Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil to prepare it for crop production. It breaks up and loosens compacted soil so that crop roots can penetrate deeper. The objectives of tillage include obtaining a deep seedbed, controlling weeds, managing plant residues to add organic matter, minimizing soil erosion, establishing configurations for irrigation/drainage, and incorporating amendments. Tillage can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary tillage is performed initially to open land for seeding and reduces soil strength. Secondary tillage is lighter and performed after primary tillage to further prepare the surface soil. Common tillage implements discussed include wooden plows, iron plows, moldboard plows, disc plows, and chisel plows

1. దుక్కి దున్నుట

2. దుక్కి దున్నుట
TILLAGE
•IT IS THE MECHANICAL MANIPULATION OF SOIL TO PROVIDE
FAVOURABLE CONDITION FOR CROP PRODUCTION.
• IT BREAKS THE COMPACT SURFACE OF EARTH TO CERTAIN DEPTH
AND LOOSENS THE SOIL MASS SO THAT ROOTS OF THE CROP
PENETRATE AND SPREAD INTO THE SOIL.

6. • Objectives of Tillage:
1. To obtain deep seed bed (infiltration and good retention of rainfall,
provide adequate air capacity and exchange within the soil )
2. To control weeds or to remove unwanted crop plants
3. To manage plant residues , mixing of trash will add humus and
fertility of soil
4. To minimize soil erosion
5. To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating,
drainage, harvesting operation etc.
6. To incorporate and mix fertilizers, pesticides or soil amendments
into the soil
7. To accomplish segregation. This may involve moving the soil
from one layer to another, removal of rocks and other foreign
objects or root harvesting.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE:
Tillage can be classified into
1) Primary tillage
2) Secondary tillage

8. PRIMARY TILLAGE:
• The operation performed to open up any cultivable
land with a view to prepare a seedbed for growing
crops, is termed as primary tillage.
•It is
normally
designed to
reduce soil
strength,
cover plant
materials
and
rearrange
aggregates.

10. SECONDARY TILLAGE:
• Lighter and finer operations performed on the soil after
primary tillage, are termed as secondary tillage.
• These operations are generally performed on surface soil.
Very little inversion and shifting of soil takes place and
consequently less power requirement per unit area.

14. కొయ్య నాగలి (wooden plough)

15. ఇన్నప నాగలి (Iron plough)

17. మౌల్
డ ్ బోర్
డ ్ నాగలి ( Mould Board
plough)

18. Reversible Mould board

19. పళ్ళపు నాగలి ( Disc plough)

21. గుణపము నాగలి లేక చిజెల్ నాగలి