervention led
by Major-General Park Chung-hee. It was the base of stability for the next 20 years.
● The leadership decided to make economic development their top priority at the cost of
civilian rights. They suppressed every form of internal dissent.
● With a policy of forced conscription and one of the largest standing military and leading
producer of armaments in the world.
● MILITARY INTERVENTION:
Role of Government:

17. ● Despite the post-war devastation, President Rhee along with the US military strived for
a democratic education. The Korean Language became the medium of instruction
emphasizing Korean geography, history and literature along with extensive
technological terminologies.
● President Chung-hee, revamped the system reflecting the need of the time. It went
through phases of emphasis on vocational and technical training followed by academic
education on a shift to advanced economy.
● Korean parents were largely willing to invest heavily on their children who would often
walk for miles in order to attend schools followed by rigorous tuitions.
● This dedication and investment in education produced the highly trained workforce that
would later on become the impetus for Korea’s economic turnaround .
● Today, South Korea has one of the most educated workforce in the world. With around
70 percent of people in 25 to 34 age, having completed some tertiary education.
● INVESTMENT ON EDUCATION
INVESTMENT OF EDUCATION

19. ● To promote development, a policy of export-oriented industrialisation was
applied.closing the entry into the country of all kinds of foreign
products,except raw materials.
● During this period,8 Korea could be characterized as “Korea, Inc.,” with the
government as its headquarters and individual firms as its business
divisions. President Park, who took power through a military coup in 1961,
initiated the Five Year Plans (FYPs) beginning in 1962, seven of which were
carried out by 1997.
● To implement FYPs, the Korean government favored the expansion of
existing private firms rather than encouraging the entry of new firms.
● EXPORT ORIENTED
INDUSTRIALISATION
Role of Government:

21. EXPORTS AND ITS SHARE OF GDP

22. 04. The economic
point of view

23. ELECTRONICS
Electronics is one of
the major industries.
These are led by
Samsung, LG and SK
groups. A significant
world market share
of TV, smartphones,
displays,
semiconductors.
SHIP BUILDING
South Korea is the
world’s dominant
ship builder along
with China. Most of
the Bulk Carriers,
Tankers and
freighters are
sourced from here.
THE ECONOMIC SECTORS
AUTOMOBILES
One of the dominant
industries. South
Korea is the world’s
fifth-largest
Automobile unit
producer. Hyundai
Motors, Kia
Corporation, and
General Motor Korea
lead this industry.
The extensive
construction projects
across the nation and
internationally include
Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101,
Petronas Towers, and
Libya’s Great man-
made river.
CONSTRUCTION TOURISM
South Korea is one of
the most visited
countries in the world
fueled by the Korean
Wave or Hallyu.
Especially marked by
the spread of K-Pop,
K- Dramas, food
culture etc.
We haven’t even scratched
the surface yet!!

26. THE CHAEBOLs
The Miracle of the Han River would not have been possible without the Chaebols.
A Chaebol is a large South Korean conglomerate dominated by a family. Since they often are owners
of diverse affiliates ranging almost all essentials, they have permeated deeply into the economic
culture of South Korea.
MONOPOLISTIC BEHAVIOUR
The Chaebols drive a significant part of the economy
as about 44% of the entire GDP of the nation.
Samsung group alone accounts for nearly 20% of the
export revenue from the country.
REVENUE
The protectionist policies and preferential
government treatment allows the Chaebol groups to
exhibit Monopolistic behaviour.
Most of their competition comes from foreign
groups. Emerging entrepreneurs find it extremely
difficult to survive.

28. 05.
ACADEMIC
PRESSURE ON
STUDENTS

29. ● The focus on the college entrance exam as a key societal sorting
mechanism in East-Asian countries has led to an “educational fever” that
creates tremendous pressure for student success.
● Parents in Korea invest heavily in the academic achievement of their
children, spending between 15 percent to 30 percent of their family
budget on private education.
● Korean students spend twice as much time studying as their American
counterparts, devoting more time after school and on the weekends in
private education.
● Commonly called CSAT, the College Scholastic Ability Test is the most
common entrance exam in South Korea.
ACADEMIC PRESSURE

31. NEGATIVE EFFECT ON STUDENTS HEALTH
Physical Education
South Korean schools
have a strong tendency
to ignore the Physical
Education due to over
emphasis on the
classroom-based
education
Vocational Training
As the major economic
driver of South Korea is in
highly specialized industries
Vocational training is often
demeaned and
unsupportive. Categorized
as 3D: Dirty, dangerous and
demeaning
Exam Preparation
Due to the design of the
schooling system, the
students suffer from a
overload of pressure for
examinations and spend a
large time in cram
schools.
South Korea has arguably the most rigorous and fiercely competitive schooling environment, the pressure
overwhelming for the students. The system is dominated by tiger parenting, cram schools and authoritarian teachers.
The zenith of this culture are overachieving students who pay steep price in health and happiness.

32. With exponential growth with time country went through many social crisis such
as labour exploitation , income inequality ,cultural erosion
06. Social Impact

33. ● The South Korean government and enterprises routinely employed
exploitative working conditions and low pay to sustain the country's
spectacular economic expansion, especially in the manufacturing and
construction industries.
● Workers were forced to work long hours in unsafe conditions, often with
inadequate pay and benefits
● There were also issues with child labor and discrimination against women
and other marginalized groups in the workforce.
● This resulted in serious violations of human rights and a lack of labour
protections.
● Efforts have been made in recent years to address labor exploitation in South
Korea, but the legacy of the "Miracle of the Han River" has had lasting effects
on the country's labor market and society.
● LABOUR EXPLOITATION
SOCIAL IMPACT:

35. CULTURAL EROSION
Traditional Culture
Rapid economic
growth and
modernization led
to concerns about
the impact on
traditional Korean
culture and values.
Traditional Craft
Modernization led
to the loss of
traditional skills
and techniques as
traditional
industries and
crafts were
displaced.
Western Culture
The rise of Western
culture during the
"Miracle of the Han
River" led to
concerns about
erosion of
traditional Korean
culture.

36. Reason 2
INCOME INEQUALITY
Making labour work at low
cost leading to labour
exploitation
Reason 4
Concentration of wealth and
power among a few
individuals and companies,
leaving many others
struggling financially.
the government's focus on
export-oriented
industries,which required
skilled labor.however many
individuals lacked it
Reason 1 Reason 3
Corporate governance issues
and corruption allowed some
individuals and companies to
accumulate wealth and
power.

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38. Bibliography
● https://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/341/2iie3373.pdf
● https://factsanddetails.com/korea/South_Korea/Education_Health_Transportation
_Infrastructure/entry-7383.html
● https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Economy/The-Miracle-on-The-Hangang
● https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
0760/9/11/187#:~:text=In%20intense%20academic%20environments%20such,fin
al%20year%20of%20high%20school
● https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220614000856
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRfVAn5_8Xc