For semester 3 of BE, from latest additions of GTU course. It is based on Basics of Thermodynamic system.

1. Gandhinagar Institute Of
Technology
En. No : 170120119064
Division : B1
Branch : Mechanical
Engineering
Created by : Prasang Patel

2. • Introduction
• Macroscopic vsMicroscopic Viewpoint
• System, Surrounding and Boundary
• Typesof System
• Homogeneousand HeterogeneousSystem
• Property
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Control Volume& Quasi-Static Process
• Adiabatic system & Phase

3. What isThermodynamics?
• The science of energy, that concerned with the ways in which energy is
stored within a body.
• Energy transformations – mostly involve heat and work movements.
• The Fundamental law is the conservation of energy principle: energy
cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transformed from one
form to another.

4. Macroscopic vsMicroscopic viewpoint
• In the Macroscopic approach a certain quantity of matter is considered,
without the events the occurring at the molecular level being taken into
account.
• In the Microscopic point of view, matter is composed of myriads of
molecules. If it is a gas, each molecule these change very frequently as
result of collisions.
V
S

5. System, surroundingsand boundary
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.

6. Typeof system :
• Isolated system – neither mass nor energy can
cross the boundary.
Example (approximate): coffee in a closed, well-insulated
thermos bottle
• Closed system – only energy can cross the
boundary
Examples: a tightly capped cup of coffee
• Open system – both mass and energy can cross the
boundary
Example: an open cup of coffee
Open Closed
Isolated

7. Homogeneous system –
A system which consists of a single phase is termed as homogeneous
system (i.e.) mixture of air and water vapor ,water plus nitric acid.
Heterogeneous system –
A system which consists of two or more phases is called a Heterogeneous
system (i.e.) water plus steam, ice plus water, water plus oil.

8. Property –
It is defined as any measurable or observable characteristics
of the substance when the system remains in equilibrium state.
(ie) pressure, temp, density, volume, Energy, specific volume
Intensive property - One whose value does not depend on the mass
of the system, like temperature, pressure, density , specific volume
Extensive property - One whose Value depends on the mass of the
system, like Volume, Total Energy,etc.

9. Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• A system is said to exist in a state of Thermodynamic equilibrium when no
change in any macroscopic property is registered, if the system is isolated from
its surroundings.
• An isolated system always reaches in course of time a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium and can never depart from it spontaneously.
• A system will be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, if the condition for
the following three types of equilibrium are satisfied:
(1) Mechanical equilibrium (2) Chemical equilibrium (3) Thermal equilibrium

10. Control volume –
A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out of a
system called as Control volume.
 Quasi-static process:
In thermodynamics, a Quasi-static process is a
thermodynamic process that happens slowly
enough for the system to remain in internal
equilibrium. An example of this is quasi-static
compression, where the volume of a system
changes at a slow rate enough to allow the
pressure to remain uniform and constant
throughout the system.

11. Adiabatic system:
An adiabatic system is one which is thermally
insulated from its surroundings. It can ever exchange work with its
surroundings. If it does not -it becomes an isolated system
Phase :
A phase is quantity of matter which homogeneous throughout in
chemical composition and physical structure.