A complete analysis of impacts of bloodpressure over parts of the body.

1. BLOOD PRESSURE

2. BLOOD PRESSURE
• Blood pressure is the pressure of your blood on the walls of your arteries as
your heart pumps it around your body.
• It’s vital part of how your heart and circulation works.

3. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
It is defined as the lateral pressure exerted
by the column of blood on wall of arteries.
The pressure is exerted when blood flows
through the arteries

4. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
• It is also expressed in four different terms
• Systolic blood pressure
• Diastolic blood pressure
• Pulse pressure
• Mean arterial blood pressure

5. SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
•It is defined as the maximum
pressure exerted in the
arteries during systole of
heart

6. DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
•It is defined as the minimum
pressure exerted in the arteries
during diastole of heart

7. PULSE PRESSURE
•Difference between systolic
and diastolic pressure

8. MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
• It is average pressure existing in arteries.
• It is nit arithmetic mean of systolic and diastolic
pressure .
• Diastolic pressure+1/3 (pulse pressure).
• Diastole pressure is considered because it’s period is
longer in cardiac cycle

9. VENOUS BLOOD PRESSURE
• It is pressure exerted by contained blood in the veins.
• The pressure in vena cava and right atrium is called
central venous pressure.
• The pressure in peripheral veins is called peripheral
venous pressure

10. CAPILLARY BLOOD PRESSURE
• It is pressure exerted by the blood contained in
capillary.It is also called capillary hydrostatic
pressure.
• It is responsible for the exchange of various
substance between blood and interstitial fluid
through capillary wall.

11. CATEGORIES OF BLOOD PRESSURE

13. ALTERATION IN BLOOD PRESSURE
•Physiological
•Pathological.

14. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
• Age
• Sex
• Body built
• Diurnal variations
• After meals
• During sleep
• Emotional conditions
• After exercise

15. 1. AGE.
BLOOD
PRESSURE
INCREASES AS
AGE ADVANCES. •Body built.
pressure is more in obese person
than in lean person.
• 2. Sex.
• Females up to
menopause ABP is
(_5mm hg)
Than males

16. DIURNAL
VARIATIONS.
EARLY MORNING-
SLIGHTLY LOW.
NOON-REACHES
MAXIMUM.
EVENING-BECOMES
LOW.
During sleep.
Pressure reduced to 15 to 20 mm
hg during deep sleep.However
increases slightly during sleep
associated with dreams.
After meals.
ABP is increased few
hours after meals due
to increase in cardiac
output

17. AFTER MEALS
• Functional hyperemia is the cause of increase in BP after
meals.
• Hyperemia: A excess of blood in the vessels supplying
organ or other part of the body.
It is mainly due addition of 2 GI hormones
Gastrin,Cholecystokinin to digestive products such as
glucose and fatty acids also cause vasodilation and increases
mesenteric blood flow.

18. EMOTIONAL CONDITIONS.
DURING EXCITEMENT OR ANXIETY BLOOD PRESSURE IS
INCREASED DUE TO RELEASE OF ADRENALINE.
After exercise.
After moderate exercise systolic pressure increases by 20 to 30 mm hg above
basal level due to increase in rate ,force of contraction and stroke volume.
Diastolic pressure is unaffected, because it depends on peripheral resistance.
After severe muscular exercise systolic pressure rises by 40 to 50 mm
hg above the basal level.
Diastolic pressure reduces because the peripheral resistance decreases in
severe muscular exercise.

19. PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
• Central factors.
1. Cardiac output
2. Heart rate.
• Peripheral factors.
1. Peripheral resistance
2. BLOOD volume
3. Venous return
4. Elasticity of blood vessels
5. Velocity of blood flow
6. Diameter of blood vessels
7. Viscosity of blood

20. CENTRAL FACTORS
• Cardiac output
• Systolic pressure is directly
proptional to cardiac output
• Heart rate
• Moderate changes is
heart rate do not affect
ABP,however marked
alterations in heart rate
affect the blood pressure
by altering cardiac output

21. PERIPHERAL FACTORS
1. Peripheral resistance.
2. It maintain diastolic pressure.
3. It is resistance offered to the blood flow at periphery.
4. Resistance is offered at arterioles which are called
resistant vessels.
5. Directly proptional to diastolic pressure.

22. 2.BLOOD VOLUME
• Blood pressure is directly proptional to blood volume.
• It maintains blood pressure through venous return and
cardiac output.

23. VENOUS RETURN
•BLOOD pressure is directly proptional to
venous return . When venous return
increase there is increase in ventricular
filling and cardiac output,resulting in
elevation of ABP.

24. ELASTICITY OF BLOOD
VESSELS•
• Blood pressure is inversely proportional to elasticity of blood
vessels.
• Due to elastic property the blood vessels are distensible and are
able to maintain pressure.
• When the elastic property is lost the blood vessels become
rigid(arteriosclerosis)and pressure increases as in old age.
• Deposition of cholesterol fatty acids and calcium ions produce rigidity of
blood vessels and (atherosclerosis) leading to increased blood pressure

25. VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW
•Pressure in blood vessel is directly
proptional to velocity of blood flow.
•If velocity of blood flow increases the
resistance is increased,so pressure is
increased.

26. DIAMETER OF
BLOOD VESSELS
ABP is inversely proportional to the
diameter of blood vessels.
VISCOSITY OF BLOOD
• ABP is directly proptional to
the viscosity of blood. When
viscosity of blood increased
frictional resistance is
increased and this increases
the pressure.

27. REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE
• Nervous mechanism or short-term regulatory
mechanism
• Renal mechanism or long-term regulatory
mechanism
• Hormonal mechanism
• Local mechanism

28. NERVOUS MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• Rapid among all the mechanisms involved in the
regulation of arterial blood pressure.
• Although the nervous mechanism is quick in action ,it
operates only for a short period,hence it is called short-
term regulation
• The nervous mechanism regulating the ABP operates
through the vasomotor system

29. VASOMOTOR SYSTEM INCLUDE:
Vasomotor center
Vasoconstrictor fibers
Vasodilator fibers

30. • VASOCONSTRICTOR AREA
PRESSOR AREAS
FORMS LATERAL PORTION
OF VASOMOTOR CENTER
SENDS IMPULSE
SYMPATHETIC
VASOCONSTRICTOR
TO BLOOD VESSELS
ALSO CONCERNED WITH
ACCELERATION OF HEART
RATE

31. NERVOUS REGULATION

32. VASODILATOR AREA
• Depressor area
• Forms medial portion of vasomotor center.supresses vasoconstrictor area and
causes vasodilation.
• Also concerned with cardio inhibition

33. SENSORY AREAS
• It is situated in the nucleus of tractus solitaire
which is situated in postero-lateral part of medulla
and pons.
• This area receives sensory impulses via
glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves from the
periphery.

34. VASOCONSTRICTOR AREAS
1. They belong to the sympathetic division
of autonomic nervous system. They
cause vasoconstriction by the release of
neurotransmitter substance
noradrenaline.
Vasomotor tone
It is continuous discharge of impulses From
vasoconstrictor Center through
vasoconstrictor fibers.

35. VASODILATOR FIBERS
• Parasympathetic vasodilator fiber
Cause dilation of blood vessels by releasing acetylcholine
• Sympathetic vasodilator fibers/cholinergic fibers
They form important part of vasomotor system

36. ANTIDROMIC VASODILATOR FIBERS
• Normally the impulses produced by a cutaneous receptors pass
through sensory nerve fibers.But some impulses pass through
other branches of the axon in the opposite direction and reach the
blood vessel supplied by these branches and dilates the blood
vessel.it is also called as antidromic or axon reflex.

37. MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF BLOOD
PRESSURE
• Baroreceptorrs are the receptors which give response to change in blood pressure
• Situation
• Carotid sinus
• Wall of aorta
• Functions
When ABP rises rapidly baroreceptor are activated and send stimulatory impulses to nucleus of tractus solitarius,
through glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve.
Now the Nucleus of tractus Solitarius acts on both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator areas
Iinhibits vasoconstrictor area
Excites vasodilator area

38. ROLE OF BARORECEPTOR WHEN BLOOD
PRESSURE DECREASES
• The fall in ABP or occlusion of common carotid arteries
decrease the pressure in carotid sinus

41. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
Hypertension
It is defined as persistent high blood pressure
Systolic pressure more than 150 mm hg
Diastolic pressure more than 90 mm hg
Types
Primary
Secondary

42. PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
BENIGN HYPERTENSION
• High blood pressure that does not
cause any problems.
MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION
• Causes severe damage to tunica
intima of blood vessels and organs
like eye(retina) heart,brain and
kidneys .It is a fatal disease,since it
causes death within few years

43. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
CARDIOVASCULAR
HYPERTENSION
• Caused due to atherosclerosis and coarctation
of aorta
ENDOCRINE HYPERTENSION
• Developed due to hyper activity of some
endocrine glands
• Pheochromocytoma Tumour in adrenal
medulla resulting in excess secretion of
catchecholamines.
• Hyperaldosteronism Excess secretion of
aldosterone from adrenal cortex
• Cushing’s syndrome Excess secretion of
glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex

44. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
RENAL HYPERTENSION
• Stenosis of renal arteries
• Tumor of juxta glomerular
cells,leading to excess production
of angiotensin 2
• Glomerulonephritis
NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION
• Nervous disorder producing
hypertension
• Increased intra cranial pressure
• Lesion in tractus solitaries
• Sectioning of nerve fibers from
carotid sinus

45. HYPERTENSION DURING PREGNANCY
Some pregnant women develop hypertension
because of toxemia of pregnancy
Hypertension is associated with convulsions and
eclampsia

46. BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure

47. TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
Beta adenoceptor blockers block the effect of sympathetic nerves in heart
and blood vessels by binding with beta adenoceptor
Alpha adenoceptor blockers block the effect of sympathetic nerves on
blood vessels by binding with alpha adenoceptor
Calcium channel blockers
Vasodilators
Diuretics
Angiotensin 2 receptor blockers

48. HYPOTENSION
• Primary
• Secondary
• When systolic pressure is lower than 90 mm hg it is considered as hypotension
• Primary hypotension produces common symptoms such as frequent fatigue and weakness
• Secondary hypotension is due to underlying diseases
• Myocardial infarction
• Hypoactivity of pituitary glands
• Hypoactivity of adrenal glands
• Tuberculosis
• Nervous disorder