This document discusses how the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) could trigger a new software crisis due to issues like fragmentation, complexity, and lack of standards. It provides a brief history of software engineering challenges over the past 50 years such as cost overruns, safety issues, and prioritizing productivity over quality. The document then examines how these same problems are emerging in the IoT context today. It argues that IoT software engineering practices need to address issues like device software, cloud/app development, and privacy in order to avoid a major crisis.

1. Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?
Griottes Team
18/02/13

2. 2/56
Outline
 A Brief History of Software Engineering
 50 years later…
 Causes and Consequences
 IoT Software Engineering

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

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In the Past
 Cost and Budget Overruns
 Property Damage
 Life and Death
 Productivity  Quality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_software_engineering

5. 5/56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_65
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13629.The_Mythical_Man_Month

6. 6/56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem

7. 7/56https://hackaday.com/2015/10/26/killed-by-a-machine-the-therac-25/

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Productivity  Quality
http://losnuevosguerreros.org/mod/glossary/view.php?g=1

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50 YEARS LATER...

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From SNs to Home Assistants
http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/5041-russian-military-deploying-sosus-like-global-maritime-surveillance-system-named-garmoniya.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/micropowerstations-090907045814-phpapp02/95/micro-power-stations-7-728.jpg?cb=1252299559
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/security-center/secure-iot-proposed-framework.html
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/10/11/some_google_home_minis_were_recording_tons_of_audio_from_users.html

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From SNs to Home Assistants
SOSUS
1950
http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/5041-russian-military-deploying-sosus-like-global-maritime-surveillance-system-named-garmoniya.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/micropowerstations-090907045814-phpapp02/95/micro-power-stations-7-728.jpg?cb=1252299559
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/security-center/secure-iot-proposed-framework.html
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/10/11/some_google_home_minis_were_recording_tons_of_audio_from_users.html
Trojan Room
1993
Myers et al.
1984

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From SNs to Home Assistants
SOSUS
1950
http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/naval-technology/5041-russian-military-deploying-sosus-like-global-maritime-surveillance-system-named-garmoniya.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/micropowerstations-090907045814-phpapp02/95/micro-power-stations-7-728.jpg?cb=1252299559
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/security-center/secure-iot-proposed-framework.html
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/10/11/some_google_home_minis_were_recording_tons_of_audio_from_users.html
Trojan Room
1993
Myers et al.
1984
2017
Things > People
2008
Berkley PicoRadio
2000

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From OSes to Home Assistants
http://apple.wikia.com/wiki/System_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1x
http://www.techrepublic.com/article/os2-blue-lion-to-be-the-next-distro-of-the-28-year-old-os/
http://www.chingu.asia/wiki/index.php?title=DongilGeon+Software
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.acr.screenshothd
https://www.cultofmac.com/230954/ios-7-in-action-gallery/
https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/3/4688892/windows-phone-8-1080p-screenshot-leak
https://www.amazon.com/All-New-Amazon-Echo-Dot-Add-Alexa-To-Any-Room/dp/B01DFKC2SO
https://www.cnet.com/products/google-home/review/

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From OSes to Home Assistants
http://apple.wikia.com/wiki/System_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1x
http://www.techrepublic.com/article/os2-blue-lion-to-be-the-next-distro-of-the-28-year-old-os/
http://www.chingu.asia/wiki/index.php?title=DongilGeon+Software
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.acr.screenshothd
https://www.cultofmac.com/230954/ios-7-in-action-gallery/
https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/3/4688892/windows-phone-8-1080p-screenshot-leak
https://www.amazon.com/All-New-Amazon-Echo-Dot-Add-Alexa-To-Any-Room/dp/B01DFKC2SO
https://www.cnet.com/products/google-home/review/

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From OSes to Home Assistants
http://apple.wikia.com/wiki/System_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1x
http://www.techrepublic.com/article/os2-blue-lion-to-be-the-next-distro-of-the-28-year-old-os/
http://www.chingu.asia/wiki/index.php?title=DongilGeon+Software
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.acr.screenshothd
https://www.cultofmac.com/230954/ios-7-in-action-gallery/
https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/3/4688892/windows-phone-8-1080p-screenshot-leak
https://www.amazon.com/All-New-Amazon-Echo-Dot-Add-Alexa-To-Any-Room/dp/B01DFKC2SO
https://www.cnet.com/products/google-home/review/

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From OSes to Home Assistants
http://apple.wikia.com/wiki/System_7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1x
http://www.techrepublic.com/article/os2-blue-lion-to-be-the-next-distro-of-the-28-year-old-os/
http://www.chingu.asia/wiki/index.php?title=DongilGeon+Software
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.acr.screenshothd
https://www.cultofmac.com/230954/ios-7-in-action-gallery/
https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/3/4688892/windows-phone-8-1080p-screenshot-leak
https://www.amazon.com/All-New-Amazon-Echo-Dot-Add-Alexa-To-Any-Room/dp/B01DFKC2SO
https://www.cnet.com/products/google-home/review/

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50 Years Later…
 Cost and Budget Overruns
 Property Damage
 Life and Death
 Productivity  Quality

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50 Years Later…
 Cost and Budget Overruns
 Property Damage
 Life and Death
 Productivity  Quality

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50 Years Later…
 Cost and Budget Overruns
“Through 2018, 75 percent of IoT projects
will take up to twice as long as planned.”
—Gartner, 2016
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3185623

20. 20/56https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?articleId=1847422

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50 Years Later…
 Property Damage
“Hackers Remotely Kill
a Jeep on the Highway”
—Wired, 2015
https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/

22. 22/56https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/

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50 Years Later…
 Life and Death
“An estimated 465,000 people in the US
[…] should update the firmware [of their]
pacemakers or risk […] fatal hacks.”
—Ars Technica, 2017

24. 24/56https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/08/465k-patients-need-a-firmware-update-to-prevent-serious-pacemaker-hacks/

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50 Years Later…
 Cost and Budget Overruns
 Property Damage
 Life and Death
 Productivity  Quality

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Productivity  Quality
https://bridgera.com/cisco-says-iot-projects-failing/

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CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

28. 28/56https://bridgera.com/cisco-says-iot-projects-failing/

29. 29/56http://www.zdnet.com/article/iot-spending-to-surpass-800-billion-in-2017-led-by-hardware-idc/

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Heavy Fragmentation
https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/11/12/bad-news-we-may-have-an-iot-problem-on-our-hands.aspx

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Heavy Fragmentation
https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2016/02/19/fragmentation-enemy-internet-things

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Heavy Fragmentation
 A cursory review of some IoT devices out there
– Smart Homes
– Wearables
– Smart Cities
– Industry 4.0
– Connected Health
136 hardware devices…
…130 different apps, APIs, or SDKs!

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Lighting, Access Control, Security,
Entertainment, Climate Control,
Communication, Appliances
50 hardware devices
46 software apps, APIs, or SDKs
https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/

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Sport and Fitness, Healthcare and Wellness,
Security and Prevention, Gaming and
Lifestyle, Smart Clothing,
Communication,
Sleep
34 hardware devices
34 software apps, APIs, or SDKs
https://www.cnet.com/products/fitbit-charge-2/review/

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Waste Management,
Safety/Security, Information
Beacons, Smart Streetlights,
Climate Monitoring, Smart
Parking, Smart Journey
Planning, Mobile Payment,
Structural Health of Buildings
39 hardware devices
38 software apps, APIs, or SDKs
https://www.objetconnecte.com/smart-city-securite-tribune-1005/

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Robotics, 3D Printing,
Wearables, Utilities
and Controls,
Location
10 hardware devices
10 software apps, APIs, or SDKs
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/05/national/soci
al-issues/japan-using-robots-fix-labor-growth-woes/

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Fast Emergency Response, Patient
Monitoring, Hospital/EMS Integration, Imaging,
Surgical Systems, Hospital Patient Safety
13 hardware devices
12 software apps, APIs, or SDKs
http://www.alphr.com/security
/1006972/security-flaws-
found-in-wireless-syringe-
infusion-pumps-could-see-
hackers-remotely

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Causes and Consequences

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Causes and Consequences

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Causes and Consequences

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Solution?
https://www.ericsson.com/thinkingahead/the-networked-society-blog/2017/09/13/iot-ecosystem-collaborations-can-stop-device-fragmentation/

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IOT SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING

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“Software is as vital as hardware,
and in many cases much more
complex, but it is much less well
understood.
It is a new branch of engineering,
in which research, development
and production are not clearly
distinguished, and its vital role is
often overlooked.
There have been many notable
successes, but recent advances
in hardware [...] have sometimes
resulted in [software technology]
being stretched beyond […] limit.”
—Stanley Gill, co-inventor
of the subroutine, 1968
http://www.writeopinions.com/stanley-gill

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Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?

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Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?

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IoT Software Engineering
 Tames the complexity of IoT systems

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IoT Software Engineering
 Tames the complexity of IoT systems
– Device software
– Apps and Cloud
– Privacy and transparency

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IoT Software Engineering
 Tames the complexity of IoT systems
– Device software
• Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, 5G…
– Apps and Cloud
• Node.js, OAuth 2.0, HTML5…
– Privacy and transparency
• Common sense, ethics, laws…

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50. 50/56
Brillo Rest
Rest Streaming
Thread Weave
TheanoHana

51. 51/56
Brillo Rest
Rest Streaming
Thread Weave
TheanoHana

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Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?

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Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?

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Research
Practice
Education

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Common APIs/SDKs
Functionality, quality
Testing
Guidelines
Comprehensive
Curricula, open

56. Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Will IoT Trigger the Next
Software Crisis?
Griottes Team
18/02/13

57. 57/56

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References
 Other images/icons credits
– https://thenounproject.com/term/internet-of-things/358751/
– https://www.shareicon.net/protection-insurance-icons-crack-broken-insurance-breaking-glass-
glasses-cracks-678738
– https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-20883922-stock-footage-day-sunset-tight-freeway-traffic-
jam-gridlock-cars-trucks-bumper-camera-overpass-yellow-color.html
– https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-danger-to-life-skull-crossbones-warning-
sign-image27027038
– https://www.beyondmetrix.com/assets/images/maybe.jpg
– https://depositphotos.com/1377534/stock-photo-no-underlined-by-pencil.html
– https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1200/1*vHvW74PM8jDOjaIGbg8gXQ.png +
https://developers.nest.com/documentation/cloud/images/ad-t14-design-wwn.png +
https://www.marsdd.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Oct23-MaRS-ConnectedWorld-
ConnectedHome2.jpg
– http://all4desktop.com/4245989-fingers.html
– http://pngimg.com/download/956
– https://icons8.com/icon/34278/code-file