Financials and human resource planning mgt465 version 2

Financials and Human Resource Planning
MGT/465 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix Material
Financials and Human Resources Planning
Section One: Start-up Financials
Start-up Expenses- Complete the SCORE.org template and
attach as an object here:
Startup Expenses
In The Mix
Sources of Capital
$20,000
Owners' Investment (name and
percent ownership)
Tim Johnson 5% 5%
Peter Wilson 5% 5%
Jimmy Williams 10% 10%
Other investor
-
Total Investment

$
0
Bank Loans
USAA
$
2,500
Navy Federal
5,000
Bank Of America
4,000
Chase
5,000
Total Bank Loans
$
16,500
Other Loans
One Main Financial
$
3,000
Accion
5,000
Total Other Loans

$
8,000
Copyright © 2016 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
MGT/465 Version 2
2
Startup Expenses
Buildings/Real Estate
Purchase
$
150,000
Construction
50,000
Remodeling 250,00
Other
-
Total Buildings/Real Estate
$
200,000
Leasehold Improvements

DryWall
$
5,000
Carpentry
1,500
Restroom Accessories
2,500
Lighting Fixtures
500
Total Leasehold Improvements
$
9,500
Capital Equipment List
Furniture
$
30,000
Equipment
10,000
Fixtures
5,000
Machinery

10,000
Other
-
Total Capital Equipment
$
55,000
Location and Admin Expenses
Rent & Related Costs
$
1,250
Utility deposits
200
MGT/465 Version 2
3
Legal and accounting fees
5,000
Prepaid insurance
7,500

Pre-opening salaries
20,000
Other
-
Total Location and Admin Expenses
$
33,950
Opening Inventory
Choclate
$
300
Flour
100
Sugar
50
Utensils
100
Decorations
250
Total Inventory

$
800
Advertising and Promotional
Expenses
Advertising
$
10,000
Signage
3,500
Printing
1,000
Travel/entertainment
5,000
Other/additional categories
-
Total Advertising/Promotional
Expenses
$
19,500
Other Expenses
Other expense 1
$

-
Other expense 2
-
Total Other Expenses
$
-
MGT/465 Version 2
4
Reserve for Contingencies
$
-
Working Capital
$
-
Summary Statement
Sources of Capital
Owners' and other investments
$
0
Bank loans

16,500
Other loans
8,000
Total Source of Funds
$
24,500
Startup Expenses
Buildings/real estate
$
200,000
Leasehold improvements
9,500
Capital equipment
55,000
Location/administration expenses
33,950
Opening inventory
800
Advertising/promotional expenses
19,500

Other expenses
-
Contingency fund
-
Working capital
-
Total Startup Expenses
$
318,750
Security and Collateral for Loan Proposal
Collateral for Loans Value Description
Real estate $
200,000
MGT/465 Version 2
5
Other collateral -
Other collateral -

Other collateral -
Owners
Your name here
Kenneth Williams
Van Boubeka
Loan Guarantors (other than owners)
Accion
One Main Financial
Banks
Pricing Strategy- Document the team’s pricing strategy. Include
competitive data and factors used
to develop a strategy and model. Attach supporting
documentation as needed.
Premium Pricing
costing a product at a high price due to its high
quality.
that are usually packaged
really well. Or other high quality and artisan baked products.
oking for good
quality, who aren’t worried about
budget.
“If you’re losing unprofitable customers, it’s sad, but you’re in
business to stay in business,”
says Dennis Stanton, owner of Swedish Bakery, Chicago, IL.
“Our head counts have declined
significantly over the past 10 years, but our sales per customer

have continuously
increased.”Nobody likes to lose customers, but unprofitable
customers are simply not good for
business. With premium priced products, you’ll often generate
higher profits with fewer
customers, according to How to accurately price bakery
products | Bakemag.com | September
03, 2015 08:39
MGT/465 Version 2
6
Financial Statements- Summarize the purpose of Financial
Statements and why it is important for
small business owners to understand the key components of:
– “The purpose of a balance sheet is to give
interested parties an idea of the
company's financial position, in addition to displaying what the
company owns and owes.
It is a snapshot at a single point in time of the company's
accounts—covering its assets,
liabilities and shareholders' equity according to Investopedia”,
Reading the Balance Sheet
(investopedia.com)
- The income statement is an important
part of a company’s performance
reports that must be submitted to the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC).

Essentially, it gives an account of how the net revenue realized
by the company gets
transformed into net earnings (profit or loss) according to
Investopedia. Income Statement
Definition (investopedia.com)
– “A cash flow statement is a valuable
measure of strength,
profitability, and the long-term future outlook for a company.
The CFS can help determine
whether a company has enough liquidity or cash to pay its
expenses. A company can use a
cash flow statement to predict future cash flow, which helps
with matters of budgeting”,
according to Investopedia Understanding the Cash Flow
Statement (investopedia.com)
-even Analysis –“ break-even analysis which, very
simply, is the amount of revenues
you need to generate to cover your direct and indirect
expenses”, according to Montrel
Financial. The Importance of Breakeven Analysis for Business
Owners
(montrealfinancial.ca)
MGT/465 Version 2
7
Part Two: Human Resource Planning for a Start-up Business

1. Describe below how your team will determine human
resource requirements during the
first 12 months of operation. Provide a Human Resource
Forecast that includes:
- full time, part time – 4 Full
Time Employees
and 5 Part Time
- seasonal, after school – None AT
the moment
–
Skilled labor requirements- certifications, licenses, etc. – Each
member has there Certified
Journey Baker (CJB), Certified Journey Decorator (CJD),
Certified Baker (CB), and
ServSafe Certifications
MGT/465 Version 2
8
– None At the Moment
Family member employment – N/A
Not At
All
Satisfied

Slightly
Satisfied
Neutral Very
Satisfied
Extremely
Satisfied
# of Hourly
Employees (Full
Time/Part Time)
x
Use of Students
(N/A)
No need
Management
Structure
x
Volunteers x
Family Employment
(None)
x
Conduct Training x
Key:
1 – Not at All Satisfied

2 – Slightly Satisfied
3– Neutral
4– Very Satisfied
5- Extremely Satisfied
2. Include any charts your team wants to include to illustrate the
Human Resource Planning
Process.
MGT/465 Version 2
9
MGT/465 Version 2
10
MGT/465 Version 2
11

Part Three: Reflection and Observations
Answer the following questions:
1) What role did each team member provide to obtain the
business plan information?
Each member did their share of the work.
2) What roadblocks did the team face when obtaining required
information?
There were no road blocks, just the matter of choosing the
information provided.
3) What lessons were learned during the week’s learning team
assignment which can be applied during
the specific phase of business start-up?
The behind the scenes start up HR work. Getting the little
things in order.
4) What is the team’s overall observations of this week’s
assignment relative to the type of
information needed to develop a comprehensive business plan?
To be successful as small business owners, you would want
somebody running HR department.
Developing a business plan will likely increase chances to not
have your business fail.
5) How does this week’s Learning Team assignment support the
Learning Objectives?
HR is a very important assest for a business. HR keeps a
business organize, helps grow the business,

handles issues. HR also handle responsibilities like training,
hiring, payroll, benefits, and onboarding
MGT/465 Version 2
12
References
Sims, B. (2015). Bake. How accurately price bakery products.
Retrieved From How to accurately price
bakery products | Bakemag.com | September 03, 2015 08:39.
Estevez, E. (2020). Investopedia. Reading The Balance Sheet.
Retreieved From Reading the Balance
Sheet (investopedia.com)
Chen, J. (2020). Investopedia. Income Statement. Retrieved
From Income Statement Definition
(investopedia.com).
Murphy, C. (2021). Understanding the cashflow statement,
Retrieved From Understanding the Cash Flow
Statement (investopedia.com)
Montreal Financial. The importance of breakeven analysis for
business owners, Retrieved From The
Importance of Breakeven Analysis for Business Owners
(montrealfinancial.ca).

Section One: Start-up FinancialsPart Two: Human Resource
Planning for a Start-up BusinessSkilled labor requirements-
certifications, licenses, etc. – Each member has there Certified
Journey Baker (CJB), Certified Journey Decorator (CJD),
Certified Baker (CB), and ServSafe Certifications5- Extremely
SatisfiedPart Three: Reflection and Observations
1
Routledge Handbook on Human
Rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Uprisings’ have exploded notions that human rights are
irrelevant to
Middle Eastern and North African politics. Increasingly seen as
a
global concern, human rights are at the fulcrum of the region’s
on-
the-ground politics, transnational intellectual debates, and
global
political intersections.
man Rights and the Middle East

and
North Africa:
emphasises the need to consider human rights in all their
dimensions, rather than solely focusing on the political
dimension, in order to understand the structural reasons
behind the persistence of human rights violations;
rights—conceptual, political and transnational/international;
discusses issue areas subject to particularly intense debate—
gender, religion, sexuality, transitions and accountability;
contains contributions from perspectives that span from
global theory to grassroots reflections, emphasising the need
for academic work on human rights to seriously engage with
the thoughts and practices of those working on the ground.
2
expertise allows the book to capture the complex dynamics by

human rights have had, or could have, an impact on Middle
Eastern
key
African politics and society, as well as anyone with a concern
for
Human Rights across the globe.
Anthony Tirado Chase is a Professor in International Relations
at
Occidental College, USA. Professor Chase is a theoretician of
human
3
Routledge Handbook on Human
Rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Edited by Anthony Tirado Chase
4

First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
5
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
informa business © 2017
Anthony Tirado Chase
as the author of the
editorial material, and of the
accordance with sections 77 and
78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue
record for this book is
available from the British Library Library of Congress
Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Chase, Anthony Tirado, editor.
Title: Routledge handbook on human rights and the Middle East
and North Africa / edited
by Anthony Tirado Chase.
Other titles: Handbook on human rights and the Middle East and
North Africa
Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY:
Routledge, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016021351 | ISBN 9781138807679
ISBN 9781315750972 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Human rights–Middle East. |

Human rights–Africa, North.
Classification: LCC JC599.M53 R68 2017 | DDC 323.0956–
dc23
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021351
6
ISBN: 978-1-13880767-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-31575097-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
7
Sanders for their invaluable help in editing this volume.
8
Dedication
Dedicated to the sweet memory of Ruth Flora Tirado Chase. My

mother passed on the sense that nothing is worth doing unless it
is
—and all that led to its creation—is
saturated with that spirit. Death is not an end; the spirit lives on
through the acts it continues to inspire.
Front cover artist: Ganzeer
Cover art: “Of course, Harara, 2014”
Art description: A portrait of Ahmed Harara. Harara is an
Egyptian
activist who lost one eye to a bullet during the January 28, 2011
to
Hosni Mubarak’s fall from power on February 11, 2011. Harara
lost
his other eye during anti-military protests near the Ministry of
known as
the
many
protestors to lose eyes to sniper fire.
-repeated Egyptian

Designed in Cairo, Egypt, 2013.
9
Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
CONTENTS
Editor biography
List of contributors
PART I Frameworks
SECTION I Introduction and overview
1 Human rights and the Middle East and
North Africa: indivisibility, social rights,

SECTION II A conceptual framework: political,
economic, and cultural rights in the Middle East
and North Africa
2 Political legitimacy, contingency, and
rights in the Middle East and North Africa
Hussein Banai
3 Economic rights in the Middle East and
North Africa
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat
kindle:embed:0006?mime=image/jpg
10
4 Cultural rights in the Middle East and
North Africa: art, revolution, and
repression
Mark LeVine
SECTION III A political framework: intersecting
human rights and governance crises in the
Middle East and North Africa

5 Genocide in the contemporary Middle
East: a historical and comparative regional
perspective
Martin Shaw
ics of
the Arab World: a framework for
understanding Radical Islamism
Nader Hashemi
in Turkey: one step forward, two steps
Turan Kayaoglu
since the Green Movement
Shadi Mokhtari and Neda Nazmi
9 Narrating law: Israel and the Occupied
Territories
Kathleen Cavanaugh

of international humanitarian law
Stephen Zunes
SECTION IV A transnational and international
framework: human rights beyond borders
11
11 Rival transnational advocacy networks
and Middle East politics at the U.N.
Human Rights Council
Laura K. Landolt
12 Redefining rights: Organization of
values in the U.N. human rights system
Ann Mayer
Mahmood Monshipouri

14 Rights, refugees, and the case of Syria:
what do human rights offer?
Kathleen Hamill
PART II Issues
SECTION V Gender and human rights in the
15 Colliding rights and wrongs: intimate
labor, health, human rights, and the state
in the Gulf
Pardis Mahdavi
policy and human rights in Iran
Homa Hoodfar
17 Women’s rights in the Middle East:
constitutions and consequences
Anicée Van Engeland
human rights

Micheline Ishay
12
SECTION VI Religion and human rights in the
19 Shari`ah and human rights
Khaled Abou El Fadl
20 Islam, the principle of subjectivity, and
individual human rights
Barbara Ann Rieffer-Flanagan
rejection, reconciliation, or
reconceptualization?
Marie Juul Petersen
22 Rhetoric versus reality: American
foreign policy and religious freedom in
the Middle East

SECTION VII Transitions and accountability in
the Middle East and North Africa
23 Core transitional justice debates in the
Middle East and beyond
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm
24 Courts as a tool in transitions: lessons
from the special tribunal for Lebanon
Chandra Lekha Sriram
25 Lessons on transitioning from
authoritarianism: pitfalls and promise
from Tunisia’s experience
Rim El Gantri
nity on violating
cultural rights in Morocco
Osire Glacier
13
PART III Conclusions: global theory and grassroots

reflections
SECTION VIII Conclusions from a global
viewpoint: theoretical justifications and
contestations around human rights
27 International human rights at 70: has
the Enlightenment project run aground?
David P. Forsythe
28 On the local relevance of human rights
Koen de Feyter
29 Israel/Palestine, human rights and
domination
Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon
onstructive criticism:
Alison Brysk
31 Making human rights ‘universals’ from
the ground up?
Lisa S. Alfredson

SECTION IX Conclusions from a grassroots
viewpoint: reflections on dynamics around
struggles for human rights in the Middle East
and North Africa
32 Reflections on three decades of human
rights work in the Arab region
Fateh Azzam
33 Egypt 2011–15: how can a democratic
revolution fail to improve human rights
conditions?
Amr Hamzawy
14
34 Reflections on human rights before and
Bahey eldin Hassan
35 Human rights, law and politics: a
reflection on human rights work in the

Lynn Welchman
Index
15
Editor Biography
Anthony Tirado Chase is a Professor in International Relations
at
Occidental College, USA. Professor Chase is a theoretician of
human
recent
article is “Human Rights Contestations: Sexual Orientation and
Gender Identity” in International Journal of Human Rights
(April,
2016). His previous books are Human Rights, Revolution, and
Reform
in the Muslim World (2012) and Human Rights in the Arab
World:
Independent Voices (co-edited with Amr Hamzawy, 2006).

16
Contributors
Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the Omar and Azmeralda Alfi
Distinguished Professor in Islamic Law at the University of
fourteen
books on various topics in Islam and Islamic law, including his
most
recent work Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari`ah in the
Modern
Lisa S. Alfredson is an Assistant Professor at the University of
She
is the author of the book, Creating Human Rights (University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2008), as well as numerous policy reports
for
international human rights organizations.
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat is Professor of Political Science at the
University of Connecticut. Exploring both theoretical and
empirical

questions of human rights, with an emphasis on women’s rights
and
their interpretation/application in Islamic and Turkish contexts,
she
published numerous books and articles on human rights and
their
relation to democracy, development and globalization.
Fateh Azzam is the Director of the Asfari Institute for Civil
Society
and Citizenship, and Senior Policy Fellow at the Issam Fares
Institute
for Public Policy and International Relations, both at the
American
University in Beirut. He previously served as the Middle East
Regional Representative of the U.N. High Commissioner for
Human
Rights, Director of Forced Migration and Refugee Studies at the
17
American University in Cairo, Human Rights Program Officer
at the
Ford Foundation in Lagos and Cairo, and Director of the

Palestinian
organization Al-Haq. He led the process of establishing the
Arab
Human Rights Fund.
Hussein Banai is an Assistant Professor in the Department of
of Global and International
Studies at Indiana University.
University of California, Santa Barbara. She is the author and
editor
of ten volumes on international human rights.
Kathleen Cavanaugh is socio-
Lecturer
in the Faculty of Law, Irish Centre for Human Rights, National
University of Ireland, Galway.
Koen De Feyter is Professor of International Law at the
Group on Law and Development of the University of Antwerp,
Belgium.
Rim El Gantri is a transitional justice expert who is currently
head

of office at the International Center for Transitional Justice,
Nepal.
She led the ICTJ Tunisia program for about five years. Notable
among her published writings is “Tunisia in Transition: One
Year
Distinguished Professor of Political Science Emeritus, at the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He taught various aspects of
International Relations for forty-two years, with special
human rights and humanitarian affairs.
18
International Studies at Bishop’s University. She is the author
of
Universal Rights, Systemic Violations and Cultural Relativism
in
Morocco (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013); and Political
Women

in Morocco, Then and Now (Trenton: Africa World Press,
2013).
Neve Gordon is a Professor of Politics at Ben-Gurion University
in
Israel and is the author of Israel’s Occupation (California:
University
of California Press, 2008) and co-author of The Human Right to
Dominate (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Kathleen Hamill is an independent human rights lawyer and
and
of
Professor.
Amr Hamzawy is a Professor at both American University in
Cairo,
and Cairo University. Dr. Hamzawy is a former member of both
the
Egyptian People’s Assembly and the Egyptian National Council
for
Human Rights, as well as author of, A Margin for Democracy in

Egypt – The Story of An Unsuccessful Transition (in Arabic),
among
other books.
Nader Hashemi is an Associate Professor of Middle East and
Islamic
Politics and the Director of the Center for Middle East Studies
at the
Studies.
Bahey eldin Hassan is the Director of the Cairo Institute for
Human
Rights Studies. He has authored and edited many books,
and articles on human rights in the Arab region.
Homa Hoodfar is Professor of Anthropology at Concordia
Universi
19
intersection of political economy, gender and development and
women’s movements and electoral politics in the Middle East.

Rights at
University
of Denver. She is the author and editor of numerous books,
including
Internationalism and Its Betrayal, The Nationalism Reader, The
History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Era of
Globalization, and The Human Rights Reader.
Turan Kayaoglu is a Professor of International Relations at the
Washington, Tacoma. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Muslim
World
Journal of Human Rights.
Laura K. Landolt is Associate Professor of Political Science at
Oakland University. She examines relationships between state
power
and human rights advocacy.
Mark LeVine is Professor of Modern Middle Eastern History at
University of California, Irvine, and a Distinguished Visiting
Professor at Lund University’s Center for Middle Eastern
Studies. He

University of Beirut to study the evolution of human rights
discourses in the Arab world.
Pardis Mahdavi, PhD, is Associate Professor at Pomona College
and
include
rights, youth culture, transnational feminism and public health
in
Ann Elizabeth Mayer is an Emeritus Associate Professor of
Legal
University
20
slamic law in the
contemporary Middle East and North Africa and international
Human Rights was published in 2012.

International Servi
focuses
on the local and international politics of human rights in the
Middle
East.
Francisco State University and University of California,
Berkeley. He
is editor, most recently, of Information Politics, Protests, and
Human
Rights in the Digital Age (New York: Cambridge University
Press,
2016) and Inside the Islamic Republic: Social Change in Post-
Khomeini Iran, (London: Hurst & Company, forthcoming).
Neda Nazmi is an expert in Iranian politics and civil society
development. She holds Masters degrees from American
University
and Allameh Tabataba`i University, and a BA in Political
Science
from Tehran University.

Nicola Perugini is Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow at Brown
University
and co-author of The Human Right to Dominate (New York:
Oxford
University Press, 2015).
Marie Juul Petersen is a sociologist of religion with a PhD from
Copenhagen University. She works at the Danish Institute for
Human R
Barbara Rieffer-Flanagan is a Professor of Political Science at
on
the intersection of religion, politics and human rights.
21
Martin Shaw is a sociologist of global politics, war and
genocide. He
Internacionals, Professorial Fellow in International Relations
and
Human Rights at the University of Roehampton, London, and
Emeritus Professor of the University of Sussex.

Lebanon. She is Professor of International Law and
International
Relations and Director of the Centre on Human Rights in
Conflict at
the University of East London.
Bassam Tibi, born in Damascus, was Professor of International
Relations until his retirement in 2009 from the University of
universities including Harvard, Princeton, Yale and the latest,
Cornell University, where he acted as A. D. White Professor
between
2006 and 2010.
for
Socio-Legal Studies and a Lecturer in law and religious studies
at
Cardiff University.
North

Africa at SOAS, University of London. Prior to becoming an
academic she worked with non-governmental organizations
(NGOs)
in the Arab human rights movement, mostly in Palestine but
also
elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa, an engagement
she
has sought to maintain since joining SOAS.
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm is Assistant Professor of Political
Science
interests
include transitional justice, human rights, post-conflict
reconstruction, and democratization.
22
Stephen Zunes is a Professor of Politics and coordinator of
Middle
focus
includes human rights, U.S. foreign policy, strategic nonviolent

action, and Middle Eastern/North African politics.
23
Part I
Frameworks
24
Section I
Introduction and overview
25
1
Human Rights and the Middle East
and North Africa
Indivisibility, social rights, and structural

26
Introduction
In conceptualizing this Handbook, I have sought to highlight
original
to
human rights in the Middle East
goal
in doing so is simple: to capture in ways that cannot be done in
human rights have had or could have an impact on MENA
politics.
e stakes in this Handbook’s
popular
uprisings inflected by human rights principles have been
violently
repressed everywhere from Iran, across the Arab world, and in
Turkey. In their place, long dominant authoritarianisms are
and/or Islamist justifications, but share a common foundation in

authoritarianisms show a resilience and ability to morph into
progressively more brutal systems of power that leave many
with
the sense that there is no alternative.
-
colonial inheritance of despotic power structures, current
realities of
failed governance that have exacerbated divisions along many
fault
lines, and extra-regional forces that consistently reinforce anti-
-interest.”
Nonetheless, it is also worth remembering that human rights
have
long been part of informing subterranean articulations of
alternatives to dominant forms of culture, economics, politics,
and
quite visibly— onomic rebellion, political
rebellion, and social resistance—during the popular uprisings
that

27
swept the region from 2009 to 2013. But, now that the hope
represented by those uprisings seems a distant memory, there
has
been a return by many in academic and policy-making circles to
status quo thinking that assumes the MENA is solely defined by
secular military rule or anti-pluralist Islamisms? Syrian-style
misleading
ones. Lazily taking them as a frame effaces other possibilities,
serving the purposes of elites invested in their perpetuation with
devastating results for the region’s peoples, societies, and
states, as
well as the broader regional and global order.
Most specific to this Handbook’s purposes, those frames have
limited thought about even the possibility of alternatives to the

many
parts,
nine sections, and thirty-
in
particular, have become interwoven with discourses that reject
false
-
inflected discourses have sought, instead, to somehow make
space in
the MENA’s political, economic, cultural, and social structures
for
pluralisms of different sorts. I will conclude this introductory
domain, with particular reference to sexual orientation and
gender
identity-related (SOGI) rights. I argue that connecti ng social
resistances to human rights is not just important in isolation; it
is
connected to sustaining interconnected resistances in the
cultural,

economic, and political rights’ spheres.
In that light, the goal in this Handbook of coming to terms with
human rights’ potential impacts is ambitious, but more realistic
than
make
sense of how rights have been part of varieties of resistances
against
28
dominant power structures—local, domestic, regional, and
international—and, beyond that, what the variables are that will
determine if they may do so more successfully in the future.
29
indivisibility, intersections,
multidisciplinarity, and beyond

who in diverse ways—
other
and, indeed, in disagreement with my own views—are at the
edge in thought about what human rights are, how they can be
the
MENA condition whether human rights will or will not have an
disciplines as well as regional and thematic expertise. Part I of
the
further situate the reader within frameworks for thinking about
human rights in the MENA. Section II gives a conceptual
framework
inclusive of different categories of human rights—from social
rights
to political, economic, and cultural rights. Section III gives a
political
framework inclusive of key countries, sub-regions, and the U.S.
as an
omnipresent external hegemon. Section IV gives a transnational

and
international framework that makes clear the intersecting levels
in
play
out, and how powerful states increasingly contest human rights
at
all of these levels. Part II’s sections focus the reader on issue
areas
that have been subject to particularly intense debate. Section V
rights’
relevance in the MENA. Section VI gives different points of
view on
the intersections of religion and human rights in the
predominantly
Muslim MENA. Section VII takes on transitions and
accountability
demands
30

institutions.
Part III contains two concluding sections that end the Handbook
in a particularly distinctive manner. Section VIII’s Conclusions
from
a global viewpoint: theoretical justifications and contestations
around human rights calls on human rights theoreticians with a
global perspective to shed light on human rights in the MENA.
MENA is not an insular region disconnected from global
currents,
including those in academic circles. To the contrary, academic
conversations about human rights’ history, relation to the state,
and
their contradictory dynamics in many parts of the world can and
these
rights that see them as having progressively grown out of
Enlightenment thought and post-WWII history. A top down

diffusion of human rights from a singular foundation—
philosophical
or historical—is increasingly seen as less important to human
rights’
resonance
rights have been malleable enough to be seized and repurposed
as
useful tools to grassroots struggles in many different contexts
around
the globe.
orms the
conceptualization of Section IX’sConclusions from a grassroots
viewpoint: reflections on dynamics around struggles for human
-practitioners who reflect on their decades of work
on
human rights in the region. It is a key premise of this Handbook
that
academic work on human rights in the MENA should more
seriously
is

on human rights in
general
and, most egregiously, on human rights in the MENA. Lynn
31
with the observation that academics need to be open to being
‘surprised’ —that is to having their …
Human Rights in the
Middle East
This page intentionally left blank
Human Rights in the
Middle East
Frameworks, Goals,
and Strategies
E d i t e d b y
M a h m o o d M o n s h i p o u r i

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Copyright © Mahmood Monshipouri, 2011.
All rights reserved.
First published in 2011 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States – a division
of
St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY
10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of
the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of
Macmillan Pub-
lishers Limited, registered in England, company number
785998, of
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of
the above companies and has companies and representatives
throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the
United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Human rights in the Middle East : frameworks, goals, and
strategies /
edited by Mahmood Monshipouri.
p. cm.
1. Human rights—Middle East. 2. Human rights—Religious

aspects—Islam. 3. Islam and politics—Middle East. I.
Monshipouri,
Mahmood, 1952–
JC599.M53H85 2011
323.0956—dc23
2011020954
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British
Library.
Design by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company
First edition: December 2011
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-1-349-29882-2 ISBN 978-1-137-00198-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137001986
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-
12061-7
Contents
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgments viii
Introduction 1
Part I Introduction I: Problems with
the Current Frameworks 23

1 Framing the Human Rights Discourse: The Role
of Natural Localism and the Power of Paradigm 27
Lawrence Davidson
2 Islam and Human Rights: Ideals and Practices 41
Manochehr Dorraj
3 Human Rights through the Lens of
Islamic Legal Thought 57
Halim Rane
4 Islamophobia, Defamation of Religions,
and International Human Rights 73
Turan Kayaoğlu
Part II Introduction II: Common Goals and Case Studies 91
5 Human Rights and the Kurdish Question
in the Middle East 95
Nader Entessar
6 The Janus Nature of Human Rights in Iran:
Understanding Progress and Setbacks on Human
Rights Protections since the Revolution 111
7 From Omission to Reluctant Recognition: Political
Parties’ Approach to Women’s Rights in Turkey 129
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat

8 Minorities and Marginalized Communities in
the Middle East: The Case for Inclusion 153
Mahmood Monshipouri and Jonathon Whooley
9 Lessons from Movements for Rights Regarding
Sexual Orientation in the Arab World 171
Part III Introduction III: Strategies 189
10 A Prospect of Democratic Uprisings in the
Arab World 193
Bahey eldin Hassan
11 Counterterrorism, Nation- building, and
Human Rights in the Middle East: Complementary
or Competing Interests? 211
Mahmood Monshipouri and Shadi Mokhtari
12 Migrant Workers and Their Rights in
the United Arab Emirates 227
Mahmood Monshipouri and Ali Assareh
13 Health and Human Rights in Palestine:
The Siege and Invasion of Gaza and the Role of the
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement 245
Jess Ghannam

List of Contributors 263
Index 267
vi C o n t e n t s
Tables
4.1 Voting Patterns at the HRC and UNGA 78
7.1 The list of political parties and programs
included in the study 132
8.1 Selected minority groups 155
12.1 Population of the United Arab Emirates 230
13.1 PHCR summary of deaths and injuries in Gaza
during 23-day IOF offensive by province 250
Acknowledgments
This volume, which grew out of a conference on the Middle
East and
Islamic Studies, held on the campus of San Francisco State
University,
October 16–17, 2009, intends to enhance the global parameters
of
human rights by illustrating ways in which the protections
against
violence, torture, and discrimination, extrajudicial killings, as
well as
freedom from hunger in the region—and for that matter, the rest
of the

world—must be upheld in the name of human dignity, welfare,
security,
and social justice.
Of particular relevance to this project is the question of whether
a
commitment to the full range of human rights is even feasible
given
the cultural diversity, unequal economic circumstances, and
socio-
economic priorities of the expanding globalized world. It is
equally
important to ascertain the appropriateness and desirability of
applying
the international human rights framework in the Middle East.
More-
over, we hope the debates offered in this volume will shed light
on
the international human rights project originating from the
Middle
Eastern countries by helping to defi ne political and human
rights dis-
courses in a way that transcends traditional and conventional
thinking.
Thus, in addition to inquiries about how international human
rights
norms have shaped the consciousness and behavior of actors in
the
region, we are interested in exploring the ways in which Muslim
actors
themselves have potentially contributed to the promotion of
interna-
tional human rights norms.
A culmination of many years of work on human rights in the
Middle

East and North Africa, this book represents a joint effort by
many schol-
ars from different disciplines—history, political science,
international law,
religious studies, public health, and international relations —and
various
parts of the world, including Australia, Egypt, Iran, Turkey,
England,
the Palestine, and the United States. I owe a debt of gratitude to
all
contributors to this volume who submitted several drafts of their
proj-
ects and endured through the lengthy process of review. Special
thanks
are also due to Jonathon Whooley and Ali Assareh whose
assistance
was an equally valuable part of completing this volume. Some
of the
most insightful remarks that we received were provided by
anonymous
external reviewers. We gratefully acknowledge their invaluable
assistance
and support at various stages of this book. Finally, we express
our deep
gratitude to the Middle East and Islamic Studies Center of the
San
Francisco State University that made it possible to bring about
this
human rights workshop.
A c k n ow l e d g m e n t s ix

4I n t r o d u c t i o n
M a h m o o d M o n s h i p o u r i
There is unfortunately little prospect of eliminating all
obstacles to
protecting human rights in the twenty- fi rst century. Applying
universal
human rights standards across the globe is a diffi cult and
daunting task.
Many problems and challenges lie ahead. One of the most
formidable
tasks facing the international human rights community is to
establish
whether a commitment to the full range of human rights is even
feasible
given the cultural diversity, unequal economic circumstances,
and socio-
economic priorities of the expanding globalized world. A
related focus of
this volume will be on the extent to which the dynamics
surrounding the
human rights challenges in the Middle East conform to or
diverge from
such dynamics in other parts of the world. Since the protection
of all
human rights requires perfection regardless of region, two
sensible ques-
tions to ask regarding the Middle East are: (a) To what extent
progress
or improvement can realistically be made on the status quo? and
(b) To
what extent are the apparent or real features of such uniqueness
a func-
tion of contemporary manifestations of Orientalism and

Islamophobia?
Another line of inquiry we would like to pursue in this volume
is
to ascertain the appropriateness and desirability of applying the
inter-
national human rights framework in the Middle East. What does
the
international human rights framework offer Middle Eastern
countries?
In what ways does it foster local efforts to improve human
rights in the
Middle East and in what ways does its baggage of imperialism,
neoimperi-
alisms, power relations, and appropriations of human rights
discourses by
governments pursuing their own geopolitical interests damage
such local
and authentic efforts? This fi rst inquiry inherently leads to a
second: Is an
Islamic social, political, and legal framework compatible with
the notion of
human rights? In addressing these two main questions, we hope
to take on
2 M a h m o o d M o n s h i p o u r i
the task of examining the human rights project, proposing ways
to apply
universal norms across diverse nations and cultures in the
region.
Additionally, we hope the debates offered in this volume will
highlight

potential contributions to the international human rights project
origi-
nating from the Middle Eastern countries. Thus, in addition to
inqui-
ries about how international human rights norms have impacted
the
consciousness and behavior of actors in the region, we are
interested in
learning about how Muslim actors—scholars, activists, lawyers,
journal-
ists, cultural elite, and policymakers—have, and potentially can
contribute
to the development of international human rights norms. There
is a good
deal of discussion about the barriers of transcending the
application of
Western human rights standards. They may have been Western
in origin,
but they have been globally endorsed, which suggests that
human rights
norms responded to dangers to human dignity found in all states
and
regions. We need to engage such discussions in order to
substantiate or
disprove the reasoning and rationale underlying it all.
Finally, given the state of contemporary international affairs,
few discus-
sions of human rights in the Middle East can transpire without
at least some
reference to the relationship between the Middle Eastern
countries and the
West, particularly the United States, its policies, geopolitical
considerations,
and human rights practices and discourses. We hope that
contributors to

this volume will help to illuminate the complexities of this
relationship and
the impact of its discourses and counterdiscourses on human
rights, in a
way that transcends traditional and conventional scholarship.
There can be no doubt that the increasing global attention to
legal
matters and human rights has fostered the idea of holding states
to higher
moral and legal standards, causing more dissonance than
consensus
among states on matters of interpretation and enforcement. With
some
exceptions, states have nevertheless cooperated with the
International
Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, both
of which
have issued powerful indictments against war criminals. The
International
Criminal Court (ICC) has come closer to becoming an
operational insti-
tution. This is evident by the way in which the ICC’s Prosecutor
Luis
Moreno Ocampo has pushed for the arrest of Sudanese President
Omar
Hassan al- Bashir, the most senior fi gure and the fi rst sitting
head of state,
charged and pursued by the court. There are new developments
in crimi-
nal justice and international criminal law. While many obstacles
remain
en route to protecting human rights globally, it is important to
continue
efforts aimed at doing so. Human rights continue to fi gure in
high- level

foreign policy, as in the 2011 US- China summit. Similarly,
human rights
continue to fi gure in many regional and national developments,
as can be
seen in Ivory Coast, Honduras, and other cases.
These positive trends have marked a new era in defense of
human
rights, but the larger question of transnational norms
development
I n t r o d u c t i o n 3
and transsovereign law enforcement still remain unanswered.
Several issues
typify practical and normative diffi culties facing states,
including sovereignty,
military and humanitarian intervention, globalization, universal
jurisdiction
(national courts can prosecute serious human rights violations
committed
anywhere in the world), and international justice. It is in this
context that we
turn to the Middle East as a region that has been resistant to the
enforcement
of universal standards of human rights. It is imperative to
explore the possi-
bilities for compatibility—or their absence—between universal
human rights
norms and the tremendous diversity of cultural traditions, local
and national
identities, as well as socioeconomic and political conditions.
Without taking
into account the entire array of factors contributing to human

rights viola-
tions or improvements, it is not possible to identify variables
and policies that
affect human rights practices in the region. The Middle Eastern
region has
no robust regional regime for real human rights protections,
whereas some
other regions, such as Latin America and Europe, do.
This book represents a joint effort by many scholars from
different
disciplines (history, political science, international law,
religious studies,
psychiatry and health sciences, and international relations) and
various
parts of the world (Australia, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Palestine,
England,
and the United States) to explore the contemporary roots of
human
rights violations in the Middle East. The volume’s main focus is
to pro-
vide a systematic analysis of looking beyond the abuses of
human rights
in the Middle East with a view toward (1) problematizing
traditional
doctrinal thinking and concepts in the region; (2) ascertaining
histori-
cal roots of human rights abuses in the Middle East, and (3)
developing
strategies for improving human rights conditions of the vast
majority of
people more generally and those of minorities and marginal
communities
more particularly. To constructively address and deal with
human rights
conditions, we will fi rst attempt a thematic analysis to frame

the debate
by measuring and mapping out the nature of human rights and
dignity.
Here we will turn to the issues of group rights and localism that
give
meaning and value to human existence, diversity of
perspectives, limits
to the defamation of religion, and ways to reconcile Islam and
the global
normative consensus on human rights. Our analysis will also
examine the
diffi culties as well as challenges one encounters in privileging
Islam as
either the savior of human rights or the main source of its
violations.
In the second section, our focus will then shift to comparative
his-
torical studies to demonstrate the underlying human rights
abuses in
the region. In this section, we set out to examine the Kurdish
question,
sexual orientation and gender identity, the case study of Iran in
the post-
revolutionary period, and the extent to which women’s rights
have been
incorporated into the programs of political parties in Turkey.
These
studies will scrutinize the status and acceptance of human rights
condi-
tions in the region. More broadly, this section attempts to
illustrate that

Islam per se does not determine developments; that women’s
rights and
political rights, inter alia, depend on more than just a nation’s
dominant
religion; and that it does make a difference that Turkey is offi
cially secular
even with an Islamic party in power.
This volume’s fi nal section identifi es strategies of promoting
human
rights through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and
mechanisms
to include minorities—both economically and politically—in
national
affairs. Also in this section, we argue that in the post-9/11 era,
some
Islamic movements have distanced themselves from condemning
human
rights and repositioned themselves toward embracing important
parts
of the internationally recognized human rights. Such a shift has
enhanced
the internal logical consistency and legitimacy of the human
rights notion
throughout the region. Human rights NGOs will need to work
with
states and civil society not only on whether their goals are
desirable but
chiefl y on whether they are feasible and sustainable in the long
run. To
do so, it is necessary to engage Islamic networks, scholars, and
activists,
who—through study of and interaction with society—have
gained a bet-
ter understanding of local conditions, that is, the socioeconomic

status
of women, children, and the elderly. This cooperation toward
achieving
common goals is the key to fi nding the most effective
strategies to obtain
a wider acceptance of human rights standards in the region. To
this end,
both Islam, as a religion, and Islamic law (Shari’a), as a legal
system, can
be positively employed for the promotion of human rights in the
Middle
East. Thus a pragmatic version of Islam can affect developments
if it is
carefully related or adjusted to the facts of the region.
The fi ndings and implications resulting from this volume will
have
theoretical as well as policy application. We hope to
demonstrate the rele-
vance of area studies to the study of contemporary international
affairs.
The similarities, differences, and interactions between Middle
Eastern
countries and the West must be fully explored to prevent
potential con-
fl icts in the future. Still, this volume, which grew out of a
conference
on the Middle East and Islamic Studies, held on the campus of
San
Francisco State University, October 16–17, 2009, intends to
analyze
the global parameters of human rights by illustrating ways in
which the
protections against violence, torture, and discrimination,
extrajudicial
killings, as well as freedom from hunger in the region—and for

that mat-
ter, the rest of the world—must be upheld in the name of human
dignity,
welfare, security, and social justice.
Human Rights in the Middle
East: An Overview
The spread of democratic values and fundamental freedoms
across the
globe in the past quarter century has turned the attention of
experts
to the Muslim world’s internal struggles in achieving universal
human
rights standards. Whether impediments to observing modern
notions
of human rights in the Muslim world are inherent to Islam or
linked
to the social, structural, and cultural factors is an issue that has
sparked
intense debate over the nature of democratic change in these
societies.
More broadly, the struggle for human rights has revived an old
rivalry
within the Muslim world between secular rationalists and
Islamists. In
today’s globalizing world, religious heterogeneity, emerging
norms, and
multiple loyalties have become so intricately entangled that it
makes
eminent sense, therefore, to talk about values and religious

pluralism.
Can embracing religious pluralism provide the best hope for
effective
adjustment to global change and the information age? Is value
pluralism a
necessary condition for making progress toward achieving
social justice in
the international community? What role does the human rights
discourse
play in nudging along the debate between Western and non-
Western
worlds, and who should be held to account for the persistence of
human
rights abuses in the Middle East? These are critical and complex
issues
that should be addressed.
In Iran, Barbara Ann Rieffer- Flanagan points out, there is
some basis
for hope in the future: There is limited progress on second
generation
rights (socioeconomic and cultural rights) and the political
elites are
increasingly using the language of international human rights. A
prag-
matic Islam that seeks a dynamic interpretation of Islamic law
(Shari’a)
can be an effective alternative to the sacred and textual rigidity
of ortho-
dox Islam. On balance, human rights prospects in the Middle
East are
uncertain if not entirely bleak. But beyond the Middle East,
experiences
of Muslims in Turkey, Indonesia, and India have been positively
linked to
human rights and democracy at least in certain periods.

Deciding between competing narratives regarding the
relationship—
or even the conversation—between religion and human rights
has not
been an easy affair. This can also be comparatively
demonstrated, by
examining the role of Catholicism and human rights both in the
Western
world and Latin America, Hinduism and human rights in India,
Con-
fucianism and Buddhism and human rights in East Asia—to cite
a few
examples. It is worth noting that some ostensibly Christian
nations have
produced admirable records of human rights and democracy,
while oth-
ers have produced fascism and other forms of totalitarianism.
The same
nation with the same religious heritage has sometimes produced
both.
Put very simply, the linkage between religion and human rights
needs
further nuanced and subtle analysis.
The Catholic Church has faced a myriad of criticisms regarding
its
complicity in corrupt regimes, gender bias in the nonordination
of
women and the regulation of reproductive freedom, unfair
treatment
of its own employees and members, and, perhaps most crucially,
the

exploitation of dependent and unemancipated persons receiving
its ser-
vices.1 Over time, however, the infl uence of the Church’s basic
theologi-
cal message and legal forms and policies has arguably helped
account for
the realization of human rights as a feature of Western legal
institutions.
The key point to note is that the richness and complexity of
Catholicism’s
role in advancing human rights point to both successes and
failures.2 The
Vatican has both identifi ed with some human rights and also
endorsed
those violating rights, depending on which rights, eras, and
issues one
is addressing. One Pope was all for democracy in Poland, and
another
helped cover up child abuse in Ireland and elsewhere.
Similarly, it is important to understand the ways in which Hindu
traditions both strengthen and weaken the struggle for human
rights in
South Asia today. Opposition to caste discrimination in the
Hindu world
has a long history. Yet many Indians tend to attribute the
persisting dis-
crimination against untouchables (Dalits) to Hinduism. As it is
the case
in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, Hinduism has always
contained both
conservative and reformist, even radical variants.3 In
contemporary India,
as Jack Donnelly notes, “Hinduism functions as both a support

for and
an impediment to the exercise and enjoyment of internationally
recog-
nized human rights.”4 The universalist elements of Hinduism—
a single
dharma governing an integrated, divinely infused reality and
regulating
a universal struggle toward liberation—have provided in both
principle
and practice an impetus toward shoring up local support for
fundamental
human rights.5 Some experts on Islamic law have shown the
compet-
ing trends in Islamic interpretation, similar to varieties of
thought in
Christianity, Southern Baptist and Congregationalist
interpretations of
Christianity.6
Likewise, Confucian tradition, with its strong communitarian
strands
and frameworks, has become a topic of much discussion in
recent years.
Many observers have argued that Confucianism can be properly
inter-
preted to become compatible with modern human rights with
respect
to their content, if not legal regulation. Even though
Confucianism has
historically been based on a hierarchical foundation, especially
in the con-
text of patriarchal social and cultural traditions, classical
Confucians took
the view that all people have the capacity to become fl
ourishing moral
persons in the community, if not exemplary sages.7 Like all

traditions,
Confucianism has been open to change and development in
response
to both internal social problems and external pressures.
Currently, there
exists a strong movement of New Confucians who tend to
progres-
sively reinterpret the tradition in robust engagement with the
West.8
As a dynamic tradition, Confucianism can be reinterpreted to
provide a
minimum of social guarantees for human rights in the form of
support-
ive public policies and political reforms, including
constitutionalism and
democracy. Contemporary Japan and South Korea provide
particularly
apt examples for adjusting Confucian- infl uenced societies to
modern
human rights standards.9
Islam and Human Rights
While focusing largely on the Muslim world, this book has
examined both
internal and external factors infl uencing the state and progress
of human
rights in the Middle East. The central theme underlying this
volume’s
arguments is that religious factors seem extraneous to an
understanding

of human rights issues in the Muslim world. All religions have
developed
in patriarchal settings: They are largely expressed in patriarchal
terms, and
they are heavily infl uenced by patriarchal values. It is therefore
wrong to
examine the ambiguities and contradictions in Islamic sacred
texts, instead
of addressing social and structural causes of economic and
political decay.
The contributions by Manochehr Dorraj, Turan Kayaoglu, and
Halim
Rene have demonstrated that renewed emphasis on the
relationship
between religion and human rights has increasingly become an
essential
element of law, politics, and society in contemporary Muslim
world. By
way of contrast, the chapter by Lawrence Davidson has noted
that, histori-
cally, all rights have local origins and have been shaped by
local cultural
traditions. Others, such as Anthony Chase, have argued that
sexual and
gender rights continue to challenge traditionally narrow notions
of what
constitutes a protected status against discrimination. Chase
underscores
the point that respect for rights based on a singular identity
risks forgoing
the emergence of fl uid, multiple, and evolving identities of
Muslims.
Although the issue of how to implement human rights remains
unre-
solved, the gap between the Muslim and Western worlds over

the issue of
what constitutes human rights has been narrowed. The dispute
between
the two worlds over human rights is not a confl ict in dialectics
but one
of perspective. In the post-9/11 era, Islamists and secular human
rights
forces have inherited overlapping priorities in areas such as the
use of
security prisons and courts, electoral rights, and freedom of
expression,
leading the way for bridging the religious- secular divide that
had vexingly
beleaguered human rights conditions in the Middle East.
Over the centuries, Muslim countries have been subject to
political
machinations and manipulation by great powers, driven both by
rivalry
and collusion. In the Middle East, for example, the Western
world has
gained more access to the region’s oil resources by working
with dictators
rather than democratic regimes accountable to their people. The
U.S.
strategic ties with the governments of Egypt, Saudi Arabia,
Turkey, and
Pakistan have always been based on purely instrumental
grounds, refl ect-
ing geopolitical impulses. The persistence of geopolitical
concerns,
especially in the aftermath of the U.S. occupation of Iraq, has
rendered

the work of human rights groups and organizations immensely
diffi cult
in countries such as Egypt.
Security considerations have dramatically narrowed the space
for
human rights claims and activities in the name of the global
campaign
dubbed the “war on terror.” The chapter by Monshipouri and
Mokhtari
demonstrates the fl aws of the so- called war on terror strategy
undertaken
by the Bush administration. Beyond the exigencies of
“humanitarian
intervention,” and “the responsibility to protect,” they point
out, moral
and ethical justifi cations for military intervention under the
rubric of
security, stability, and nation- building have fallen by the
wayside. It
may very well be the case that investing in nation- building and
peace-
building is an effective way to combat terrorism, but postconfl
ict societies
encounter a bewildering array of socioeconomic and political
diffi culties
for which the military occupation cannot provide reliable
panacea, and in
fact may be the overt cause of many of these issues.
Exploring the root causes of human rights abuses in the Middle
East
and North Africa, Bahey eldin Hassan argues, the dominant role
of the

executive branch—and the security apparatuses at the heart of
it—has led
to a chronic failure to build a nation of rights and laws.
Institutions and
mechanisms that are meant to protect the individual and society
from
autocracy are used to legitimize and institutionalize a
systematic assault
on the liberties and rights of the individual and society, all the
while
methodically weakening civil society, which was created in
some countries
such as Egypt, Syria, and Iraq during the periods of relative
liberalism in
the fi rst half of the twentieth century. In these countries, the
constitution,
legislative process, courts, parliament, and religious
establishments have
often been used as means of conferring legitimacy on
methodical assaults
on the rights of individuals and society.
The 2011 uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and the
rest of
the Middle East and North Africa illustrate the fact that the
spread
of modernity and modernizing forces in a society is indeed a
key contrib-
uting factor to the implementation of reform. These forces are
likely to
push a country toward a gradual democratic transition, a
possibility that,
as Hassan notes, seems more likely in Tunisia than Egypt given
that
Tunisia is the most modernized and urbanized country in the
region.

In Egypt, by …
Executive Summary
MGT/465 Version 2
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Limits and Liabilities General Liability: $1,000,000; Product
Liability: $1,000,000; Business

Pwersonal Property $5,000; Damage to Business Rented
$250,000. Bakers
Insurance | Home-Based Bakery Liability Insurance | FLIP
(fliprogram.com)
Production and Delivery or
Service Execution
Utilize Postmate Uber Eats, Door Dash, GrubHub. As far as
Production we are
going to keep low, here are effective ways Tips for Reducing
Bakery Production
Costs (dawnfoods.com)
Suppliers We are getting our local products at Standlee’s INC.
Home (standleesinc.com)
Intellectual Property/Permits We are going to patent low -carb
formula, pastries bars, and our famous
homemade icecream.
Business Location- Describe Planned Business Location
Home Based San Diego (Point Loma)
Multiple Locations Point Loma, Mira Mesa, La Jolla, PB
Lease Facility- Existing
Facility
Leasing Building (LoopNet) 3460 Ingraham St, San Diego, CA
92109 - OfficeRetail
for Lease | LoopNet.com
Virtual Register Business, contact helath department, visit FDA,
register web, design,

https://www.fliprogram.com/bakers-insurance
https://www.dawnfoods.com/insights/tips-for-reducing-bakery-
production-costs
production-costs
http://www.standleesinc.com/
https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/3460-Ingraham-St-San-Diego-
CA/22034192/
https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/3460-Ingraham-St-San-Diego-
CA/22034192/
Executive Summary
MGT/465 Version 2
2
website, address, and market business according to CHRON (
How to Build an
Online Baking Business (chron.com))
New Facility
Construction- Own 3757 Midway Dr, San Diego, CA 92110, the
business use to be a car
sales business, Mr. Sli sold us the place for 1.5 million. 3757
Midway
Dr, San Diego, CA 92110 - Land For Sale | Cityfeet.com
New Facility Construction-
Lease
We are using LoopNet to continue to expand our business by

leasing out
property. San Diego, CA Retail Space for Lease | LoopNet.com
Other- Specify
Additional Executive Summary Information- Specify Below
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/build-online-baking-business-
19125.html
19125.html
https://www.cityfeet.com/cont/listing/3757-midway-dr-san-
diego-ca-92110/cs22076936
https://www.cityfeet.com/cont/listing/3757-midway-dr-san-
diego-ca-92110/cs22076936
https://www.loopnet.com/search/retail-space/san-diego-ca/for-
lease/
Executive Summary
MGT/465 Version 2
3
Part Two: Reflection and Observations
1) What role did each team member provide to obtain business
plan information?
Each member did there share of the template and the essay.
information?

Everything went a expected, each member participanted and did
there work in a timely
manner. Getting the team on the same page.
3) What lessons were learned during the week’s Learning Team
assignment which can be
applied during the specific phase of business start-up?
Doing research a lot of research. We learn an executive
summary is brief clear summary of
our business plan which highlights everything. Learning
making a vision statement should
be straight to the point.
assignment relative to the type of
information needed to develop a comprehensive business plan?
Getting the right information because there is a ton of
information to get from the internet.
Organizing all of out thoughts into a brief paper.
The learning objective is to prepare and describe our business
plan. We are going into more detail
with the business.
Executive Summary
MGT/465 Version 2

4
References
Dawn. Tips For Reducing Bakery Production Costs. Retrieved
From Tips for Reducing Bakery
Production Costs (dawnfoods.com).
Food Liability Insurance Program. Lianility Insurance For
Bakers & Bakeries. Retrieved From
Bakers Insurance | Home-Based Bakery Liability Insurance |
FLIP (fliprogram.com).
Jones, J. Chron. How to build an online baking business.
Retrieved From How to Build an Online
Baking Business (chron.com).
LoopNet. Retrieved From LoopNet: Commercial Real Estate for
Sale, Lease, Auction
Standlee’s Inc. Retrieved From Home (standleesinc.com)
production-costs
production-costs
19125.html
19125.html
https://www.loopnet.com/
http://www.standleesinc.com/Part One: Executive Summary

ElementsExecutive Summary Data3757 Midway Dr, San Diego,
CA 92110, the business use to be a car sales business, Mr. Sli
sold us the place for 1.5 million. 3757 Midway Dr, San Diego,
CA 92110 - Land For Sale | Cityfeet.comPart Two: Reflection
and Observations
Running head: Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Kenneth Williams & Van Boubeka
University of Phoenix
February 1, 2021
1
Running Head
Executive Summary
The companies vision statement is to serve our customers with
the best service and along
the way build relationship with the customer. Our focus will be
to become the leading company
within the city to offer the best prices along with quality bakery
products.
Owning a business comes with its own liability that the owners

will need to address them
to protect the business from going under. The services that we
provide is limited depending to what
certifications allows us to do. Every potential risk needs to be
analyzed due to obligation needing
to be done regardless of situation that arise.
The supplier we are using is Standlee’s Inc. that offer the items
that we need at affordable
prices. We will also go with other local suppliers to start
building relationship for any future
discount deals that may happen.
“A patent for an invention is the grant of property rights to the
inventor by the government.
It is the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for
sale, or selling the invention in the
country in which the patent is filed (thebalancesmb, 2020)”. The
proper paper has been submitted
for our low-carb formula patent, pastries bars and the famous
homemade ice cream that is new
local favorite that first time customers ask for.
Picking a business location is the most important question that
needs to be answered. We
will operate mainly in the Point Loma area while extending our

reach to Mira Mesa, La Jolla and
Pacific Beach. “Your business location sets the tone for your
business. It adds to what customers
think of your business. The business location determines how
well you will do. Choosing a
location is not a task you should take lightly (Smallbusiness,
2017”.
2
Running Head
Our company “In the Mix”, will be a San Diego County base
company. Our primary home-
based locations will be in Point Loma. The vision statement is
“To be one of San Diego’s favorite
bakery, by creating innovating products and providing
exceptional customer service experiences”.
We stand by every word. Here at In the Mix you will love our
company motto which is “Love at
First Bite”. Our company mission statement is “Our goal is to
provide all of our customers with an
unparalleled product and experience. Our talented team of
pastry chefs uses the purist of
ingredients and cutting-edge techniques to create an amazing

quality. We constantly provide
outstanding customer service and believe that customer
satisfaction is our ultimate goal. We are
dedicated to provide our family of employees with a respectful
and positive work environment
where everyone is equal”. We want to be known as one of the
best customers/ employee
companies in the world.
As mention early our business is a San Diego County based, but
eventually when
popularity and demand start to rise, we will begin to venture out
to out states and cities. We plan
on expanding locally to PB, Mira Mesa, Point Loma,
Downtown. We found a building on
Ingraham St, that we plan on leasing in the near future, in a
highly traffic count area, that we found
on LoopNet. Our main office building on Midway Drive was a
used car lot, we brought for 1.5
million from Mr. Sli. We are going to continue to look on
LoopNet to search for more building to
lease and potential buy. As far as our virtual business, we will
use these steps Register Business,
contact helath department, visit FDA, register web, design,
website, address, and market business

according to CHRON ( How to Build an Online Baking Business
(chron.com).
The vision statement is a way to have potential investors and
customer see who we are and
how we prioritize the business plans. Quality is the number one
priority to get everything right and
care for the customers that make us thrive. “A vision statement
looks forward and creates a mental
3
19125.html
Running Head
image of the ideal state that the organization wishes to achieve.
It is inspirational and aspirational
and should challenge employees (shrm.org, 2021).”
4
Running Head
References
Allen, S. (2020). The Balance Small Business. Qualifications
and Filing Procedures for Patents.

Retrieved From Qualifications and Filing Procedures for Patents
(thebalancesmb.com)
Dewitt, K. (2017). Patriot. How to choose the best location for
your small business. Retrieved
From https://smallbusiness.patriotsoftware.com/how -to-choose-
small-business-location-
factors-analysis/
Jones, J. Chron. How to build an online baking business.
Retrieved From How to Build an Online
Baking Business (chron.com).
5
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/patents-101-1201094
https://smallbusiness.patriotsoftware.com/how-to-choose-small-
business-location-factors-analysis/
https://smallbusiness.patriotsoftware.com/how-to-choose-small-
business-location-factors-analysis/
19125.html
19125.htmlReferences
Business Venture Preparation
MGT/465 Version 2
1

Business Venture Preperation
Part One: Business Venture Preparation
The business our team chose is:
Bakery
Our justification for choosing this business is:
We choose a Bakery, because we have full creative control on
the products we will be
providing to the customers. Our bakery will have many options
from pastries, cakes, brownies,
pies, and breads.
playing on the Business Start-up Team.
each member contributes to the
development of the business venture. Team members can
possess more than one expertise.
Team
Member
Team
Membe
r Name
(insert
here)
Team Member
Name (insert

here)
Team
Membe
r Name
(insert
here)
Team
Memb
er
Name
(insert
here)
Team
Memb
er
Name
(insert
here)
Team
Membe
r Name
(insert
here)
Target
Market
Kenneth
William

s
Damascus Johnson
Suppliers Van
Boubek
a
Damascus Johnson
Advertising Kenneth
William
s
Damascus Johnson
Location Van
Boubek
a
Damascus Johnson
Research
and
Develop
Kenneth
William
s
Damascus Johnson
Business
working
hours

Van
Boubek
a
Damascus Johnson
MGT/465 Version 2
2
Managers Kenneth
William
s
Damascus Johnson Van
Boubek
a
Respond to the following questions regarding team member
commitment to the business venture:
1) Discuss and document if the business venture will be a full -
time commitment or will start-up team
members commit to part-time involvement.
The bakery business will be a full time commitment.
2) Discuss and document how the team members will get buy-in
from family members to enter into this
business venture.

Show the family how good the products are, and the demand the
customers are asking for. Doing a
small local presentation for future investors.
MGT/465 Version 2
3
Part Two: Market Research
Complete the following template based on the team’s marketing
research results for your business venture:
Marketing Element Research Results
Consumer Need for
Product or Service
Creating jobs we love. Feeding locals. Creating local jobs.
Target Market
Economy of Chosen
Location/City/Region
Downtown/ San Diego, CA./ San Diego County
Consumer
Demographics
Any and everybody.
Industry Research

Barrier to Entry Are Low, obtain a license and will have to
comply with health and safety standards,
According to bizfluent. Bakery Industr y Analysis
(bizfluent.com)
Current Market
Saturation
11,304 Bakery business according to IBISWorld. Bakery Cafes
in the US - Industry Data,
Trends, Stats | IBISWorld
Suppliers Standlee’s INC Home (standleesinc.com)
Legal Business
Structure
to be used and
justification
for selection
Limited Liability Private Company, it limits responsibility of
the companys debt or liabilities
that the company may incur to the amount we invested as
capital in the bakery. According
to CHRON. How to Start a Private Bakery (chron.com)
Government
regulations
to be Considered-Local,
State, and Federal
Types of Insurance to
Consider Workers’ compensation costs for bakeries, Business
owner’s policy costs for bakeries,
General liability insurance costs for bakeries according to
insureon. Bakery Business

Insurance Cost | Insureon
Competitor Data
Pricing Model Donut Bar
Business Model Business to Consumer
Business Model Key
Customers
Suppliers The Kilted Cake and Supply. ( The Kilted Cake &
Supply - Home)
Business Size (Annual
Revenue $ )
$577 Per Day, 150,000 annually Acoording to IBIS Bakery
Cafes in the US - Industry
Data, Trends, Stats | IBISWorld
Business Location San Diego, Temecula, Eastlake, Pacific
Beach, Las Vegas, Riverside, Tucson
https://bizfluent.com/about-5234246-bakery-industry-
analysis.html
https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-
reports/bakery-cafes-industry/
http://www.standleesinc.com/
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/start-private-bakery-
14464.html
https://www.insureon.com/food-business-
insurance/bakeries/cost

MGT/465 Version 2
4
MGT/465 Version 2
5
Part 3: Reflection and Observations
1) What role did each team member provide to obtain business
plan information?
Kenneth, Van, and Damascus each did there share of the work.
Van taking on the market research.
Kenneth will be writing the 350 word essay. Damascus going
over everything wrapping it up.
information?
Nothing at all, the project was smooth sailing.

3) What lessons were learned during the week’s Learning Team
assignment,which can be applied during
the specific phase of business start-up?
Learning about the different phrases of the marketing research.
assignment relative to the type of information
needed to develop a comprehensive business plan?
The tram overall observation was looking at all of the detail,
particular starting a business.
Researching and developing a business, business trends,
location, market, etc…
MGT/465 Version 2
6
References
References
Roe, J. (2019). Bizfluent. Bakery Industry Analysis. Retrieved
From Bakery Industry Analysis
(bizfluent.com).

(2020). IBISWorld. Bakery Cafes Industry In US Retrieved
From Bakery Cafes in the US - Industry Data,
Trends, Stats | IBISWorld
Merchant, P. Chrom. How To Start A Private Bakery Retrieved
From How to Start a Private Bakery
(chron.com)
Insureon. How Much Does Business Insurance Cost For
Bakeries Retrieved From Bakery Business
Insurance Cost | Insureon.
analysis.html
analysis.html
14464.html
14464.html
MGT/465 Version 2

7
Van Boubeka, Damascus Johnson, Kenneth Williams
Jan 25,2020
MGT/465 Version 2
8
Selecting the right business can have a business in the right
path to success. As the
investors into a startup, we need to decide what actions will
make us stand out and bring in the
most profit. We will need to research the best area that is dire
need of the field that we will be
getting into.
Market Research
The job we have decided to come go with is a bakery business.
“Retail bakeries are the

most common type of bakery, and they are the bakeries that sell
baked goods and breads directly to
customers” (2021, WebstaurantStore). The business is called “In
the Mix”, located in Downtown,
San Diego, California. The downtown will have a great amount
tourism that comes through San
Diego daily to get away for vacation. Establishing a good social
media outlet will make it point for
them to visit and have something to look towards when coming
into town. In the Mix business
model will be a business to consumer. The reasons why we
decided to open a bakery business, is to
have full creative control, it is a lucrative business even during
the Pandemic, and competing with
local bakeries. The business hours we will choose to go with
will be 7:00am to 4:30pm to cover the
customers need for breakfast items and anything items they
want at the end of the day when they
are heading home. Our business is a full-time commitment, with
some family members being key
part of the staff. We got family to invest in our business
venture, and provided them with
employment. The greatest part about our business is it’s for any
and everybody that enjoy bakery

goods.
Getting into the bakery business is fairly easy. Bakery business
can enter the business with
little to no capital, depending on if you are opening at a shop or
at your home. We will do our
research to find multiple wholesalers to purchase the supplies
needed such cases, displays,
MGT/465 Version 2
9
ingredients, pans and baking tools. “A bakery can attract a wide
variety of customers. Doughnut
chains like Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme succeed by
offering tasty treats that are affordable
for the general public” (2021, Howtostartnllc). According to
bizfluent “The two main determinants
of a new company’s success is the leaders' ability to acquire
sufficient distribution channels to
cover operating costs and their ability to build up brand
recognition and loyalty.” Bakery business

have little to no negotiating power due to the market supply and
demand. There are currently
11,304 Bakery business according to IBISWorld. To continue
IBISWorld is expecting the bakery
industry to reach a saturation point towards the end of the
period.
Conclusion
Customers are excited when they see a business that has the
backing of military veterans
that are bring business to community that will fuel the local
economy. There are many bakery
shops around, we are specifically competing with the donut bar.
The Donut Bar is a popular
establishment around Southern California. We will make it a
mission to stand out from our
competitors by have such things as free Wi-Fi, sampling,
member perks and arts and
entertainment. “Sampling can immerse a small bakery into an
entire community of small
businesses and can help establish lucrative professional
relationships, such as becoming a regular
supplier of baked goods for large offices, schools and
government institutions” (2021,
Smallbusiness.chron). An average bakery can make up $577 per

day and 150,000 annually in a
popular location. The Donut Bar get there supplies from a local
establishment The Kilted Cake and
Supply. We are competing with Donut Bar and are goal is to
surpass them in a couple of years.
MGT/465 Version 2
10
References
(2018). WebstaurantStore. How To Start A Bakery. Retrieved
From How to Start a Bakery Business With
Successful Results (webstaurantstore.com).
How To Start A Bakery. Retrieved From How to Start a Bakery
(howtostartanllc.com)
Wallace, M. Chron. How To Get More Customers In A Bakery.
Retrieved From How to Get More Customers
in a Bakery (chron.com) .
https://www.webstaurantstore.com/article/12/start-a-bakery-
with-three-planning-essentials.html
https://www.webstaurantstore.com/article/12/start-a-bakery-

with-three-planning-essentials.html
https://howtostartanllc.com/business-ideas/bakery
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/customers-bakery-32393.html
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/customers-bakery-
32393.htmlPart One: Business Venture PreparationPart Two:
Market ResearchWorkers’ compensation costs for bakeries,
Business owner’s policy costs for bakeries, General liability
insurance costs for bakeries according to insureon. Bakery
Business Insurance Cost | InsureonPart 3: Reflection and
ObservationsReferences
Running head: Financials and Human Resources Planning
Financials and Human Resources Planning
Van Boubeka and Kenneth Williams and Damascus Johnson
2/08/2021
1
Running Head
Financial and Human Resources Planning
In The Mix is a family owned bakery located in San Diego, CA.
Our business total startup
cost is $318,750. We have three investors taking a small
percentage which would total to 20% of

the company. We felt each investor will bring something
different to the table to, eventually
expand the business. They are three bank loans, we took out
totaling to 16,500. This we help
startup cost, equipment, advertising, and anything else needed.
There are two other loans from
financial institutions that totals to $8,000, which will help in
the business. The building we
purchase was for $150,000 in a central location. The
construction and remodeling total to $75,000.
The building needed a major upgrade. Total Capital Equipment
came to $55,000. Since we have
two building one is purchase and the other one is a least, which
we are leasing at 1,250 a month.
Utility, legal fee, prepaid insurances, salaries came to 20,000.
Advertising and promotional
expense came to $19,500.
For our business strategies, we decided to go with Premium
Pricing. There is currently a
large market for bakeries. There are plenty of bakeries in San
Diego, where are business is at. We
value are products and serve the customers the highest quality.
Are marketing strategies is used for

customs cupcakes, wedding cakes, and our products are package
with perfection, to go along with
other baked products. There are some things you cannot be
cheap on and bakery goods is one of
those. “If you’re losing unprofitable customers, it’s sad, but
you’re in business to stay in
business,” says Dennis Stanton, owner of Swedish Bakery,
Chicago, IL. “Our head counts have
declined significantly over the past 10 years, but our sales per
customer have continuously
increased.” Nobody likes to lose customers, but unprofitable
customers are simply not good for
business. With premium priced products, you will often
generate higher profits with fewer
2
Running Head
customers, according to How to accurately price bakery
products | Bakemag.com | September 03,
2015 08:39. Premium products come with a premium price and
our customers will not be
disappointed.
Forecasting

“Sales forecasting is a process where businesses estimate their
future sales based on
historical sales data, economic trends, or market analysis. Sales
forecasting is important because it
allows your business to make informed decisions and predict
performance, which is important for
potential investors.” (Webstaurauntstore, 2018). It is not
possible to completely predict future sales
and be correct with the numbers you wanted to reach.
Forecasting your sales is an opportunity to
improve areas within the business operations. By doing this step
we can predict our cash flow,
control the cost it takes to operate the business and monitor the
prices of our items. When a
company correctly projects their future sales, it could benefit by
reducing product waste from
overestimating. At the same time, you would avoid any
potential lost sales if you underestimated
your goals. It is a positive thing to know who your customers
are and where they purchase their
bakery from. Where is the location that they live to make the
drive to make their rounds? The
crucial task to do as you forecast the future sales is to research
the market because having only one

competitor can mean that the demand is very limited and being
unique will have the business
thrive. We will approach this with by looking at different angles
and look at more than one system
to analyze and set time every month to adjust the forecast
accordingly.
3
Running Head
References
(2018). Forecasting Sales and Break-Even Analysis. Retrieved
from
https://www.webstaurantstore.com/article/311/forecasting-
sales.html
Sims, B. (2015). Bake. How accurately price bakery products.
Retrieved From How to accurately
price bakery products | Bakemag.com | September 03, 2015
08:39.
4
References

Financials and human resource planning mgt465 version 2

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