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Public health philosophy, policies and administration
1. DR. RISHAD CHOUDHURY ROBIN
ID: 59031975
DR.PH. STUDENT, FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, NU
PRESENTATION1
PUBLIC HEALTH PHILOSOPHY, POLICIES
AND ADMINISTRATION
2. BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
The Basic Needs Approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in
developing countries.
The basic needs approach has been described as consumption-oriented, giving the impression that
poverty elimination is all too easy.
It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being
usually in terms of consumption of goods.The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income
required to satisfy those needs.
3. BASIC NEEDS APPROACH
The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World
Employment Conference in 1976.
It proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and
international development policy.
These Basic Needs included not only the essentials to physical survival, but also to access to services,
employment and decision-making to provide a real basis for participation.
4. DECLARATION OF ALMA-ATA
The International Conference on Primary Health Care, meeting in Alma-Ata on 12th September 1978,
expressing the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the
world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world.
The declaration has 10 points.
5. DECLARATION OF ALMA-ATA
1. Definition of Health
2. Equality
3. Economic and social development right
4. People’s right on health care
5. Health for everyone by provided the country
6-10.Primary health care and its other components
6. HEALTH FOR ALL BYTHE YEAR 2000
World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund, and the 134 signatory
nations to declare the goal of “Health for All by 2000”.
“Health for all” means that health is to be brought within reach of everyone in a given country.
By “health” is meant a personal state of wellbeing, not just the availability of health services—a state of
health that enables a person to lead a socially and economically productive life.
It implies the removal of the obstacles to health—that is to say, the elimination of malnutrition,
ignorance, contaminated drinking-water, and unhygienic housing—quite as much as it does the solution
of purely medical problems such as a lack of doctors, hospital beds, drugs and vaccines.
7. HEALTH FOR ALL BYTHE YEAR 2000
It also means that health should be regarded as an objective of economic development and not merely
as one of the means of attaining it.
It depends on continued progress in medical care and public health.The health services must be
accessible to all through primary health care, in which basic medical help is available in every village,
backed up by referral services.
“Health for all” is thus a holistic concept calling for efforts in agriculture, industry, education, housing,
and communications, just as much as in medicine and public health to more specialized care.
8. SELECTIVE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Selective Primary Health Care — An Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries
The interventions were best known as GOBI, which stood for
Growth monitoring
Oral rehydration techniques
Breast-feeding
Immunization
9. COMPREHENSIVE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
Addresses issues of equity and social justice
Considers the impact of education, housing, food and income
Acknowledges the value of community development
Recognises the expertise of individuals over their own health
11. OTTAWA CHARTER & HEALTH PROMOTION
On 21st November 1986 the 1st International Conference on Health Promotion meeting in Ottawa
presents this CHARTER for action to achieve Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their
health.
Health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles
to well-being.
Health promotion action aims at making quality of life, political, economic, social, cultural,
environmental, behavioural and biological factors conditions favourable through advocacy for health.
Health promotion focuses on achieving equity in health.
Health promotion strategies and programmes should be adapted to all government, NGOs, voluntary
organization, local authorities, industry and by the media.
12. OTTAWA CHARTER & HEALTH PROMOTION
Five health promotion action area are
1. Build Healthy Public Policy
2. Create Supportive Environments
3. Strengthen Community Actions
4. Develop Personal Skills
5. Reorient Health Services
13. HEALTH PROMOTION LOGO
The outside circle, originally in red colour, is representing
the goal of "Building Healthy Public Policies".This circle is
encompassing the three wings, symbolising the need to
address all five key action areas of health promotion
identified in the Ottawa Charter in an integrated and
complementary manner.
The round spot within the circle stands for the three
basic strategies for health promotion, "enabling, mediating,
and advocacy ", which are needed and applied to all
health promotion action areas .
The three wings represent the five key action areas for
health promotion that were identified in the Ottawa
Charter for Health Promotion in 1986 and were
reconfirmed in the Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health
Promotion into the 21st Century in 1997.
14. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the 8 international development goals for the year
2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000,
following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The goals are
To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality and empower women
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development
15. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (CONT.)
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Halve Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day
Achieve Decent Employment forWomen, Men, andYoung People
Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
16. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (CONT.)
Goal 2:Achieve universal primary education
By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all
levels by 2015.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
17. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (CONT.)
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
productive health.
18. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (CONT.)
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse
loss of environmental resources
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-
dwellers
19. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (CONT.)
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
system.
Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and
international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.
In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in
developing countries.
In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications.
20. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
The concept of the SDGs was born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development,
Rio, in 2012.
The objective was to produce a set of universally applicable goals that balances the three dimensions
of sustainable development: environmental, social, and economic.
The SDGs replace the MDGs, which in September 2000 rallied the world around a common 15-year
agenda to tackle the indignity of poverty.
