Presentation on Concept, Signs & Symptoms, Risks factors, Complications, Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis & Treatment of Malaria--a Life-threatening contagious disease.

1. Presented by
Mr. Reyaz Ahmad Wani
Assistant Professor
School of Education
Central University of Kashmir

2.  1. Concept of Malaria
 2. Signs & Symtoms associated with Malaria
 3. Complications
 4. Risk factors
 5. Causes
 6. Mode of Transmission
 7. Prevention
 8. Diagnosis
 9. Treatment

3.  Malaria is a life-threatening, contagious and febrile
disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to
people through the bites of infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and
curable.
 People who have malaria usually feel very sick,
with a high fever and shaking chills.
 Each year, approximately 210 million people are
infected with malaria, and about 440,000 people
die from the disease. Most of the people who die
from the disease are young children in Africa.

5.  In a non-immune individual, symptoms usually
appear 10–15 days after the infective mosquito
bite. The symtoms include:
 1. Fever
 2. Headache
 3. Chills
 4. Nausea & Vomiting
 5. Muscle pain & Fatigue
 6. Sweating
 7. Chest or abdominal pain
 8. Cough

6.  1. Cerebral Malaria
 2. Anemia
 3. Low Blood Sugar (hypoglycemia)
 4. Breathing problems due to pulmonary
edema
 5. Organ failure

7.  Children under the age of 5 years of age are
highly susceptible
 Pregnant women and HIV/AIDS patients
 Non-immune migrants, mobile populations
and travelers
 Most Sub-Saharan Africans countries are prune
to malarial outbreaks. Asian Subcontinent,
New Guinea, the Dominican Republic and
Haiti are also at greater risk

8.  Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of
the genus Plasmodium – single-celled
organisms that cannot survive outside of
their host(s).
 The parasites are spread to people through
the bites of infected female Anopheles
mosquitoes, called "malaria vectors." There
are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in
humans, and 2 of these species – P.
falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest
threat.

11.  Malaria spreads when a mosquito becomes infected with the disease after
biting an infected person, and the infected mosquito then bites a
noninfected person. The malaria parasites enter that person's bloodstream
and travel to the liver. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver
and infect red blood cells.

12.  Because the parasites that cause malaria affect
red blood cells, people can also catch malaria
from exposure to infected blood, including:
 From mother to unborn child
 Through blood transfusions
 By sharing needles used to inject drugs

13.  Vector control is the main way to prevent and
reduce malaria transmission. Two forms of
vector control –
 insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) and
 indoor residual spraying (IRS) – are effective
in a wide range of circumstances.
 Antimalarial drugs like chemoprophylaxis
 For pregnant women living in moderate-to-
high transmission areas, WHO recommends
intermittent preventive treatment with
sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

14.  RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is the first and, to date,
the only vaccine to show that it can
significantly reduce malaria, and life-
threatening severe malaria, in young African
children. It acts against P. falciparum, the most
deadly malaria parasite globally and the most
prevalent in Africa. Among children who
received 4 doses in large-scale clinical trials, the
vaccine prevented approximately 4 in 10 cases
of malaria over a 4-year period.

15. Parasitological Testing
 WHO recommends that all cases of suspected
malaria be confirmed using parasite-based
diagnostic testing (either microscopy or rapid
diagnostic test) before administering treatment.
Results of parasitological confirmation can be
available in 30 minutes or less.

16.  The best available treatment, particularly for P.
falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based
combination therapy (ACT).