there is direct or indirect methods of DNA delivery.

1. Plant Transformation
Methods

2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene
transfer
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural genetic engineer.
• It is achieved in two ways:
• Co-culture with tissue explants.
• In-plant transformation.
• Soil-borne, gram – ve, motile, rod-shaped bacteria that are present in the rhizosphere.
Process of T-DNA transfer and integration
1. Signal recognition
2. Attachment to cells of the plant:
3. Induction of Vir gene
4. T-strand production
5. Transfer of Vir proteins and T-DNA into the plant nuclear localization:

3. 2.Particle bombardment
Particle gun method
• A biolistic particle or gene gun
system are designed for the
transformation of the plant.
• It is a device that injects cells with
genetic information.

4. 3.Protoplast Transformation
Polyethylene glycol mediated transformation the
chemical method
The transformation of plant protoplast done with
naked DNA through treatment with PEG, the
treatment also takes place in the presence of
divalent cations.
• The divalent cations and PEG de-stabilize the plant
protoplast plasma membrane and provide it
permeable to naked DNA.
• DNA then enters into the nucleus and integrates
into the genome of the host.

5. 4. Electroporation
• The delivery of DNA into the plant cells and protoplasts is done through electroporation.
• Plant regulatory sequence is necessary for the gene of interest.
• After that incubate the plant material in a buffer solution that contains DNA and subjected to high-
voltage electric current.
• The DNA than transfer through high voltage and induced opening in the plasma membrane and enter
into the plant genome.
• It may be used to transform all the major cereals particularly rice, wheat, maize.