This presentation contains information about Transmission media Types of transmission media Guided transmission media Unguided transmission media What is switching Methods of switching Structure of Switch

1. Presentation On
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
&
SWITCHING
International University of Business
Agriculture and Technology

2. Prepared By
Group Name: Connectors Section: I
Group Members
ID Number Name
CONFIDENTIAL Tasnia Tahsin
CONFIDENTIAL Rihab Rahman
CONFIDENTIAL Maliha Tabassum
CONFIDENTIAL Kaisary Zaman
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3. Contents
Transmission media
Types of transmission media
Guided transmission media
Unguided transmission media
What is switching
Methods of switching
Structure of Switch
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4. Transmission Media
Transmission media lie below the physical layer.
It can carry information from a source to a
destination.
The transmission medium might be a mail carrier,
a truck, or an airplane.
Information is encoded in a signal.
Signals are transmitted from one device to another
in the form of electromagnetic energy.
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5. Types of Transmission Media
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6. Twisted-Pair Cable
Consists of two conductors.
One side carry signals to the receiver,
other side as a ground reference.
Low frequency transmission medium.
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable.
Figure: Twisted-pair cable
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7. Co-axial Cable
Type of copper cable specially built
with a metal shield.
It is primarily used by cable TV
companies to connect their satellite
antenna facilities.
It has concentric layers of electrical
conductors and insulating material.
Coaxial cable is in traditional
Ethernet LANs. Figure: Co-axial Cable
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8. Fiber-Optic Cable
Made of glass or plastic and transmits
signals in the form of light.
 Higher bandwidth, Less signal attenuation,
Light weight.
Optical fibers use reflection to guide light
through a channel.
 with wavelength-division multiplexing
(WDM), can transfer data at a rate of 1600
Gbps. Figure: Fiber-Optic Cable
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9. Unguided Transmission Media
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10. Figure: Radio Waves
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Radio Waves
Electromagnetic waves ranging in
frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz
are normally called radio waves.
Waves that propagate in the sky mode,
can travel long distances.
Particularly those of low and medium
frequencies.

11. Microwaves
Microwaves are unidirectional.
 having frequencies between I and 300
GHz
Microwave propagation is line-of-sight.
Figure: Micro Waves
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12. Infrared
Figure: Infrared
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With frequencies from 300 GHz to 400
THz.
 Having high frequencies, cannot
penetrate walls.
IrDA, for sponsoring the use of infrared
waves, has established standards for
using these signals for communication .

13. Satellite
A communication satellite is, in effect, a
microwave relay station.
Satellite receives transmissions on one
frequency band .
It remain stationary with respect to its
position over the earth.
Satellites are well suited to television
distribution
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Figure: Satellite

14. Switching
Switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes.
Create temporary connections between two or more devices.
Some of these nodes are connected to the end systems .
Switches can connect different network types.
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15. Methods of switching
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16. Circuit Switching
It consists of a set of switches connected by
physical links.
A connection between two stations is a dedicated
path made of one or more links
The switches route the data based on their
occupied band (FDM) or time slot (TDM).
 Circuit switching takes place at the physical layer.
Three phrases – Setup, data transfer, teardown.
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Figure: Circuit Switching
Tasnia Tahsin

17. Packet Switching
Packet switching is a digital network transmission process.
There is no resource reservation; resources are allocated on demand.
There are two types of packed switched networks. Such as –
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Figure: Datagram Networks Figure: Virtual Circuit Networks

18. Structure of Switch
We use switches in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
It can be classified as -
Switch Structure
Circuit Switch
Space Switch
Structure
Crossbar
Switch
Multistage
Switch
Time Division
Switch Structure
Time Slot
Interchange
Packet Switch
Input Port Output Port
Routing
Process
Switching
Fabrics
Crossbar
Switch
Banyan
Switch
Batch Banyan
Switch
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19. Crossbar Switch
A crossbar switch is a
collection of switches arranged
in a matrix configuration.
 A crossbar switch has
multiple input and output lines
that form a crossed pattern of
interconnecting lines between
which a connection may be
established by closing a switch
located at each intersection,
the elements of the matrix.
Figure: Crossbar Switch
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20. Multistage Switch
If one path fails then there will be possibility of another path. Reduce
number of cross-points. More than one path network. Increased
Reliability.
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Figure: Multistage Switch
Rihab Rahman

21. Time Slot Interchange
The most popular technology is called the time-slot interchange (TSI). A time-slot
interchange (TSI) switch is a network switch that stores data in RAM in one sequence, and
reads it out in a different sequence.
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Figure: Time Slot Interchange
Rihab Rahman

22. Structure of Packet Switches
A switch used in a packet-switched network has a different
structure from a switch used in a circuit-switched network. We can
say that a packet switch has four components:
Input Ports
Output Ports
The Routing Processor
The Switching Fabric.
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Figure: Structure of Packet Switches
Rihab Rahman