history of architecture

1. What is industrial revolution ??
The process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by
industry and machine manufacture.
The Industrial Revolution began in England about 1760
radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the world
The revolution in human thought

3. Construction material Growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new
building materials
eg :-
1 cast iron
2 steel
3 glass
Ar Louis Sullivan,
The Prudential
Building (Also
known as the
Guaranty
Building), 1894,
Buffalo, NY.

4. Social and Cultural Neoclassical Architecture
produced by the neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century,
manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of
naturalistic ornament.
Its purest is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical
Greece and Rome and the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea
Palladio.
In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall and maintains
separate identities to each of its parts.
Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the
perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, Greek, and renaissance classicism
architects, however, felt free to select whatever elements from past
cultures best fitted their programs—Gothic for Protestant churches,
baroque for Roman Catholic churches, early Greek for banks, Palladian for
institutions, early Renaissance for libraries, and Egyptian for cemeteries.

5. In the second half of the 19th century dislocations brought about by the
Industrial Revolution became overwhelming.
Many were shocked by the hideous new urban districts of factories and
workers’ housing and by the deterioration of public taste among the newly
rich.
For the new modes of transportation, canals, tunnels, bridges, and railroad
stations, architects were employed only to provide a cultural veneer
City and factory town
• The steam railroad extended its rails from raw products to the factory ,
and to the cities of consumers all over the land
.• Every amenity of urban life was sacrificed to the requirements of
industrial production.
• Railroads and ships joined at the factories , and the waterfront
became the industrial core of the city.

6. The Empire State Building (1929-31, New
York) 1,472’, 102 floors
The Eiffel Tower (1887-89, Paris) 1,063’ high
(81 floors)

7. The Industrial Revolution, which
happened in the latter half of the 18th
century, brought about a number of
changes in the architectural scenario all
over the world.
Because the Industrial Revolution also saw advancement in technology and
manufacturing facilities, it became easier for architects to design new styles of
buildings.
New architectural designs were incorporated with ease as builders in one
geography adopted architectural designs from elsewhere, which enabled
greater diversity and cross-polination of ideas from the time of the Industrial
Revolution.
It was during the Industrial Revolution that the textile industry also boomed.
Because of this development, architectural designs introduced fabrics like
velvet and silk. This brought about the concept of interiors being incorporated
into the architectural designs, making them interestingly different from all the
designs known to exist before this era.

8. Advancements in the Industrial Revolution also contributed greatly in the
evolution of architectural design as we see them today.
At the height of the Industrial Revolution, architecture celebrated both the
ornamental and the unadorned and embraced mass production in an almost
unbelievable display of goods and resources.
The rise of heavy industry generated a multitude of new building materials
such as cast iron, steel, and glass, which enabled architects to design structures
that were never before possible.
Apart from architectural designs flourishing with respect to housing and
commercial buildings, architecture also saw a boom with respect to other
forms of infrastructure such as canals, tunnels, bridges and the likes.
The Industrial Revolution brought about a number of changes in the way
architecture was perceived post 18th century. Architectural design took a
major turn. Access to better resources, more material, better techniques; all
were contributing factors to architecture becoming a full-blown and still
flourishing industry today.

9. Industrial Towns and Cities
With the invention of the steam-engine, factories no longer had to be built by the
side of fast-flowing rivers. Businessmen now tended to build factories where there
was a good supply of labour. The obvious place to build a factory was therefore in a
town.
Manchester is a good example of how a town was changed by the Industrial
Revolution. In 1773 Manchester was a market-town with a population of 27,000.
Businessmen began building factories in the town because of Manchester's large
population and local coal deposits. By 1802, Manchester had fifty-two textile
factories and the population had grown to 95,000.
Manchester and the Industrial Revolution
This attracted others who wanted to sell their goods and services to this large
population. This caused further growth, and by 1851 the population of Manchester
was over 300,000. The people who moved to towns such as Manchester needed
somewhere to live. Builders realised that good profits could be made by quickly
building cheap housing. One way of doing this was to make sure that the houses
shared as many walls as possible.

10. The result was rows and rows of back-to-back, terraced houses. The gaps between
the rows were often as narrow as eight or nine feet.