2. Hub:
A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a
network. Hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together
and making them act as a single network segment.
Switch:
A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the
data link layer of the OSI model.
• Devices are connected to the switch using Ethernet cables creating a small LAN.
• The switch learns the MAC addresses of the connected devices.
• When traffic needs to go to a specific device, the switchsees the MAC address in the packet and
sends it to only that device.
Router:
Routers are the network devices that route packets between networks. Multiple subnets within
the same WAN to the internet connection that allows you to read this article .
Bridge:
A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single, aggregate network from
multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging.
Bridging is distinct from routing.
• A network switch
• A device that can connect two networks using different connection mediums, such as
connecting a WLAN to a wired LAN.
Repeater:
3. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be
received on the other side of an obstruction. Repeater has the potential to strengthen signals so
as that it are often retransmitted much stronger with better performance.
Simplex:
In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the
two devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive.The simplex mode can use the
entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction. Example: Keyboard and traditional
monitors.
Half Duplex:
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When
one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in
cases where there is no need for communication in both directions at the same time.
Full Duplex:
Full-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal
carrier at the same time. For example, on a local area network with a technology that has full-
duplex transmission, one workstation can be sending data on the line while another workstation
is receiving data.
LAN:
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area
such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. By contrast, a wide
area network not only coversa larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased
telecommunication circuits. Home Wi-Fi networks and small business networks are common
examples of LANs.
Metropolitan Network:
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a
metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large
area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area
network (WAN).
4. WAN:
A wide area network (WAN), is a large network of information that is not tied to a single location. WANs
can facilitate communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices from around
the world through a WAN provider.
CAN:
A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network that spans a limited geographic area. CANs
interconnect multiple local area networks (LAN) within an educational or corporate campus. Most CANs
connect to the public Internet. ... In contrast, MANs and WANs may combine infrastructure operated by
several different providers.
Whereto internet must be exist Mac Address
1 2
Mac Mac
Physical Address
48bit
24bit 24bit
OUI VS
Organization Unit Identifier Vandor Spceification
Internet Protocol:
5. Protocol means rules and regulation Layer 3 protocol that forwards datagrams across internet
Uses routing tables prepared by routing protocols, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing
Information Protocol (RIP) Connectionless service vs connection-oriented (circuits).
32bit
iPv4 iP6
Public IP Private IP
Id- 0-255 255 still can this assign
ID 101. 205. 255. 127
8bit 8bit 8bit 8bit 8bit means octal
Network IP = host id IP
IP Address
Class A 1- 126
Class B 128- 191
Class C 192- 223
Class D 224- 239
Class E 240- 255
