This document provides an overview of Chapter 10 on chemicals in medicine and health. It begins by outlining the key learning objectives which include explaining traditional, modern, and complementary medicine as well as justifying their use. It then defines the three types of medicine and the medicines used in each. The document discusses traditional medicine derived from natural sources, modern medicine manufactured in labs, and complementary medicine addressing holistic health. It also covers free radicals, antioxidants, and active ingredients in health products. In particular, it explains how free radicals can damage health and how antioxidants can slow oxidation and protect cells.
2. BY THE END OF THIS LESSON STUDENTS
SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• 10.1.1 Explain the criteria of traditional medicine, modern
medicine and complementary medicine.
• 10.1.2 Explain the medicines used in traditional, modern and
complementary medicine.
• 10.1.3 Justify the use of traditional, modern and
complementary medicine.
• 10.1.4 Do reasoning about the use of medicine from natural
resources and man-made resources in treatments and
healthcare.
• 10.1.5 Conclude the effect of misuse of medicine.
4. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
• Traditional medicine is a medical
treatment that uses plants, animals and
natural substances that are specifically
applied or combined for diagnosis and
treatment of diseases.
• Each race in Malaysia practises their own
traditional medicine.
5.
6.
7. MODERN MEDICINE
• Modern medicine refers to
the combination of the art of
medicine in various fields of
sciences that relate to health
science and biomedical such
as clinical medicine, medical
research and surgery in the
treatment of ailments.
8.
9.
10. COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
• Complementary medicine refers to
various methods of health care that
originates from many cultural
backgrounds.
• This method covers two main parts;
natural product, and mind and body
practices.
• This method is sometimes used with the
modern treatments to treat diseases
such as cancer.
11.
12. MEDICINES USED IN
TRADITIONAL, MODERN
AND COMPLEMENTARY
MEDICINE
• Medicines are drugs or
substances taken to
control health, treat or
prevent diseases.
• These drugs and
treatments need to be
obtained from accredited
bodies.
15. MODERN
MEDICINE
• Modern medicine is a drug
manufactured in the laboratory
for consumers and is widely
marketed.
• Modern medicine is available in
many forms such as pills,
capsules, paste, suspension and
solution.
• Modern medicine is classified
into three types, which are
analgesics, antibiotics and
psychotherapeutic.
16.
17.
18.
19. COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
• Complementary medicine does
not focus solely on the treatment
of diseases but also ensures that
the patient is holistically,
physically, mentally and
emotionally healthy.
• Complementary medicine is an
additional treatment performed
with modern medicine to treat
diseases.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE,
MODERN MEDICINE AND
COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
• Medicines are from two sources, either
man-made (synthetic) or from natural
resources.
• Traditional medicines are usually derived
from natural resources, while most
modern medicines are produced by
preparing the chemical compounds that
have the same molecular structure or
similar molecular structure to the active
ingredient in a traditional medicine.
27.
28. THE EFFECTS OF MISUSE OF MEDICINE
• Medicines must be used for the right
purpose, which is to cure diseases.
• Misuse of medicine occurs when a
person does not use medicine for its
intended purpose or does not follow
the doctor’s prescription.
• This creates a risk of side effects.
• Side effects are undesirable effects of
drug use.
29.
30. FORMATIVE PRACTIVE 10.1
1. State three methods of medicine currently in practice.
Traditional medicine, modern medicine, complementary medicine
2. Name three types of modern medicine and give examples.
• Analgesic: aspirin/codeine/paracetamol
• Antibiotic: penicillin and streptomycin
• Psychotherapeutic:
− Stimulant: amphetamine
− Antidepressant: imipramine/ amitriptyline
− Antipsychotic: tranquiliser/barbiturate
31. 3. Lai Yee and her family went for a vacation at Pulau Perhentian.
After returning from the vacation, her skin was red and painful.
Which traditional medicine is able to relieve her condition? Explain your answer.
Aloe vera . The gel from the leaves can cool the sunburnt skin.
4. Give two examples of complementary medicine and two reasons
why some patients choose complementary medicine.
Examples:
Acupuncture/Chiropractic/Traditional massage/Homeopathy/Herbal therapy
Reasons:
Complementary medicine helps patients to calm their emotions/relieve stress/
promote wellness and health/ helps to relieve the effect of treatment or symptoms of
treatment such as chemotherapy.
33. BY THE END OF THIS LESSON,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
10.2.1 Define free radicals.
10.2.2 Do reasoning about the impact of
free radicals on human health.
34. DEFINITION OF
FREE RADICALS
Free radicals are
atoms or molecules
that lack one
electron which makes
the atoms or
molecules unstable,
reactive and tend to
attack other atoms or
molecules.
35. THE EFFECTS OF FREE RADICALS ON
HUMAN HEALTH
• Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when a
substance loses electrons in its reaction.
• The oxidation process occurs naturally inside a body to
produce free radicals. This situation triggers a chain
reaction to produce more free radicals.
• Metabolism and inflammation are two internal factors that
produce free radicals in the body (Figure 10.5).
• There are also external factors which affect the amount of
free radicals in the body such as cigarette smoke, exposure
to radiation, sunlight and air pollution (Figure 10.6).
• Too many free radicals in the body will affect human health.
36. • Free radicals damage our DNA structure
by removing electrons from molecules
that build DNA.
• Then, it forms carcinogenic substances
that may cause mutations and cancer.
• Free radicals also:
cause diseases such as cardiovascular
disease and infertility
damage the kidneys, liver and lungs
cause premature aging conditions such
as wrinkles and grey hair
37.
38.
39.
40. FORMATIVE PRACTICE 10.2
1. What are free radicals?
Free radicals are atoms or molecules that lack one electron.
Thus, making the atoms or molecules unstable, reactive and tend to attack other
atoms or other molecules.
2. Explain how free radicals are formed.
Free radicals are formed from the oxidation process that happens in the body due
to internal and external factors.
3. Give two reasons why there are free radicals in the body.
Internal factors: metabolism/inflammation
External factors: sunlight/factory smoke/ cigarette smoke
43. BY THE END OF THIS LESSON,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• 10.3.1 Describe the antioxidant substances.
• 10.3.2 Explain the action of antioxidant substance on
free radicals.
• 10.3.3 Carry out an experiment to investigate the
factors that affect the oxidation of food.
44. DEFINITION OF
ANTIOXIDANT
SUBSTANCES
• Antioxidants are chemical
substances that are needed by our
body to slow down or to stop the
oxidation process.
• This substance protects body cells
from damage by free radicals and is
considered as a defensive line
against diseases.
• Our bodies are capable of
producing antioxidant substances,
but as we grow old, this ability
decreases.
• Therefore, we need to get
antioxidants from food.
45.
46.
47.
48. FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD OXIDATION
• Oxidation can be seen when foods are exposed to the air.
• This process causes fruits such as apples and bananas to become brown when left
exposed to the air.
49. BASED ON YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF
ANTIOXIDANTS, HOW CAN THE
OXIDATION PROCESS BE SLOWED
DOWN?
LET US CARRY OUT EXPERIMENT 10.1.
50.
51.
52.
53. QUESTIONS:
1. WHICH APPLE SLICE DID NOT TURN BROWN?
2. WHY DID THE APPLE SLICES BECOME BROWN?
3. WHICH SUBSTANCES CAN SLOW DOWN THE
OXIDATION PROCESS?
ANSWER:
1. - In the lime juice
- In the common salt solution
2. Oxidation process happens on the surface of the apple slices turning the surface of
the apple slices brown.
3. Antioxidant substances such as vitamin C and common salt
54. FORMATIVE PRACTICE 10.3
1. What is meant by antioxidant substances?
• Antioxidant are chemical compounds that can be obtained from chemical synthesis
or natural plants. Antioxidants are needed by our body to slow down or to stop the
oxidation process.
2. Give three examples of antioxidant substances found in food.
• Beta carotene/Lutein/Lycopene/ Vitamin C/Vitamin E
56. BY THE END OF THIS LESSON,
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
•10.4.1 Explain the meaning of active ingredients
in health products.
•10.4.2 Justify the use of health products available
in the market.
58. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
• The active ingredient will have the same effect or purpose
even when used in products of different brands.
• Sometimes, two or more active ingredients cannot be
used together because they can react and cause harm to
health.
59.
60. THE USE OF
HEALTH
PRODUCTS
AVAILABLE IN
THE MARKET
Sometimes, health
products such as
supplements are
taken to treat
diseases and to
maintain our
health.
61. • Good health products
can guarantee normal
growth and prevent
diseases.
• For example,
multivitamins
promote growth
among children.
62. • More people are relying on
health products for better
health due to their busy
lifestyle and unbalanced
diet.
• However, people need to be
more careful in choosing the
right health products.
• Therefore, we need to seek
medical advice and always
check the label first before
buying or using any health
product to avoid unwanted
effects.
63. FORMATIVE PRACTICE 10.4
1. What is meant by active ingredients in health products?
• Active ingredients are specific components in a product that have effects on the
cure or prevention of diseases.
2. Give two reasons for the use of health products in Malaysia.
• Intake of unbalanced diet/Lack of nutrients in food served/For normal growth and
wellness/Improve body immunity to fight diseases (any two)
