2. objectives:
At the end of this session students able to: Define planning and health
planning
Differentiate and analyze different types of planning
Discuss the basic steps of health planning
Conduct SWOT analysis
3. What is planning?
It is the process of deciding and establishing an organizational
goals / objectives and charting out suitable course of actions
for achieving these goals/ objectives.
A projected course of action for the future.
Deciding in advance on what, how, when and with whom to
do.
4. Planning …
Health planning is the process of defining community health problems,
identifying needs and resources, establishing priority goals and setting
out the administrative action needed to reach those goals.
It’s concerned with both ends (what) and means (how).
Goals specify future ends; plans specify today’s means
5. Attributes(characteristics) of planning
Futuristic
anticipate the future
what is required and
how it will be accomplished
Decision making
determines what is to be done, when, where, how, and for what purpose.
choosing among the alternatives.
Resource allocation.
6. Attributes of planning…
Continuous and dynamic Why?
Because planned activities are affected by internal and external
factors. and
Need for environmental scanning and adaptive changes.
Taproot for the other elements of management process.
7. A GOOD PLAN SHOULD GIVE
• Clear vision/mission, goal & objective
• A clear picture of the tasks to be
accomplished
• A clear summary of physical, human &
technical resources
7
8. Activity (5 minutes)
What are the different dimensions for classifying planning and
discuss on each of the planning types?
9. Classification of planning
Plans can be classified on different bases or dimensions.
Repetitiveness/frequency of use
Time, and
Scope/breadth
10. Classification of Planning…
Classification of Plans Based on Repetitiveness
1. Standing Plans
2. Single-use Plans
1. Standing Plans
Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly.
That are followed each time a given situation encountered
Include mission or purpose, goal or objective, strategy, policy, procedure,
and rule
11. Classification of Planning…
2. Single-use Plans
A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation
Are those plans that are not used up once the objective is accomplished
Used only once
Include programs, projects and budgets
12. Classification of Planning…
Classification of Plans Based on Time
1. Long-range planning
The time may range usually from 5-10 years
Distant future
The development of a plan for accomplishing a goal over a period of
several years.
13. Classification of Planning…
2. Short-range planning
Complementary of long- range plans
Constitutes the steps towards the implementation of long-range plans
Generally 1 year, sometimes up to 2 years
3. Intermediate-range planning
Ranges between long and short- range plans
14. Classification of Planning…
Classification of Plans Based on Scope/Breadth
1. Strategic Planning
2. Tactical Planning
3. Operational Planning
1. Strategic Planning: is process of analyzing and deciding on the
organization's mission, objectives, major strategies, major resource
allocation
Strategic planning is:
performed by top level mangers, mostly long range in its time
frame, expressed in relatively non-specific terms
type of planning that provide general direction
15. Classification of Planning…
2. Tactical Planning
Refers to the process of developing action plans through which strategies are executed
Tactical plans implement strategic plans through coordinating the work of different
departments in the organization.
They try to integrate various organizational units and ensure commitment to strategic plans.
Midlevel managers: design and implement programs and policies in their area of
responsibility
Tactical plans have more details, shorter time frames and narrower scope than strategic plans.
16. Classification of Planning…
3. Operational Planning
Most specific and detailed
Concerned with day-to-day activities
Short-range
Contains details for carrying out or implementing those plans in day-to-day activities,
First line managers: plan in relation to specific operations or activities e.g. scheduling
work activity and allocating resource.
17. Strategic plan Vs Operational plan
1.Time horizon: long time versus short time
2.Scope: wide range of goals versus narrow range operations.
3.Degree of detail: simplistic and general versus detail and specific activities.
4. Who plans: Top level Vs supervisory managers
18. Planning out comes
Items that are considered to be outcomes of planning are Organizational
Mission, Vision, Objectives, and Strategies, and unit Operational Policies,
and Procedures.
Mission
A mission statement states the purposes or reasons for which the
organization exists.
It specifies the unique aim of the organization.
19. Planning outcomes…
Vision
It is “a strategic view of the future direction and a guiding concept of
what the organization is trying to do and to become”.
E.g. 1- City administration health office
Mission: To reduce morbidity and mortality through provision of quality and
equitable, promotive, preventive and curative health services to the inhabitants in
the city administration.
Vision: We aspire to see healthy and productive inhabitants in the city
administration in 2023.
20. Planning outcomes…
Goal : purpose that an organization strives to achieve
Objectives
are statements of the results that the HSO/HS seeks to accomplish.
are HSO/HS outputs.
They are the ends, targets and desired results toward which all organizational activities are
directed.
Are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and have time bound, SMART.
Eg : To reduce the number of new HIV infection by 25% in 2020.
21. Planning outcomes…
Organizational Strategies
the means/ways of accomplishing organizational objectives.
are broad, general programs that are selected and designed by the HSOs to
accomplish their objectives.
Strategies:
Expansion and rehabilitation of H/facilities.
Adopt and develop standardized operational guidelines.
Establish strong public-private partnership.
Continuous improvement of the existing H/S, etc.
22. Steps of health planning
1.Situational analysis
2.Priority setting of the problem
3.Setting objectives and targets
4.Identifying potential obstacles and limitations
5.Designing the strategies
6.Preparing action plan and budget
7.Implementing
8.Monitoring and evaluation
23. Steps of health planning…
1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
Gives improved understanding of the current situation.
Answers “Where are we now?”
The current situation is described with identification of health and health related needs
and available resources
Outcomes:
A common reference point for the rest of the planning process
Allows the selection of priority areas of concern for planning
24. Situational analysis…
1. Population characteristics
Study the size, composition and distribution of the population.
Identify the target groups
Determine population size by category
Estimate overall population growth
Determine religious, educational and cultural characteristics
25. Situational analysis…
2. Area characteristics and infrastructures
Geographical and topographical situations
Infrastructures–transport modes and routes, means of communication, water
supply and sanitary facilities, electric supplies etc
Socio-economic situations-distribution of family income
Public and private sector structure
26. Situational analysis…
3. Policy and political environment
The national programs and programs should be used as a guide
Relate actual situation in the area of concern with these
guidelines
27. Situational analysis…
4. Health need analysis
Analyzing the health needs and the magnitude of health problems
Medical perceived
Community perceived
28. SWOT analysis: a frame work for selecting strategies
Positive Negative
Internal Strength Weakness
External Opportunity Threat
30. Step 2: Problem prioritization
• Setting priorities for health services organization in the light of competing needs and
limited resources.
• Is identifying priority health problems
• Setting priorities for health services organization in the light of competing needs
and limited resources
A problem is a gap between what exists and what should exist.
31. Criteria for problem prioritization
Magnitude of the problem: the public health burden imposed by the
problem.
Degree of severity: consequent suffering, death and disability
Feasibility: in terms of cost effectiveness, social acceptability and
local sustainability
Government concern: political acceptability with consideration of
equity and multi-sectorial approach, consistency with government plan
and budgetary system
Community concern: how much does it relate to community
perceived health needs?
32. Step 3: Setting objectives and targets
Describing the desired direction of a service definition in terms of
measurable parameters
Answers “where do we want to go?”
Importance
Clear statement of objectives enables:
• to decide how to achieve them
• to evaluate how effective one is in achieving and reaching objectives
Objectives of a program must be ‘SMART’
33. Step 4 : Identifying potential limitations and obstacles
Situations that may prevent the achievement of each objectives & targets
such as:
Human –lack of interest/skill,
Equipment –not available /expensive,
Money- lack of budget,
Time- people may not have time,
Information- needed for implementation not timely/well processed,
Geographical features like lakes, rivers, mountains,
Climate– affect the nature of health problems and
Social factors- taboos, traditions
34. Step 5: Designing strategies
• Strategies are the tactics or techniques that should be devised or adopted
& utilized to facilitate the achievement of objectives & targets.
• Strategies are ways of achieving objectives & targets
• Potential strategies often include
Technology to be applied
Procedures to be used &
Defining the role of communities and other sectors
35. 6.Writing up a plan
• Purpose of writing a plan
To request funds or resources from the government or funding
agencies
For monitoring & evaluating in the implementation process by all
concerned bodies.
