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Sustainable lighting NTU (Philip Harfield)
- 1. Philip Harfield 2014 Eco-innovation for critical materials in the lighting sector Philip Harfield Senior Project Officer Ecodesign Centre 2014
- 2. Philip Harfield 2014 ‘We make ecodesign happen through developing and delivering collaborative multi-sectoral ecodesign projects’.
- 3. Philip Harfield 2014 closed loop, zero waste, lifecycle thinking, resource efficiency, ecodesign, lean manufacture, eco- innovation, cradle to cradle, biomimicry, sustainable design, design for environment, five capitals, industrial ecology, circular economy…
- 4. Philip Harfield 2014 aim: decoupling impact from growth image source www.flickr.com
- 5. Philip Harfield 2014 decoupling resource impact? absolute decoupling ‘intrinsic to the survival of human civilisation’ (UNEP, 2011) • Dr Fredrich Schmidt-Bleek material intensity should be reduced by factor of ten • EU - Policy measures / action planning / business incentives / research image source: www.eea.europa.eu
- 6. Philip Harfield 2014 challenge: current practice is not enough! futurenow external internal Modified products Alternate products Alternate business models sustainable responsible leadership Alternate ownership models New industrial systems Philip Harfield 2014
- 7. Philip Harfield 2014 futurenow external internal Modified products Alternate products sustainable responsible leadership Alternate ownership models systemic change radical change incremental change Alternate business models New industrial systems Philip Harfield 2014
- 8. Philip Harfield 2014 challenge business as usual product/service offer company management futurenow external internal Alternate products sustainable responsible leadership Alternate ownership models Alternate business models New industrial systems Q. vision/values/capacity/competence/finance
- 9. Philip Harfield 2014 challenge business as usual product/service offer company management institutional steer infrastructural requirements organisational structures market engagement futurenow external internal ‘innovation occurs within a context of inherent uncertainty’ (O’Rafferty 2013) Philip Harfield 2014
- 10. Philip Harfield 2014 higher-level requirements? product/service offer company management institutional steer infrastructural requirements organisational structures market engagement futurenow external internal shift in product / service proposition shift of Business Model service systems criteria shift in level of systems integration Product-service evolution / New solutions / Wider-scale application non-technical collaborative Philip Harfield 2014
- 11. Philip Harfield 2014 recovery Collaboration across the lifecycle Demonstrate eco-innovation in LED technologies through decoupling critical material consumption from the economic potential of LED technologies. cycling resources embedded in systems containing Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
- 12. Philip Harfield 2014 why LEDs: necessary complexity! • 7 materials • Manufacturing energy 42MJ (per 20M lumen-hours) • Use energy 60W • 30+ materials (17 in LED chip) • Manufacturing energy 343 MJ (per 20M lumen-hours) • Use energy 12.5W (DOE 2012, DEFRA 2009)
- 13. Philip Harfield 2014 Sapphire, Gallium, Aluminium, Gold, Silver, Tin, Indium, Chromium, Platinum, Cerium, Europium, Terbium, Yttrium, Silicone Carbide, Silicon Why LEDs: critical materials!
- 14. Gold - 4590 - Nickel why: geological availability? (years supply) (Source: Reller & Graedel, New Scientist 2007)
- 15. global issue – critical resources Supply Risk Economic Importance ‘Low Carbon’ Environmental RiskSocial Risk http://www.abc.net.au/www.flickr.com http://www.reuters.com/
- 16. Philip Harfield 2014 manufacture use reuse recovery collection assembly & marketpre-processing cycLED material inputs technical solutions
- 17. Philip Harfield 2014 manufacture use reuse recovery collection pre-processing external eco-i material inputs assembly & market external internal (company) tech solutions + non-tech = guidelines
- 18. Philip Harfield 2014 reuse use EoLsupply make sell production consumption form assemble finish packdeliver market extract process deliver re-sell refurb re- process pre- process re-sell buyreturn repair re- brand eco-i
- 19. Philip Harfield 2014 slow metabolism valorize new business opportunity close resource loops extended use cycle reduce embedded impact optimise design for resource efficiency validate new consumption model reuse use EoLsupply make sell production consumption form assemble finish packdeliver market extract process deliver re-sell refurb re- process pre- process re-sell buyreturn repair re- brand eco-i
- 20. Philip Harfield 2014 www.braun-lighting.com http://www.ona.es/ http://www.etaplighting.com/ Industrial: Product Service System Street-lighting: Servicability focus Commercial (harsh environments): Extended life focus Domestic/retail: End of Life focus (recovery) Demonstrating eco-innovation http://riva.sc/
- 21. Philip Harfield 2014 many eco-innovation challenges: • The rapid ‘innovation’ rate of LED technologies inhibits long term thinking (controlled via IP) • Lifecycle uncertainty within design brief - substitution vs. recycling (return on investment or extended payback) • Technology foresight -hydro vs. pyro- metallurgy, market demand for eco-innovation • Open innovation: competitive environment prevents collaboration between organisations • Business resource requirements (finance, capabilities, competencies) • Rebound - application ‘innovation’ may offset any efficiency gains? barriers to change / adoption
- 22. Philip Harfield 2014 cycLED: first steps to possible solutions • Define the collaborative landscape: – pooled knowledge & solutions? – shared costs & value? – innovation platforms (within competitive arena)? • Develop models & tools to valorize radical business model innovation (TCO vs. TVO) • Develop evaluation criteria for successful eco-innovative products (success = product & systems value for Reusability, Recoverability, Durability, Dematerialization etc.) • Development of technical design rules for critical resource efficient products & non-technical system rules for value chain!
- 23. Philip Harfield 2014 There are many design led ‘solutions’ promising much • Optimised Product – resource conservation • Extended life product – resource consumption • Second life product – resource reuse • End of Life product - resource recovery image: authors own
- 24. Philip Harfield 2014 lifecycle scenario What use is technical longevity if: • The building requires a refit after 5 years wear and tear - lost ‘newness’ • The hotel undertakes a rebrand or changes ownership - existing lights are not inline with the incoming brand • The hotel moves and the building is to be converted into apartments. Does this mean we need: • To offer ‘as new’ products underpinned by warrantees & incentives (cash-back), explore durability & refurbishment strategies? • Business tools to quantifying / communicate value of transferable/ flexible ownership? • Develop the business case (company motivations) for repair services requirements: CBA – resource (staff, equip), infrastructure (storage space), economies of scale (estimated quantities of reusable products/components), technological support (smart tags), additional service revenues (maintenance, control & monitoring)
- 25. Philip Harfield 2014 Opportunity to ‘sell’ more? Opportunity to ‘design’ more? Doesn’t mean less work & fewer designer but designers that like industry & society, step-up the eco-innovation ladder!
- 26. Philip Harfield 2014 Philip Harfield Ecodesign Centre Senior Project Officer phil@edcw.org
Editor's Notes
- Old friends ME: SPO CYCLED & MCRW
- RESEARCH CENTRE - CARDIFF MET, national Centre for Product Design & Development Research 2006 - CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE WG – Industry, policy & education
- WHAT IS ECO-INNOVATION EU POLICY RESPONSE– despite rhetoric industry not responding, Low Carbon targets never met with BAU, EcoAP (2011) Funding Framework 7, now Horizon 2020 (8 billion Euro) accelerate to market, SME uptake
- FUNDAMENTAL: ATTEMPT TO FIND SHARED VISION COLLISION OF TWO WORLDS ECONOMICS & ECOLOGY – (note many experts in this do have beards and wear suits) ECO-INNOVATION = resource focus
- HERE’S THE THING- you have to buy-into Euro Commission ideals capitalism and the need for economic growth (another time) UNEP three approaches a) changing the mix of resources used through substitution of more harmful by less harmful resources b) using resources in a more environmentally benign way throughout the life cycle c) reducing resource use. (UNEP, 2011) Dr Fredrich Schmidt-Bleek material intensity in OECD countries should be reduced by a factor of ten (Weizsäcker et al., 1997). absolute amount of natural resources used,
- WHATS WRONG? LINEAR BUSINESS MODELS –PROMOTE SHORT TERM, INWARD LOOKING MECHANISMS – REDESIGN (SIGNIFICANT CHANGE) PRODUCT/SERVICE EVOLUTION (SELLING LIGHT) LEASING COLLABORATIVE VALUE SHARING -INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
- RADICAL + SYSTEMIC CHANGE REQUIRED DEGREE OF CHALLENGE INCREASES = GREATER ECO-INNOVATION IMPACT EXTERNAL + LONG-TERM??
- COMPANY approach within comfort zone: difficult challenge & challenging vision values capacity competence resource finance
- REQUIREMENTS Barrier = Uncertainty = risk This uncertainty is because future technological and market opportunities, policy and regulatory regimes cannot be accurately predicted. (O’Rafferty 2013)
- POINT TO HIGHER LEVEL ANALOGY: SPACE RACE POSITION/TRAJECTORY/GRAVITATIONAL PULL (EXISTING SYSTEMS)/ DO YOU WANT TO GO TO THE MOON? dependencies is there a sequence of tasks triggered by strategic vision or pragmatic identifying opportunities? do systems models fit with business model (C2C, CE Closed Loop)
- FP7, 2012 – JUNE 2015 GAPS IN UNDERSTANDING- REQUIREMENTS FOR DECOUPLING CRMS FROM LEDS ASKING THE QUESTION - What is ECO-innovation in the lighting sector: Traditionally product based on performance (user requirements/preferences (cheap to buy & run), market drivers (controllability, smart cities) policy drivers (low carbon/ energy efficiency)
- WHY – LOW CARBON POTENTIAL UNDERMINED BY SUPPLY RESTRICTIONS MARRIAGE WITHIN SOLID STATE LIGHTING = ELECTRONICS + LIGHTING SECTORS (as is our will to make complexity) necessary trade off to deliver LOW CARBON economy Many time more embodied energy - Manufacturing Phase Primary Energy 42 - 343 Places imperatives on retaining this value – extended life, at EoL?
- Technical challenges: RESOURCES HIGHLY EMBEDDED IN COMPLEX PRODUCTS, no design brief for resource efficiency or resource circularity MATERIALS IDENTIFIED AS CRITICAL FOR CYCLED= PRODUCT TYPES – GENERAL LIGHTING & BACK LIGHTING APPS 74 LED lamp brands/types/manufacturers
- Not just geological availability
- Supply risk & resulting price volatility GEOPOLITICAL – diversity, EXPORT RESTRICTIONS REE (NATIONAL INTEREST) ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Heightened in EU
- STAKEHOLDERS - LIFECYCLE & VALUE CHAIN (ACADEMIC, INDUSTRY OEMS+SMES) LIGHTING SEGMENSTS (STREET, INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, DOMESTIC) VALUE – WHO GAINS (DISSASEMBLABILITY, REUSE) WHAT INFRASTRUCTURE AND TECH hydrometallurgy vs. Pyrometallurgy BENEFICIARIES
- WP6 BRING TOGETHER TECHN SOLUTIONS AND NON-TECH – GUIDELINES FOR PRODUCTION MUCH WORK=HIGHER LEVEL INNOVATION GAP IS HERE! between organisation and external infrastructure/ governance
- WHAT CIRCULARITY MEANS WITHIN SUPPLY CHAIN? WHAT ARE THE STAKEHOLDER MOTIVATIONS ALONG VALUE CHAIN? WHERE ARE THE WEAK OR MISSING ‘LINKS’?
- COMPLEXITY GROUNDED DEMO PRODUCTS: ETAP (harsh environment), corrosive gases lifespan extension ONA (retail) – total environmental impact, question non return market (luminaire obsolescence) Braun (street) – Servicability, retrofit component modularity. RIVA (industrial) – Product Service sell light? new business model?, staff,
- 2 philips last year relesed disassembly considered Why have you sabotaged upgradeability, recyclability? is design for disassembly not viable? are modular components not profitable? what is obsolescence part of your business model Bonding components=shared obsolescence Designers may retort – not in the brief
- Beyond luminous efficacy (Lumens per Watt) Resource efficiency (lm/g) – Lumens per gram of material Cost efficiency (lm/£)– Lumens per pound Carbon efficiency (lm/Kg CO2) – Lumens per kilogram of CO2 Waste (lm/Kg HW) – Lumens per kilogram of hazardous waste Wellbeing (lm/GNH/p) – Lumens per Gross National Happiness per person? Aggregated eco-innovativeness scorecard?
- from mapping potential eco-innovative product profile? IS OK TO CRITIQUE ECODESIGN - I’m not here to sell you repackaged ECOdesign important to discuss which approaches work, simple guidelines…
- reality of intended (designed in) extended life product is compromised by the non-technical product attributes (aesthetics, image) and the built environment value systems in which it operates. Opportunity to sell more? Opportunity to design more? Doesn’t mean fewer designers, less work. Designers that like the industry society step-up the eco-innovation ladder
- Details related to targets and how to reinforce cross cycle and value chain collaboration as well as monitoring and reporting mechanism RESEARCH CENTRE - CARDIFF MET 2006 - CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE