Basic concepts about chronopharmacology

1. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
SNJB’S
SHRIMAN SURESHDADA JAIN
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Presented By :- Bhore Prayagkumar Pravin
F.Y.M.Pharmacy(Pharmacology)
Roll No. 01
Guided By :- Dr. Aman B. Upaganlawar
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Pharmacology
SSDJ College of Pharmacy,
Chandwad.
Presented By :- Bhore Prayagkumar Pravin
F.Y.M.Pharmacy(Pharmacology)
Roll No. 01
Guided By :- Dr. Aman B. Upaganlawar
Associate Professor,
Dept. of Pharmacology
SSDJ College of Pharmacy,
Chandwad.
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2. CONTENTS
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1. CHRONOBIOLOGY
2. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
3. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM
4. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
5. CHRONOTHERAPY OF VARIOUS DISEASES

3. CHRONOBIOLOGY
Chronos = Time Bio = Life Logy = Study
 Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms.
 It examines the effects of time on biological events
and internal biological clocks.
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4. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
 A science concerned with the variation in the pharmacological
actions of various drugs over a period of time of the day.
 Optimize drug therapy by selecting the appropriate time of
drug administration.
 Helpful in achieving maximum efficacy and minimal adverse
effects.
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5. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM
 Biological rhythms are repetitive biological processes.
 They can range in frequency from microseconds to
less than one repetitive event per decade.
 The variations of the timing and duration of biological
activity in living organisms occur for many essential
biological processes.
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6. TYPES OF RHYTHM
Ultradian : Cycles shorter than a day.
eg. microsecond for a neuron to fire.
Circadian : Lasting for about 24 hrs.
eg. sleep-wake cycles.
Infradian : Cycles longer than 24 hrs.
eg. menstrual cycle.
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7. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
Circa = About Dies = Day / 24 Hrs
 Changes in physical, mental or expressional
activity in a time cycle of 24 hrs.
 Also called as Biological Clock of Body.
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8. CONTROLLED BY
The circadian biological clock is
controlled by a part of the brain called
the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).
 A group of neurons in the hypothalamus
that respond to light and dark signals.
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9. AFFECTED BY
 Light
 Darkness
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10. MAY AFFECT
1) Sleep
2) Body Temperature
3) Hormones
4) Apetite
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11. ABNORMALITY RESULT INTO
1) Obesity
2) Diabetes
3) Depression
4) Bipolar Disorder
5) Insomnia
6) Sexual Behaviour
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12. EFFECTS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
1. MORNING : Peak level of Serum Cholesterol, Aldosterone & Testesterone.
2. MID-DAY : Hematocrit is high.
3. EVENING : Highest level of Uric acid, Cholesterol & Insulin.
4. NIGHT : Melatonin, Prolactin, FSH, LH are higher.
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13. CHRONOTHERAPY
 The administration of medication or treatment in coordination
with the body’s circadian rhythms to maximize effectiveness
and minimize side effects
 Chronobiological studies have established circadian rhythm for
almost all body functions, e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature, plasma concentration of various hormones, gastric
pH and renal function.
 Chronotherapeutics have potential benefits in the management
of a number of diseases.
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14. HYPERTENSION
The BP of a hypertensive patient increases rapidly in the
morning after awakening, typically peaks in the middle to
late time of the day, decreases in the evening, and is lowest
while the patient sleeps at night.
The risk of heart attack appears to be greatest during the
early morning hours after awakening.
There are antihypertensive products in the market that are
chronotherapeutic medications with novel drug delivery
systems, releasing drug during the vulnerable period of 6
am to noon upon administration of medications at 10 pm.
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15. MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION
 Acute myocardial infarction mostly occurs in the
early morning.
 Rise in BP, HR, coagulation cascade and coronary
artery tone during early morning.
 This result into circadian onset of acute coronary
syndrome.
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16. ASTHMA
Symptoms of asthma occur 50 to 100 times more
often at night than during the day.
Cortisol levels were lowest in the middle of the
night and histamine concentrations peaked at a
level that resulted to greatest degree of
bronchoconstriction at 4:00 am.
A research finding also reveals that theophylline
absorption is slower at night.
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17. DIABETES MELLITUS
The difference between maximum and
minimum plasma insulin concentration has
short-term rhythmicity.
 Insulin can show its cyclic rhythmicity of 8-
30 min which can show the optimal action.
The modulators of insulin release can be
administered in a circadian pattern and
potentiate the action of insulin.
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18. PEPTIC ULCER
Gastric acid secretion is highest at night & GI
motility and gastric emptying are all slower at
night.
Suppression of acid secretion at night is an
important factor in peptic ulcer healing.
Once daily at bedtime is the recommended
dosage regimen for H2 antagonists.
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19. REFERENCES
 https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/chronopharmacology-overview
 Manpreet Kaur and Rajni Bala, CHRONOTHERAPY: A REVIEW,
International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Vol 10/
Issue 4.
 Srinivas P, Sandeep G, Pridhvi AR And Soujanya Y: Chronotherapy-
Clock Of Curing, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, Vol
2/ Issue 3
 Singh R., Sharma P.K. and Malviya R.: Review on Chronotherapeutics - A
New Remedy in the Treatment of Various Diseases, European Journal of
Biological Sciences 2 (3): 67-76, 2010

20.  Latha K, Uhumwangho, MU Sunil, SA Srikanth, MV Ramana, Murthy KV :
Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Hypertension – A Review, International
Journal of Health Research, September 2010; Vol3/ Isuue 3
Jha N, Bapat S: Chronobiology and Chronotherapeutics. Kathmandu University
Medical Journal, 2004; Vol 2/ Isuue 8