2. Introduction
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) > pancreatic cyst
Male : Female (MD-IPMN and BD-IPMN in Asia) >> 3 : 1.8
Asymptomatic present with abdominal discomfort
Malignancy in MD-IPMN and mixed-type IPMN 60%
(Invasive cancer 45%)
Malignancy in BD-IPMN 25% (Invasive cancer < 20%)
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
3. Morphologic classification
Main duct IPMN (MD-IPMN)
Mean frequency of Inv-IPMN and HGD = 61.6% (Inv-IPMN 43.1%)
Branch duct IPMN (BD-IPMN)
Mean frequency of Inv-IPMN and HGD = 31.1% (Inv-IPMN 18.5%)
Mixed type IPMN
Minimal MPD involvement
Extensive MPD involvement
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
5. Histologic subtypes
Gastric
most common in BD-IPMN
Papilla lining
MUC5AC - positive
MUC1 and MUC2 – negative
If carcinoma develop tubular
type
Intestinal
most common in MD-IPMN
33% - invasive carcinoma
Colloid type
MUC2 and CDX2 - positive
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:745
6. Histologic subtypes
Pancreatobiliary
Rare
Tubular type and aggressive
Oncocytic
Complex multilocular cyst
Ductal dilatation
Mucin extrusion (Ampulla)
MUC6 – positive
Good prognosis
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:745
10. Once detection of the Cyst..
Pancreatic cyst < 5 mm, no symptom and no invasive carcinoma
characteristic F/U imaging
Pancreatic cyst > 5 mm MRCP
“procedure of choice” for evaluating pancreatic cyst
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
11. EUS-FNA
For cyst fluid and tissue cytology
Limitation: Operator dependent
For diagnosis (HGD&Inv-IPMN)
in mucinous cyst
Sensitivity 72%
Positive predictive value 80%
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
SEEDING…????
12. Ngamruengphon S, et al. Endoscopy 2013;45:619-26
EUS-FNA >> not associated with a risk of needle track seeding
13. ERCP with brushing and washing
cytology
Mural nodule size > 5 mm
CEA level in pancreatic juice > 30 ng/ml
Useful for diagnosis HGD and Inv-IPMN in BD-IPMN
Positive predictive value 100%
Negative predictive value 96.3%
Hirono S, et al. Ann Surg 2012;255:517-22
14. High risk stigmata of malignancy
Obstructive jaundice with pancreatic head cyst
Enhancing solid component within cyst (≥ 5 mm)
MPD size ≥ 10 mm
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
15. Worrisome features
Clinical pancreatitis
Cyst size ≥ 3 cm
Enhancing mural nodule < 5 mm
Thickened enhanced cyst walls
MPD size 5-9 mm
Abrupt change of MPD caliber with
distal pancreatic atrophy
Lymphadenopathy
Rising serum CA19-9
Rapid growth rate ≥ 5mm/2years
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
17. Main duct IPMN (MD-IPMN)
Features suspected MD-IPMN
Diffuse dilatation of MPD
Thickened wall of MPD
Intraductal mucin or mural nodule
Incidence of Inv-IPMN and HGD in MD-
IPMN is 61.6%
Incidence of Inv-IPMN alone ~ 43.1%)
5 year survival rates 31-54%
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
18. Indications for resection in MD-IPMN
Strongly recommend for all surgically fit patients with
MPD > 10 mm
Jaundice
Mural nodules
In MPD 5-9 mm (WF): no immediate resection
There is no cut-off size of mural nodule to predict Inv-IPMN or HGD
in MD-IPMN
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
19. Resection of MD-IPMN
Diffuse MPD dilation & no focal lesion >> ERCP
Mucin extrusion or mural nodule MD-IPMN
Aim of resection >> complete removal of tumor
with negative margin
MD-IPMN at middle segment or pancreatic body
>> right sided pancreatectomy or
pancreaticoduodenetomy
Frozen section for adequate margin
Tally NJ, Practical Gastroenterology&Hepatology; 2010
20. Intraoperative frozen section
HGD or invasive carcinoma is present at the margin
Further resection until negative margin
LGD - not require any further therapy
Low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)
As LGD - no further resection
Negative margin in frozen but Inv-IPMN at margin ***
Closed follow-up
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
21. Total pancreatectomy in MD-IPMN
Consider in patient
Definitive diagnosis
Size of MPD dilation
Present of symptom or mural nodules
Young patient who can handle the exocrine
and endocrine insufficiency
Intraductal ultrasonography and
intraoperative pancreatoscopy have been
used to obtain additional information
Michael J, et al. Intraoperative pancreatoscopy. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery 2014;18:1100-07
23. Branch duct IPMN (BD-IPMN)
Incidence of Inv-IPMN and HGD in BD-IPMN is 31%
Incidence of Inv-IPMN only ~18.5%
Rate of progression to HGD or invasive cancer 1.4-6.9% per year
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
29. Method of resection
Standard pancreatectomy
>> depending on location of lesion
► Pancreatic head
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
► Pancreatic body or tail
Distal pancreatectomy
► Diffuse type and MPD dilation along pancreas
Total pancreatectomy
30. Other treatment
Limit resection (excision, enucleation, uncinatectomy)
Consider for BD-IPMN without clinical, radiologic,
cytopathogic or serologic suspicion of invasive carcinoma
Associated with leakage of mucin causing pseudomyxoma
peritonei
Higher incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF)
and recurrence
31. Role of mucosal ablation
Pancreatic cyst > 2cm, unilocular or oligolocular (no MPD communication)
Cysts in patient who refuse surgery or are high-risk surgical candidates
BD-IPMN >> Not recommended..!!
Cyst resolution rate
Short term 33-79%
Complete or partial 75% (median follow up 27 month)
Dewitt JM, et al. Endoscopy 2014;46:457-64
Gomez V, et al. Gastrointes Endosc 2016;83:914-20
32. Role of mucosal ablation
Complication
Acute pancreatitis (4.5-10%)
Abdominal pain (<20%)
Peritonitis
Splenic vein obliteration
Steve Pereira, Cystic tumors of the pancreas, London pancreas update meeting 2017
33. Approach to multifocal BD-IPMN
25-41% of all BD-IPMN
Treatment as unifocal BD-IPMN
Segmental resection >> IPMNs with the highest oncological risk
and perform surveillance of the remaining lesions
Total pancreatectomy >> patients with a strong family history of
pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
34. Follow up
Non-resected
IPMN
Surgically resected
IPMN
For observe recurrent and progressive of IPMN (non-invasive
IPMN to Inv-IPMN)
For observe characteristic of cyst >> mural nodule, size and
number
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
35. Follow up of non-resected IPMN
History and physical examination
MRI/MRCP (or pancreatic protocol CT)
EUS (in patient with mural nodule)
Serum CEA, CA 19-9
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
36. Follow up of non-resected IPMN
BD-IPMN without high risk stigmata and worrisome features
Size of largest cyst Management
<1 cm
CT/MRI in 6 months then
Every 2 years if no change
1-2 cm
CT/MRI q 6 months x 1 year then
Yearly x 2 then
Every 2 years if no change
2-3 cm EUS q 3-6 months then yearly alternating MRI with EUS as
Consider surgery in young, fit patient or prolong surveillance
>3 cm
MRI/EUS q 3-6 months
Strongly consider surgery in young, fit patients
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
37. Follow up of non-resected IPMN
High risk stigmata
Fit patients - go on surgery
Unfit patients or high risk for surgery - surveillance q
3-6 month
Worrisome feature
Increase risk of invasive carcinoma and HGD
Short surveillance
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
38. Follow up of non-resected IPMN
Incidence of the development of concomitant PDAC
5 year : 3%
10-year : 8.8%
Uehara H, et al. Gut 2008;57:1561-5.
Tanno S, et al. Pancreas 2010;39: 36-40.
Long-term surveillance over 5 years is necessary for detection
of concomitant PDAC
39. Follow up of surgically resected IPMN
Non-invasive IPMN with negative surgical margin
For detect the development of a new IPMN or concomitant PDAC
CT or MRI at least twice a year in high risk group
High risks group
Family history of PDAC
Surgical margin positive for HGD
Non-intestinal subtype
Non high risks group CT or MRI every 6-12 months
Tanaka M, et al. Pancreatology 2017;17:738-53
40. Follow up of surgically resected IPMN
Invasive IPMN
Clinical evaluation, CA19-9, CT whole abdomen with
contrast every 3–6 months for 2 years, then annually
NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. v.1.2019
41. Progression of IPMN within the pancreatic remnant
Jin He, et al. Journal of American College of Surgeons 2013;216:657.
42. Predictors of recurrence
Presence of HGD in resected specimens
Margin positive resection
>> conflicting outcomes reported by different centers
(margin positive vs margin negative)
He et al. (27% vs 22%, p = ns) and Kang et al. (12.1% vs 10.4%, p =
0.704)1
Marchegiani et al. (25% vs 14%, p = 0.008)
Family history of PDAC (family history of PDAC vs non-family history of
PDAC)
He et al. >> recurrent rate 23% vs 7% (p < 0.05)
Jin He, et al. Journal of American College of Surgeons 2013;216:657.
Marchegiani G, et al. Annual of Surgery 2015;261:976-83.
43. Predictors of recurrence
Ideno et al
IPMN having concomitant PDAC - gastric subtype
Miyasaka et al
Pancreatobiliary subtype of IPMN - predictor for metachronous
development of concomitant PDAC
Gastric and pancreatobiliary subtypes of IPMN (MUC2- negative non-
intestinal subtype) - should be considered as a high risk for the
development of concomitant PDAC
Idena, et al. Annual of Surgery 2013;258:141-51.
Miyasaka Y, et al. Annual of surgery 2016;263: 1108-14.
44. Surveillance protocol
Risk of progression of IPMN does not diminish over time following
resection
Surveillance should continue indefinitely as long as the patient
remains fit for surgery
In IPMN patients with two or more affected first-degree relatives
cross-sectional imaging at least twice a year, and surveillance
should not be discontinued as long as the patient remains fit
Wang W, et al. Journal of clinical oncology 2007;25:1417-22.
45. Surveillance protocol
Genetic defect that associated with increase risk of PDAC
BRCA2/Fanconi anemia pathway defects (3.5-10 folds)
Familial atypical mole malignant melanoma syndrome (9-47 folds)
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (132 folds)
Couch FJ, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:342-6.
Goggins M, et al. Cancer RES 1996;56:5360-4.
Giardiello FM, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine 1987;316:1511-4.
46. Surveillance protocol
Synchronous and metachronous occurrence of malignant diseases
in extrapancreatic organs in patients with IPMNs occur in 20-30%
Gastrointestinal cancer Asian countries
Skin, breast, and prostatic cancers United States
At present no screening recommendations for detecting
extrapancreatic malignancies
Once diagnosis of IPMN consideration of extrapancreatic
neoplasms
Yamaguchi K, et al. European Journal of Surgery 1999;165:223-9.
Reid-Lombardo, et al. Annual of Surgery 2010;251:64-9.
Lee SY, et al. Pancreas 2006;32:186-9.
1.MD-IPMN >> การมี segment หรือ diffuse dilatation ของ main pancreatic duct ที่มีขนาด > 5mm และไม่พบสาเหตุของ obstruction
อุบัติการณ์การเกิด Inv-IPMN and HGD in MD-IPMN is 61.6% (Inv-IPMN 43.1%) , 5 year survival rates 31-54%
Worrisome features ; MPD diameter 5-9 mm
High-risk stigmata ; MPD diameter ≥10 mm
2.BD-IPMN >> pancreatic cyst ที่มีขนาด >5mm และมีการเชื่อมต่อกับ MPD
อุบัติการณ์การเกิด Inv-IPMN and HGD in MD-IPMN is 31.1% (Inv-IPMN 18.5%)
3.Mixed type IPMN >> มีทั้ง MD-IPMN + BD-IPMN
- Minimal MPD involvement (microscopic appearance)
- Extensive MPD involvement (macroscopic appearance)
The gastric type shows tall columnar cells with basally oriented nuclei and abundant pale mucinous cytoplasm.
The intestinal type is composed of tall papillae lined by columnar cells with pseudostratified nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm with variable amounts of apical mucin
The pancreatobiliary type has thin branching papillae with high-grade dysplasia. The cells are cuboidal and have round hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and moderately amphophilic cytoplasm with a less mucinous appearance.
The oncocytic type usually exhibits complex arborizing papillae lined by two to five layers of cuboidal to columnar cells with large, round, fairly uniform nuclei containing single, prominent, eccentrically located nucleoli, and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm sometimes in a cribriform or solid growth pattern.
งามเรืองพล และคณะ ศึกษาเพื่อยืนยันว่าการตรวจ EUS-FNA ไม่สัมพันธ์กับการเกิดซ้ำของ gastric cancer and peritoneal cancer ภายหลังการผ่าตัด pancreatic cancer or IPMN
จากการศึกษาของ Hirono และคณะพบว่า ขนาด mural nodule ที่ใหญ่กว่า 5 mm และ CEA level ใน pancreatic juice ที่มากกว่า 30 ng/ml มีประโยชน์ช่วยในการวินิจฉัย HGD and Inv-IPMN ได้
HRS ตรวจพบจาก CT,MRI,EUS
Main duct features suspicious for involvement (thickened wall or intraductal mucin or mural nodule)
ใน MD-IPMN มีอุบัติการณ์รวมของ Inv-IPMN and HGD 61.6% (Inv-IPMN43.1%) 5 year survival rate 31-54%
- Strongly recommend for Sx in MPD > 10 mm, jaundice, มี mural nodule
- MPD 5-9 mm ยังไม่เป็นข้อบ่งชี้ของการผ่าตัด ควรได้รับการรวจเพิ่มเติมเนื่องจาก MPD อาจจะมีสาเหตุมาจากโรคอื่นได้ เช่น chronic pancreatitis
- ในปัจจุบัน ยังไม่มีขนาดของ mural nodule ที่ช่วยทำนาย HGD หรือ Inv-IPMN ใน MD-IPMN
ใน In diffuse MPD dilation & no focal lesion ควรส่ง ERCP เพื่อแยกโรค chronic pancreatitis ถ้ามี mucin extrusion or mural nodule ช่วยในการวินิจฉัย IPMN
** fish mouth deformity >> secondary to mucin overproduction & extrusion pathognomonic for IPMN
Frozen section ใช้เพื่อบอกขอบเขตที่เหมาะสมของการผ่าตัด
Frozen พบ HGD or Inv-IPMN -> ตัดเพิ่มจนกว่า negative margin
ถ้า final patho พบ Inv-IPMN ที่ pancreatic transected margin แต่ใน frozen ได้ negative margin follow up ในระยะสั้นๆ ถ้าprogress ขึ้น -> total pancreatectomy
IPMN guildeline2016 advice long term surveillance เพื่อ follow up ดู concomitant PDAC หรือ Inv-IPMN ในส่วนของ pancreatic remnant ภายหลังการผ่าตัด pancreatectomy
Field defect ศึกษาผู้ป่วย 130 ราย ที่ได้รับการผ่าตัด standard pancreatectomy พบว่า non-invasive IPMN มีความเสี่ยงของการเกิด IPMN ใหม่ที่ 1,5,10 yr อยู่ที่ 4, 25, 62 ตามลำดับ
และคนในกลุ่มนี้ได้รับการผ่าตัดอยู่ที่ 2,14,18% ตามลำดับ โดยมีความเสี่ยงที่จะเกิด Inv-IPMN อยู่ที่ 0,7,38% ตามลำดับ
Kang et al reported a recurrence rate of 5.4% in non-invasive IPMN
Marchegiani et al 9.4% in non-invasive IPMN
Previous literature, which reports a recurrence rates ranging from 1% to 20% (in non-invasive), and invasive recurrence rates of 2%e7.8%
Present of HGD, margin positive, family history of PDAC Most commonly associated with progression in the pancreatic remnant
family history was the only independent preoperative predictor of recurrence
He et al. reported that 17% of patients with HGD discovered in their primary resected IPMNs developed new or progressive disease in their pancreatic remnant
Miller et al reported that 10% ,,,
Rezaee et al over 8-fold more likely to subsequently develop an invasive cancer