CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN INDIA.pptx

PRESENTED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
RAJINI CHANDRA WAKER

By Assistant Professor Rajini Chandra Waker
AURORA’S DESIGN ACADAMY

PRESENTED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR RAJINI
CHANDRA WAKER AURORA’S DESIGN ACADAMY

Temperature – Typically high temperatures in day
time and low in night times.
Maximum 40 to 45 deg C
Minimum 5 to 25 deg C
Humidity – low Relative Humidity
Low 25 to 40%
Precipitation - the annual rainfall is less.
Precipitation being less than 500mm.
JAISALMER,JAIPUR, KUTCH.
Sky condition” cloud less skies with
high solar radiation, causing glare

Let us go over each of these climates which are in our country and look at
how these parameters vary for each of these climates.
so first of al we are talking about HOT DRY CLIMATE
now this HOT DRY CLIMATE as we have seen it is found in the western part
of our country which is desert like conditions so, we are talking about cites like
JIPURE, JAISALMER, we are looking about the region of KUTCH falling in
hot dry climate. So largely the west of Aravalis is what we are seeing as hot
dry.
Now in hot dry climate the temperatures summer temperature are very high.
So, summer midday temperature the highest temperature within the range of
40ºĆ to 45 ºĆ which is very high temperature. In summer nights athe
temperatue falls down and there is a large diurnal range that we are looking
at, but they are still with in the range of 20ºĆ to 30 ºĆ.
So , the Diurnal Range is very high, we are looking at a diurnal range of 15ºĆ
to 20ºĆ . So, in the day time data in and when the temperatures are around
45ºĆ and in the night time the temperature falls to 20ºĆ to 30 ºĆ.
So, that is a large diurnal range that, we usually look at in hot dry climate.
If we look at winter, the midday temperature may range from 5ºĆ to 25 ºĆ, so
in extreme winter winters they may also go as high up to 25ºĆ while winter
nights the temperature many fall they may come very close to 0ºĆ . So they
may be varying between 0ºĆ to 10 ºĆ.

which if you follow the winter news you would see that the lowest
temperatures in the plains are often is these cities of CHURU,
JHURIJHUNA, SOLCHAR, which are predominantly hat dry regions, so,
this is what the temperature profile in a typical hot dry climate would
look like. The mean relative humidity is very low to 20 to 40% almost
throughout the year. So, thoroughout the year, we have very low
humidity and that is vecause the reecipation is also very low the annual
precipitation is quite low which is less than 500mm/year that is
including the monsoon preiod. So, which is very low, there is scaricity of
water, underground water table is also very low going to this region.
1. The vegetation is less and over all environment is quite dry.
2. If you look at the sky condition, we drr it is cloudless sky with very
high solar radiation which causes a lot of glare. So there is intense
solar radation and clear sky so, it makes the condition even worse,
so we have high temperature, low humidity low precipitation and
very high radiation this usually classifies hot dry climate.
3. For the given environmental conditions of hot and dry climate there
are certain physiological objectives which can very clearly be
identified, so if we look at this summer temperature which is very
high 40ºĆ to 45 ºĆ , we automatically knowl that the phusiological
objectives of design woild be to bring down the ambient,

Air temperature the dry bar temperatures. So we have to try to reduce this
ambient air temperature down to approximately 25ºĆ to 30 ºĆ. Now that is
what we hve seen when, we were talking about thermal comfort, then this
temperture needs to be brought down by the approximately 20ºĆ . In winters
on the other hand we might need to increase this temperature slightly by
around 15ºĆ . So, adding heat in winters or reducing. So, both of these aims
can be achieved by reducing the heat transfer during the extreme, weathers.
So, in extremely hot summers, the heat transfers from outside to inside
should be limited and vice versa in winters and the thermal mass of the
building will have a large role to play in this. The other phusiological objective
here would be reduce the amount of direct solar radiation which received by
the building. So how can re reduce he amount of direct solar radiation
becomes a major concr of the physiological objectives another one if we can
handle it through design is can we do something about humidifying
environment. So the relative humidity which is normallylow has to be
maintained between 40 to 60 % so, if we want to increase the humidity is
there a waym is there a design measure through which we can increase the
humidity slightly.

AHMEDABAD
TERRACOTTA JALI WORKS

•Warm and Humid climate is characterized by high
relative humidity (around 70-90%)
•Precipitation levels(about 1200mm per year).
•The temperatures usually vary between 25 – 35º Ć.
Varywhile in winters the tmeperatures vary between
20-30 º Ć.
Sky condition: over cast (cloud cover ranging
between 40-80% causing unpleasant glare.
Major cities having this climate are GOA, MUMBAI,
VISAKHAPATNAM, KOLKATA, CHENNAI ETC.
High humidity, strong sun, glare from the sky
characterize this climate. There are long monsoon
periods with heavy rain.

here we can seen the diurnal variation is not very large and the temperatures
are also not vey high . They are slightly warm, warmer than the comfortable
range, but they are not extreme as we have seen in case of hot - dry climate.
In winter also they do not fall too low. So, they are between comfortable range
so 25 – 30 and the winter nights would be 20 to 25, so hardly any diurnal
variation. Now this is because of their proximity to the water body which is
Sea. So, they remain more or less at the same temperatures but the
problematic thing here is very high humidity (70-90%) and because of this we
are not or we cannot look at evaporative cooling as an option, as an
alternative, also the annual precipitation is very-very high, it is more than
1200mm per year. So almost thorough out the year there would be a large
number of days which would receive. If we look at sky condition, it is most of
the time overcast ranging between 40 to 80% if cloud cover and that causes
extremely unpleasant glare that also limits it also blocks the heat because of
the cloud cover. So this is what the warm humid climate is and at times it
becomes very difficult to handle the one humid climatic condition much more
than the hot dry climatic conditions because of the high humidity. It is easier to
humidify then to humidify a space so this humidity is a problematic feature
here for the given climatic conditions if we look at the physiological objectives
we might have to slightly reduce the temperature by around 5 to 8 degrees not
much, not more than that, but the prime objective would

Be to bring down the humidity. So as to bring the environmental conditions
with n the comfort range, we would see how we can do that and if we are
looking at the sky conditions we would still want to shade because the
temperature are a little high and glare, this unpleasant glare is often very
tough to handle, so the objective would be to cut down on the direct solar
radiation.
ASSAM

Temperature : In summer 32-43ºĆ during day
and 27-32ºĆ at night.
In winter, 10 to 25 ºĆ during day and 4 to 10 ºĆ
at night.
Humidity is 20 to 25% in dry periods and 55 –
95% in wet periods.
Precipitation:
NEW DELHI, KANPUR, ALLAHABAD etc.,

This is a climate which experience the extremes of both the season, both
the climates, all three climates rather, so we hav summer, midday high
temperature which range from 32-43ºć. So, it is close to what the hot dry
climates experience around 45ºć . So Composite Climate will also have
temperature summer maximum temperature similar as hot dry climate and
the winter minimum temperature very close to what we would see in cold
climates. We would come to cold climate but the winter temperature is falling
very low unlike hot dry climate the humidity is varying it is in such certain
season, it is becoming extremely dry predominantly during the winter
seasons and during the winter season’s and during monsoons it is quite high
50-90% of humidity is also present in composite climate along with that
there is annual precipitation which is varying between 500 to 1300mm/year.
Composite climate is a large area if we rember the map of India with climatic
zones shown the earlier slides. So there is a great variation in the
precipitation which is received in the composite zone. So, during the
monsoon the precipitation goes very high. So composite climate receives 3
distinct seasons, Summer, monsoon and winter and sonditions vary in each
of these seasons which is what the problematic causes and the sky
conditions are again variable which because it experiene all the seasons.

Now the physiological objectives for comfits climate become very difficult. The
physiological objectives also vary with season to season in summer it is hot dry
climate, in winter it is a cold climate and in monsoon, during monsoons it is a
warm humid climate. So, the physiological objectives for composite climate
vary with season to season and they are same as the respective climates. So it
is one of the trickiest climates to deal with when we are talking about composite
climate.

PRESENTED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
RAJINI CHANDRA WAKER

TEMPERATURE:
In summer, 30-34ºć during day and 17-
24ºć at night. In winter, 27-33ºć during
day and 16-18ºć at night.
HUMIDIATY:
It is low in winter and summer, varying
form 25-55% and going up to 55-90%
during monsoons.
PRECIPITATION:
It low
SEEN IN BANGALORE, PUNE ETC

The temperature or Moderate climate is by far most comfortable climate
because temperature climate because the temperature range largely with in
the very close to the comfort range as we can see on the summer high
temperature are around 30 - 34ºć. While summer nights are absolutely
comfortable range. Now this comfort range is not as per the ASHRAE55 as
defined by ASHRAE55. This is slightly higher than that but falls within the
comfort range as defined by tropical summer index which ws developed based
upon the responses of India subjects.
The winter night temperature are also very close to the comfort range, very low
diurnal. Now rlative humidity is slightly high o a higher side 60 to 85% and the
annual precipitation is higher than 1000mm/year which is not to high as well
and sky conditions are mainly clear, but in summer it is an over cast sky
becomes of this comfortable range of temperatures which we can see in
temperature or moderate climate. The physiological objectives in a moderate
climate are not aimed towards increasing or decreasing and ambient air
temperature which we can see in temperature or moderate climate. The
phsioligical objectives in a moderate climate are not aimed to wards increasing
or decreasing the ambient air temperature.

The combination of temperature and humidity is also such that it remains largely
comfortable. So, the physiological objectives is to avoid any heat gain
or heat loss and maintain the indoor at the same ambient conditions as out door
for large part of the year, almost thought the year, except for few days in the year
which are extremely hot or which air extremely hot only that so the intent is the
physiological objective during some part of the year is to cut down on this direct
solar radiation and temperature in doors.

TEMPRERATURE: Typically lower temperatures.
HUMIDITY: Humidity is generally low in cold and
sunny climates and high in cold and cloudy regions.
PRECIPITION: It is generally less.
These are experienced in Dras - The Coldest Place
in India. ...
Kargil, Jammu & Kashmir. ...
Leh Ladakh - One of the Lowest Summer
Temperature in India. ...
North Sikkim. ...
Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh. ...
Munsiyari, Uttarakhand. ...
Amarnath, Jammu & Kashmir - A haven for
pilgrims.

The cold climate is predominently cold the summer midday high
temperature fall with in the compfortable range while the summer nights
temperature may also get cold. So, summer night may also become
extemely cold and that results in a very high diurnal viration.
We are looking at winter midday hight temperatures which may be sub
0(zero) which may be less than 0 (zero) and we are looking at winter night
temperatures which are further low. So, we are looking at an extremely
cold climatic conditons, temperture condiations here are the relative
humidity is extemely low. So, these are two types of cold climates we are
looking at , we are looking at cold dry and we are looking at cold humid
climates so, there are certain parts of the country for example,l the Leh
Ladakh areas which is cold dry, whiche if we look ath the northeast, if we
look at thae Arunachal Pradesh or Assam side so that is prodominaantly
cold humid. So, a lot of precipation is received in that areas but it still
remains very cold.
So these are 2types of climates iwthin cold that we are looking at, when
we are talking about cold climate in our country, we have annual
precipitation for cold dry, it is very low less than 200mm/year which is the
same as the hot dry. So, hot dry will have same precipitation and
humidiaty which the tempeature go very high and in cold, they go very low
in cold humid and annual precipitation in moderate which areound
100mm/year.

And the sky conditions are for dry it is usually a clear sky while for the cold
humid it is usually an overcast sky. Now if you look at the physiological
objectives for cold clikate we can very clearly see, that because the
temperature ae going so low the intent is the objective is to bring in a lot of
heat. So increasing the solar radiation exposure the exposure of the building
envelope the solar radiation and bringing in a lot of direct heat, direct sunlight is
what the physiological objective of cold climate is.
We have to increase the ambient air temperature of the in doors.
Now the question is how do we do that?
We have understood, what is hotdry climate is or what a cold climate is each of
of these and we have also reasonable under stood the climatic conditons.
Now haoe do we achieve thermal comfort in side the buildinag?
So, a lot of research has been carried our on this and these are a variety of
toools which ae available to us.
One such toool which we have looked at was or that a psychometic chart there
me woild plat the dry bulb temperatuuee we buld temperature, humidiaty all
together and we woild see whether we are as far as the comfort, thermal
comfort is conceerned. We would look at an intereactive psychometric chart
here this is an inter active psychometric chart

So for example if we have the chart of Jaipur looking at ASHRAE 55-2017
model of comfort so the comfort zone which we can see hereis showing is the
comfort zone where we have seen that it is varying from PMV minus 0.5 to PMV
PLUS 0.5 and this is the comfort zone. So, and these grids actually shown the
number of hours as distriuted on the psychometric chart so this is the total

The dry bulb temperature of 29 and a relative humidity of around 75% I know
am out of comfort zone but how do create a comfortable environment. So this
interactive psychometric chart clearly show that if I I cod along with
dehumidification. I will be able to bring it down within the comfort zone for if I
only dehumidify then also, I can going it down to comfort zone. If I want to just
cool then also, I can bring it showdown to comfort zone. Now if you see how
much do, I have to dehumidify we are looking at a relative humidity of around
805 here 70,75,76% and if I have to bring it to the comfort zone I have to
dehumidify by around 30% So, I have to bring it down to around 50% to bring it
with in the comfort zone, on the other hand, if I got further hash. So the
temperature is further increased at that temperature and humidity of around
70% we are looking at 65% here even after you dehumidification only
dehumidification I might not b able to bring it within the comfit zone.
For bringing it within the comfort zone, I will have to look at the cooling plus
dehumidification route here. So, depending upon where this point is what is the
environment condition, we may look at the different strategies which are
available to us.
Now for psychometric chart, we can only look at the temperature and humidity
changes which is what we can play with. Here it is also showing us the
proposed clothing level and it is also showing us the metabolic rate it is
assumed. So it is assuming a clothing level of one flow and a metabolic rare
which is for a sedentary activity.

Now, if we go back to another tool which is taking it forward form psychometric
chart.
This is a Bio Climatic
chart it very clearly
defines, in fact very
clearly tells the comfort
zone what on this exis,
we have the temperature
dry bulb, temperature and
relative humidiaty.
This comfort zone is very
similar to what
ASHRAE55 defines and
as per that what we and
as per whaat we have
seen is psychometric
chat. Now if we are about
the comfort zone, where
the temperatue is
increased which is what
you see in chart.

In psychometric chart just now.
There are different strategies which can be employed. Here, we are talking
about the need for wind. So if we are some where between this zone we may
be, we may be needing wind to bring, it to the comfortable zone here. If we
are somewhere here, we are quite humid here also we would be needling
wind. If we look at a zone which is below this where the temperature are lower
than 20 sunshine, is needed, so we need to add radiation further low we g we
need more and more radiation.
Here we need wind , here we need sun which is what so the need of sun in
increasing. If we know if we go towards this side where relative humidity is
less this when we would slightly need more wind and humidification. This is
what comes form bioclimatic chare another very interesting tool that e we
would fin to not just know, what is needed form the environmental point of
view but also tells us how to do that through building design we can use
Mohoney’s Table.

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