3. Hypertension
Hypertension poses as major public health
problem in population.
It has relation with cardiovascular disease.
The higher the blood pressure, the higher the
risk of coronary disease.
6. Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension is one when the some other
disease process or abnormality is involved in its causation.
For example: –
glomerulo -nephritis,
chronic pyelonephritis,
toxaemias of pregnancy
tumours of adrenal glands etc.
Secondary hypertension accounts for 10 percent of cases
of hypertension.
7. prevalence
Hypertension is a world wide health disorder.
It is a problem in India also.
The prevalence of hypertension found to be 59.9 and 69.9
per 1000 in males & females respectively in the urban
population and 35.5 and 35.9 per 1000 in males & females
respectively in rural population in a study conducted in
Rohtak to represent urban population and other in a village
in Haryana to represent rural population in india.
8. categories
Blood pressure has been classified into following categories :-
STAGE SYSTOLIC (mm of Hg) DIASTOLIC (mm of Hg )
Normal < 130 <85
Stage I Hypertension 140- 159 90-99
Stage II Hypertension 160-179 100-109
Stage III Hypertension >180 >110
10. AGENTS
Studies have shown that blood pressure rises on an increase intake
of saturated fat.
High alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of high
blood pressure.
In diet, an high, intake of salt (7-8g per day) increases the blood
pressure proportionality.
Oral contraceptive also causes hypertension because of the
oestrogen component in combined preparations.
The studies have shown an association of blood pressure with
genetic factors.
11. Host Factors :
Blood pressure is considered to be associated with age.
It increases with age in both sexes.
But in some populations (primitive societies) mean blood
pressure has not risen with age shown in some studies.
There is little difference in blood pressure between sexes,
early in life.
Late in life, the difference narrows and post menopausal
changes in women are contributory factor for this change
12. Environmental factors
Psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety,
tension operate through mental processes,
consciously or unconsciously to produce
hypertension.
High blood pressure has been noted in lower
socio-economic groups in the countries which are
in post transitional stage of economic and
epidemiological change.
13. Prevention and Control
Early case detection & treatment :–
The aim is to control the disease.
Screening is one of the effective method of
diagnosis of hypertension.
Control of hypertension reduces the incidence of
stroke & complications, which can be achieved by
identifying and treating hypertension (antihyper -
tension).
14. Prevention and Control
The treatment of high blood pressure must
normally be life long There is need to
establish compliance.
The compliance can be achieved through
education directed to patients, families and
the community.
This is a part of secondary prevention
16. Health promotion
Health can be promoted by reducing the risk
factors.
Health promotion is a part of primary prevention.
It includes all the measures to reduce the incidence
of disease in a population by reducing the risk of
onset.
This should be started early to achieve its
effectiveness.
17. Nutrition :-
Hypertension can be reduced by altering the diet.
So dietary changes are considered to be of important.
It includes:
18. Nutrition
Reduction of salt intake to an average of not
more than 5g per day.
Reduce the intake of fat and take in moderate
amount.
Appropriate amount of calorie intake i.e.,
according to body needs.
19. Reduce the weight :
Hypertension can be controlled
by reducing the body weight as it
is associated with increased blood
pressure.
20. Physical activity & Regular Exercise :-
Physical activity and regular
exercise will cause fall in
body weight, blood lipids and
blood pressure.
21. Life style changes
For reduction of hypertension, reduce the stress,
smoking and modify personal life-style.
Not only this, there is need to do yoga &
meditation, which can be profitable in reducing
stress.
Thereby reducing hypertension.
22. Encourage Self Care Activities
Hypertension can be reduced by encouraging the
people to take care of self by taking his own blood
pressure & keeping a record and consulting health
care services whenever required.
Also guiding the people to achieve compliance
with medication.
23. Health Education
The general public should be educated
related to risk factor and related health
behaviour.
The people should be aware about the
modification to be made in their life to
prevent hypertension