Para-Gothicism is not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style; it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Love is presented as a powerful force in both novels. Love is used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful emotion was able to overcome countless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect, which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research study.

1. The Element Of Para Gothicism Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre And
Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights
Introduction
Backgroundto the Study
This research study will be dealing with the subjectmatter of the para-gothicism
in the novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights. Itwill be very necessary to give the basics of the subjectmatter beforea
broader look will be given the subjectmatter in the review of the literature.
Itwill be very necessary to firstof all make an absolute definition of what a gothic
novel is. Gothic fiction, sometimes referred to as Gothic horror, is a genre or
mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance.
Gothicism's origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764
novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled "A Gothic Story". The effect of Gothic fiction
feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that
were relatively new at the time of Walpole's novel. Melodrama and parody
(including self-parody) wereother long-standing features of the Gothic initiated
by Walpole.

2. Generally, the tone and mood of gothic novels are brooding and sombre. Often,
female protagonists find themselves in the midst of conspiracies, in the clutches
of mysterious or sinister people (usually men), and people tend to harbour (dark!)
secrets. The male protagonist, who may be the romantic interest, is often
brooding and charismatic. The landscapeand/or climate are often inhospitable,
and the author may use pathetic fallacy to good effect. Buildings, dwellings, and
architecture are often scary or mysterious--theremay be secretrooms or rooms
with special significance.
Narratives revolvearound the macabre, the supernatural, and death quite a bit.
People are sometimes 'haunted' by memories of dead loved ones. Other times,
the supernaturalelement is explained away, though. i.e., the main characters
think there's a ghost, but a rational explanation for seemingly supernatural events
is revealed. Protagonists'psychologyis importanttoo: a lot of the time, these
stories are rooted in some deep fears of death, sex, etc., and so a lot of the terror
may be in their imagination--which does not necessarily make it less terrifying.
Para-Gothicismis not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style;
it is also a modern name for Gothicism. According to The Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, it is defined as relating and constituting the revivalor adaptation of
the Gothic, especially in literature or architecture.
The Gothic motifs and forms areimitated. This genre could be said to be broad
and hybrid in nature. Itcovers three genres:
1. The Gothic novels – This utilizes the mysterious, thesupernatural, the
horrific, and the romantic.
2. The romance novel – This lays emphasis on love and passion and represents
the notion of two lovers destined for each other.
3. The Bildungsroman – It is a narration of a character’s internaldevelopment
as he/she undergoes a succession of encounters with the external world
In architectural terms parallel to the ascendancy of the neo-Gothic styles in the
19th century in England, interest spread rapidly to the continent of Europe,

3. Australia, South Africa, and America. The number of Gothic revivalstructures built
in the 19th and 20th centuries has exceeded the number of authentic Gothic
structures that had been built previously. Today, for instance, the Gothic style of
architecture has been imitated in churches, military academies and university
buildings.
Also, Jane Eyre is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. Itwas published in
London, England, in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. with the title Jane Eyre. An
Autobiography under the pen name "Currer Bell." The firstAmerican edition was
released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. The Penguin
edition describes it as an "influential feminist text" because of its in-depth
exploration of a strong female character's feelings.
The novel merges elements of three distinct genres. It has the formof a
Bildungsroman, a story about a child's maturation, focusing on the emotions and
experiences that accompany growth to adulthood. The novel also contains much
social criticism, with a strong senseof morality at its core, and finally has the
brooding and moody quality and Byronic character typical of Gothic fiction.
Itis a novel often considered ahead of its time due to its portrayalof the
development of a thinking and passionateyoung woman who is both
individualistic, desiring for a full life, and also highly moral. Jane evolves fromher
beginnings as a poor and plain woman without captivating charmto her mature
stage as a compassionateand confident whole woman. As shematures, she
comments much on the complexities of the human condition. Jane also has a
deeply pious personaltrust in God but is also highly self-reliant. Although Jane
suffers much, sheis never portrayed as a damsel in distress who needs rescuing.
For this reason, it is sometimes considered an important early feminist (or proto-
feminist) novel.
Also taking a look at Wuthering Heights is a novelby Emily Brontë published in
1847. Itwas her only novel and was written between December 1845 and July
1846. Itremained unpublished until July 1847 and was notprinted until
December after the success of her sister Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre. It was

4. finally printed under the pseudonymEllis Bell; a posthumous second edition was
edited by Charlotte.
The title of the novel comes fromthe Yorkshiremanor on the moors of the story.
The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionatebutdoomed love
between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion
eventually destroys them and many around them.
Today considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights was met with
mixed reviews when it firstappeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark
depiction of mental and physicalcruelty. Although Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre
was generally considered the best of the Brontë sisters'works during mostof the
nineteenth century, many subsequentcritics of Wuthering Heights argued that it
was a superior achievement. Wuthering Heights has also given riseto many
adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a
musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, three operas (respectively by Bernard
Herrmann, CarlisleFloyd, and Frédéric Chaslin), a role-playing game, and a song
by Kate Bush.
However, in the proceeding chapter, a broader look will be given to the subject
matter and also we will be looking at what other writers havegot to evaluate
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Statement of the Problem
There was a time in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the firsthalf of
the nineteenth century, reflected dimly in the prints, paintings and surviving relics
of that era, which effectively symbolises our deep-rooted yearning to escape from
the mindlessness of modern existence through its portalwhere glimpses of a
beautiful, unpolluted world with clean, graceful architecture starkly contrasts
with the smoke-discoloured edifices of concrete in today’s wilderness of ugly
buildings set in a wasteland of dying forests. Such vistas, such colour and the
pleasurethey produceare of different orders fromanything we now experience.
So much so, that were weto glimpse, feel, smell and taste how life once was
(againstthe natural background sound of birds, brooks and horses’ hooves

5. instead of the cacophony of aeroplanes, industry and motor vehicles) we would
probably think and indeed dream differently.
However, the problem of this research study is to unfold the Gothic genre and the
romanticism, the demonstration of the finite and tragically self-consuming nature
of passion in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Research Question
The following questions will help guide the research study to achieve its
objectives.
1. What is Gothicism?
2. What is para-Gothicism?
3. What are the para-Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights,
and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
4. What are the interrelationships between Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights,
and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre?
Purposeof the Study
The purposeof this study is to examine the following:
1. To understand the nature of Gothicism in its various context.
2. The Gothic element in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte
Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
3. And to also explore the interrelationship between Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre.
Significance of the Study
The importance of this research study cannotbe overemphasised, by virtueof the
fact that it is going to elucidate an area that has long existed and has remained in
a diversified sense.

6. This study is highly significant in the sensethat it will help the readers of this work
especially students in the field of languages to further understand the diversifying
nature of Gothicism.
Also, the novels whoseGothic nature is been poised will be better understood
and easily comprehended by the readers of this research study.
And to crown it all, this research study is also significanttaking cognisanceof the
fact that it will also explore the themes of Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, and
Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, and will elucidate the relationships that do exist
between these two Gothic novels.
Scope of the Study
This research study will be limited in scopeonly to the works of Charlotte Bronte
and Emily Bronte novels, that is, Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights respectively
and to the review of related literature.
Operational Definition of Terms
Gothicism: is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror
and romance.
Para-Gothicism: The combination of three genres (that is, Gothic, Romance, and
Bildungsroman).
Supernaturalis that which is not subjectto the laws of nature, or more
figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature.
Protagonist: The protagonistmeans the main character of a story.
Proto-feminist: Proto-feministis a term used to define women in a philosophical
tradition that anticipated modern feminist concepts.
Romance: Romance is a style of heroic proseand versenarrative that was popular
in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe.

7. ABSTRACT
Para-Gothicismis not a rediscovery of the gothic, but rather a rebirth of that style;
it is also a modern name for Gothicism, a genre or mode of literature combining
elements of both horror and romance. This research study is centred on the
novels of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyreand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.
Love and struggle is the central Para-Gothic theme in both Jane Eyre and
Wuthering Heights. Loveis presented as a powerfulforce in both novels. Love is
used by both authors to develop the character's personalities, and produces two
different outcomes. Both novels are stories of love and how this powerful
emotion was able to overcomecountless obstacles. Characters within Wuthering
Heights and Jane Eyreovercame the constraints society had upon them, what
appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves.
These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were
faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The research study is
designed in a five-chapter format, with chapter one as an introductory aspect,
which leads to the review of related literature and also followed by the Para-
Gothic elements/themes of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights, and finally, chapter four is a concluding part of the research
study.
EDITOR SOURCE:
1. The ElementOf Para GothicismCharlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
2. The ElementOf Para GothicismCharlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
3. The ElementOf Para Gothicism Charlotte Bronte'sJane Eyre AndEmilyBronte'sWuthering
Heights
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