The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and how to prevent damage from them. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates and faults in the earth's crust. They can be measured using seismometers. India has developed zones to classify earthquake risks. Effects include loss of life, property damage, and damage to infrastructure. To prevent damage, buildings should be earthquake-resistant and people should have plans to evacuate safely during quakes.
2. EARTHQUAKE CONSTITUTE ONE OF THE WORST NATURAL
HAZARDS WHICH OFTEN TURN INTO CAUSING WIDESPEARD
DESTRUCTIUON AND LOSS TO HUMAN LIFE.
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE VARY UPON THE MAGNITUDE
AND INTENSITY.EARTHQUAKE OCCUR EVERY NOW AND THEN
ALL ROUND THE WORLD,EXECPT IN SOME PLACES WHERE
EARTHQUAKE OCCURS RARELY.THE DEVASTATION OF CITIES
AND TOWNS IS ONE OF THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE.
3. AND HOW IT IS CAUSED ?
WHAT IS EARTH QUAKE
WHAT IS EARTH QUAKE
4. AN EARTHQUAKE IS A PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS
WITHOUT WARNING AND INVOLVES VIOLET
SHAKING OF THE GROUND AND EVERYTHING OVER
IT.
IT RESULTS FROM THE RELEASE OF ACCUMULATED
STRESS OF THE MOVING CRUSTAL OR TECTONIC
PLATES BY WHICH A SUDDEN RELEASE OF ENERGY
IN THE EARTH’S CRUST TAKE PLACE THAT CREATES
SEISMIC WAVES.
5. THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF AN EARTHQUAKE IS
FAULTS ON THE CRUST OF THE EARTH.
A FAULT IS A BREAK OR FRACTURE BETWEEN TWO
BLOCKS OF ROCKS IN RESPONSE TO STRESS.
6. IT IS A DIP-SLIP FAULT IN WHICH THE BLOCK
ABOVE THE FAULT HAS MOVED DOWNWARD.
NORMAL FAULT.
IT IS A DIP-SLIP FAULT IN WHICH THE UPPER
BLOCK ABOVE THE FAULT PLANE , MOVES UP
AND ABOVE THE LOWER BLOCK
THRUST(REVERSE) FAULT.
8. GREAT EXPLOSIONS,DASHING OF SEA
WAVES,SOME LARGE ENGINEERING
PROJECTS CAN CAUSE MINOR TREMORS
WHILE IT CAN LEAD TO EARTHQUAKE.
SURFACE CAUSE
SURFACE CAUSE-
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9. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PRODUCE EARTHQUAKES AS
IT CREATE VIBRATIONS WHICH IS BEEN GENERATED
BY THE MOVEMENT OF MAGMA OR OTHER FLUIDS
WITHIN THE VOLCANO.PRESSURE WITHIN THE
SYSTEM INCREASES AND THE SURROUNDING ROCK
FAILS, CREATING SMALL
EARTHQUAKES.
VOLCANIC CAUSE
VOLCANIC CAUSE-
-
10. IT REFERS TO THE STRUCTURAL DISTURBANCES
RESULTING IN THE PARTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
WHICH IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKE.
IT MAINLY OCCUR IN THE
AREA OF GREAT FAULTS
OR FRACTURES.
TECTONIC CAUSE-
TECTONIC CAUSE-
11. HOW EARTHQUAKE IS BEEN
HOW EARTHQUAKE IS BEEN
HOW EARTHQUAKE IS BEEN
MEASURED
MEASURED
MEASURED
12. SEISMOMETERS ARE INSTRUMENTS THAT
MEASURES MOTIONS OF THE GROUND,
INCLUDING THOSE OF SEISMIC WAVES
GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKES, VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS, AND OTHERSEISMIC SOURCES.
14. THIS IS SAID TO
BE LEAST ACTIVE.
ZONE-II IT IS INCLUDED IN
THE MODERATE
SEISMIC ZONE.
ZONE-III THIS IS
CONSIDERED TO
BE THE HIGH
SEISMIC ZONE.
ZONE-IV
IT IS THE HIGHEST
SEISMIC ZONE.
ZONE-V
THESE ARE ZONES FOUND IN INDIA
17. LOSS OF LIFE AND PROPERTY.
DAMAGE TO TRANSPORT SYSTEM. EXAMPLES-
ROADS,RAILWAYS,HIGHWAYS,AIRPORTS.
DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE.
CHANCES OF FLOODS=DEVELOP CRACKS IN DAMS.
CHANCES OF FIRE SHORT-CIRCUIT.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES LIKE AGRICULTURE,
INDUSTRY,TRADE AND TRANSPORT ARE
SEVERLY AFFECTED.
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21. top 5 EARTHQUAKE list
North-India-(6.4)
Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh-(4.6)
Assam-(6.0)
Maharashtra-(4.1)
Assam-(5.3)
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22. top 5 EARTHQUAKE list
Turkey, Kahramanmaraş -{7.8]
Morocco, Al Haouz -{6.8}
Morocco, Al Haouz -{6.3}
Nepal, Karnali -{5.7)
Afghanistan, Badakhshan -{6.5}
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Turkey Morocco Afghanistan Nepal Afghanistan
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6
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24. UNUSUAL ANIMAL BEHAVIOR.
WATER LEVEL IN WELLS.
TEMPERATURE CHANGE.
UPLIFTING OF EARTH SURFACE.
LARGE SCALE OF FLUCTUATION OF OIL FLOW FROM OIL WELLS.
CHANGE IN SEISMIC WAVE VELOCITY.
EARTH PREDICTION IS USUALLY DEFINED AS THE SPECIFICATION OF THE
TIME,LOCATION,AND MAGNITUDE OF A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE WITHIN STATED
LIMITS
THEY CAN BE STUDYED BY-
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25. DON’T USE LIFT FOE GETTING DOWN FROM THE BUILDING.INSTEAD USE STAIRS.
2.BE PREPARED TO MOVE WITH YOUR FAMILY.
IF YOU ARE IN HOUSE:
1.
DURING EARTHQUAKE
26. AND FALSE CEILING.
IF YOU ARE IN OFFICE OR IN ANY WORKING PLACE:
1.TAKE COVER UNDER A DISK/TABLE
2.DON’T MOVE AWAY FROM WINDOW GLASS
3.DO NOT GO NEAR ELECTRIC POINT AND CABLE.
4.KEEP YOURSELF AWAY FROM THE WEAK PORTION OF THE BUILDING
DURING EARTHQUAKE
27. OBJECTS THAT COULD FALL AND CREATE BLOCK.
FROM HAZARD INCLUDING TREES.
IF YOU ARE OUTSIDE:
1.AVOID HIGH BUILDING, WALLS, POWER LINES AND OTHER
2.IF POSSIBLE MOVE ON TO AN OPEN AREA AWAY
DURING EARTHQUAKE
28. 1.KEEP AWAY FROM BEACHES AND LOW BANKS OF RIVER.A HUGE WAVE MAY
SWEEP IN.
STRUCTURES
3.TURN OFF THE WATER, GAS AND ELECTRICITY.
4.IF THERE IS ANY FIRE, TRY TO PUT IT OUT AR CALL FIRE BRIDAGE.
NOT COME IN CONTRACT WITH ANY METAL OBJECT
2.DO NOT RE-ENTER INTO BADLY DAMAGED BUILDINGS OR
5.AVOID PLACES WHERE THERE ARE LOOSE ELECTRIC WIRES AND DO
AFTER EARTHQUAKE
29. EARTHQUAKES ARE A POWERFUL REMINDER OF THE FORCES OF NATURE
AND THE FRAGILITY OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION. WHILE WE CANNOT
PREVENT EARTHQUAKES, WE CAN TAKE STEPS TO MITIGATE THEIR
IMPACT. THIS INCLUDES BUILDING EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES,
DEVELOPING EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS, AND EDUCATING THE PUBLIC
ABOUT EARTHQUAKE SAFETY.
BY WORKING TOGETHER, WE CAN REDUCE THE LOSS OF LIFE AND
PROPERTY CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES. WE CAN ALSO BUILD MORE
RESILIENT COMMUNITIES THAT ARE ABLE TO RECOVER QUICKLY FROM
THESE DISASTERS.
