Novel drug delivery system (Nanoparticles). Bpharmacy 7th semister

1. NANO PARTICLES
PULI MEGHANA
B.PHARMACY 4th YEAR
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. Introduction
Types
Advantages
Disadvantages
Methods of preparation
Applications
CONTENT OUTLET

3. INTRODUCTION
Nano derives from the Greek word "Nanos" which means dwarf or extremely
small.
Nanoparticles are 10-1000nm sized, solid colloidal particles that comprise of
macromolecular materials in which the active ingredient (drug or biologically
active material) is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed, and attached.
polymeric nanoparticle protect drugs against invitro
and in vivo degradation.
It releases the drug in a controlled manner.
The use of polymeric drug nanoparticle
is a universal approach to increase the
therapeutic performance of poorly
soluble drugs in any route of
administration .

4. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
NANOSPHERES
Nanospheres have a matrix-type structure in which the drug is dispersed.
Nanospheres are solid polymers in which the drug is
entrapped retained inside the polymer matrix and
gets adsorbed onto the surface.
Nanospheres can penetrate intracellular and
extracellular areas that may be unreachable to
other drug delivery systems.

5. NANOCAPSULES
Nanocapsules are reservoir type system
They exhibit an atypical oily core shell or cavity in which the drug is
usually dissolved, surrounded by a polymeric shell that controls the release
profile of the drug from the core.
The nanocapsules have attracted great interest
because of their protective coating, which is
usually pyrophoric and easily oxidized. Most of
them are used in cancer therapy and diagnosis.

6. Nanoparticles are used to deliver drugs through all types of the
route of Administration. (oral, nasal, parenteral, intraocular).
Their particle size and surface characteristics can be manipulated
easily, thus both passive and active drug targeting can be achieved
after parenteral administration.
Ability to sustain and control drug release patterns.
The system increases the bioavailability of drugs.
It is used for targeted drug delivery of drugs.
polymer-based nanoparticles are biodegradable and, therefore are
possibly risk-free as they do not accumulate in the body.
Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs can be incorporated.
shelf stability of drug increases.
ADVANTAGES

7. DISADVANTAGES
The manufacturing cost of nanoparticles are high which results in increase in
overall product cost.
Can cause allergic reactions.
Nanoparticles could accumulate in organism over time .
Long term side effects.
Cytotoxicity
carcinogenesis.
short shelf life.
Difficult to maintain stability of dosage form.
Requires skills to manufacture.

8. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES
POLYMERIZATION BASED METHODS
POLYMER PRECIPITATION
METHOD
METHODS OF PREPARATION
CROSS LINKING OF
MACROMOLECULES
Solvent extraction/Evaporation
Solvent Displacement
Salting out
polymerization of polymers
Emulsion polymerization
Suspension polymer
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial condension
Interfacial complexation
Cross linking of ampiphilic
macromolecules

9. SOLVENT EXTRACTION/EVAPORATION
In this method, an oil-in-water (o/w)emulsion is prepared.
Contains an organic and aqueous phases
The organic phase consists of a polar organic solvent (chloroform, ethylacetate)in which the
polymer and API are dissolved.
The aqueous phase contains a surfactant along with the water.
The organic solution is an emulsifier in the aqueous phase with surfactant.
Then it is typically processed by using homogenization yielding dispersion of nanodroplets.
A suspension of nanoparticles are formed by evaporation of polymer solvent .
The solvent is evaporated by continuous magnetic stirring.
After the solvent has evaporated the solidified nanoparticles can be washed and collected by
centrifugation, followed by freeze drying for long term storage.
This method allows the creation of nanospheres

10. SOLVENT DISPLACEMENT METHOD
This method consists on the formation of an o/w emulsion
In this method , the polymer, drug and a lipophilic stabiliser
(phospholipids) are dissolved in a semi -polar water -miscible
solvent ( e.g., acetone or ethanol). The resultant solution is poured
or injected into an aqueous solution having a stabiliser (e.g.,
poloxamer-188) under magnetic stirring. Thus , nanoparticles are
formed instantaneously by rapid solvent diffusion, which is then
eliminated from the suspension by heating under reduced pressure.

11. SALTING OUT
In this method, a water-miscible solvent is separated from aqueous solutions through a
salting-out effect.
Acetone is preferred as the water-miscible solvent. Due to its solubility properties and ability
to separate from aqueous solutions by salting out the electrolytes.
The pre-formed polymer and the drug are dissolved in acetone The obtained mixture is
emulsified under vigorous magnetic stirring in an aqueous gel having the salting-out agent
(electrolytes, e.g., magnesium acetate or magnesium chloride) and a colloidal stabiliser.
The resultant emulsion is diluted with a sufficient volume of water to increase the diffusion of
acetone into the aqueous phase.
This increases the formation of nanoparticles. Thereafter, the solvent and the salting-out
agent are eliminated by cross-flow filtration.

12. EMULSIONS POLYMERIZATION
Emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually
starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomer and surfactant.
The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an o/w emulsion, in
which droplets of monomers are emulsified to a continuous phase of water.
The degree of polymerization is high.
The polymerization process occurs within the micelle.
It produces polymer of high molecular weight.
Emulsion polymerization is used for a large number of monomers like vinyl
acetate, vinyl chlorides and acrylates

15. SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
Suspension polymerization is a heterogenous radical polymerization
that uses mechanical agitation to mix a monomer in a liquid phase
such as water while monomer polymeric forming spheres of polymer.
The polymer obtained is pure form.
The polymerization process occurs in dispersion medium and depends
up on agitator speed.

17. DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION

18. MOLECULAR CROSSLINKING EMULSIONS

19. APPLICATIONS
They help to deliver drugs across the blood-brain barrier.
They are also used to formulate sustained release preparations.
They are used for targeted delivery of proteins and peptides.
They are used as adjuvant to obtain antigens that are potent enough to be
They are used for intracellular targeting of anti -infective drugs , thus the
intracellular infections of human body can be treated easily.
They are used for targeting cytostatic drugs, thus their toxicity is reduced and
therapeutic activity is enhanced.
Used in DNA delivery
They help to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
They are used for ocular delivery systems, and for delivering pilocarpine and
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) are used to formulate skin and hair care products in
which the oily core contains different cosmetic oils and lipophilic agents.
used as vaccines.
other miotic drugs.