2. Trophodynamics, “the dynamics of nutrition or metabolism”.
Proposed by Lindeman (1942) and is fundamental in
understanding the flow of energy through food webs.
3. Relationships within a community, energy flow, and linkages
between biota and the environment are all encompassed in
Lindeman’s approach.
The idea of energy flow in an ecosystem strengthened earlier
studies such as biomass pyramids (Elton, 1927; Turney and
Buddle, 2016),
4. Definition of ecosystem processes is crucial to
trophodynamic studies because they encompass biological,
physical, and chemical mechanisms that link species and
facilitate energy flow.
5. BRIEF HISTORY
Trophodynamics, by regulating the cycling of mass, energy and
nutrients, determines how marine ecosystems function and
respond to both internal and external pressures.
The first reference to the term ‘food chain’ was in 1718.
6. The first graphical depiction of a food web was attempted by
Camerano.
Nutrient cycles and lake food webs; introduced to limnology
the terms ‘producers’,’consumers’, and ‘reducers’ by
Thienemann (1926) .
Pioneer of ecology, analyzed ecosystems by pyramids of
numbers at different trophic levels by Elton (1927).
7. Introduction of the trophodynamics concept by Lindeman
(1942).
Definition of measures, also related to food webs, for
assessing the development stage of an ecosystem by Odum
(1969).
Food webs as central in ecology for a holistic view of
ecosystems by Odum et al. (1971).
8. Lindeman (1942), in fact, examined ecosystem energetics as
an integrated whole, positing the concept of trophodynamics.
Later, Clarke (1946) described a marine food web and
Hairston et al. (1960) built on Lindeman’s work by examining
how populations of plants, herbivores and carnivores are
regulated at distinct trophic levels.
Successively, trophodynamic concepts have been applied to
link changes in primary production to commercial fish
production.
10. 2) Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid is the graphical representation of the
number, energy, and biomass of the successive trophic levels of
an ecosystem.
11. 3) Food Web
Food web is a network of interconnected food chains. It
comprises all the food chains within a single ecosystem.
In a marine environment, phytoplankton forms the primary
producer.
12. TROPHODYNAMICS
The foundation of trophodynamics is the understanding of how
food webs contribute to energy flow.
In ecology, food web dynamics are typically based on a
hierarchical, pyramid structure.
Coral reefs typically follow this classical food pyramid
structure, however, due to complex food webs and variability
in habitat structure.
13. Trophodynamic analyses integrate ecosystem processes and
food webs.
In a conservation and management context, trophodynamics
can be used to predict the ecological effects of disturbances or
fishing,
And trophodynamic patterns are used as indicators for the
state of coral reef systems.
Incorporating trophodynamics in marine studies is difficult.
14. Use of trophodynamics for management
Fisheries regulation, pollution abatement, pest control and
other management activities benefit from trophodynamic
inputs.
Trophodynamics can provide a strategic framework for
embedding traditional approaches such as single species
targets.
The various ecosystem aspects (e.g. structure, function,
resilience, stability) require a set of indicators for applications
in management.
15. Indicators that have been extensively tested, (e.g. mean
trophic level of catch, primary production required, are the
most promising.
Trophodynamics to study coral reefs and identified energy
pathways through both algae and fish to consumers,
Demonstrating that energy can be derived from both benthic
and pelagic sources in a single system.
16. Reference
Trophodynamics in marine ecology: 70 years after Lindeman, Simone
Libralato1,*, Fabio Pranovi2, Konstantinos I. Stergiou3,4, Jason S. Link5,
1Section Oceanography, OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica
Sperimentale), Dept. Oceanography, Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/c, 34010 Sgonico
(TS), Italy.
Trophodynamics as a Tool for Understanding Coral Reef Ecosystems, Stacy L.
Bierwagen1,2*, Michelle R. Heupel 3, Andrew Chin1,3 and Colin A.
Simpfendorfer 1, 1 Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD,
Australia, 2 AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 3
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
