Essay About Africa Before European Arrival

Essay about Africa Before European Arrival
Africa Before European Arrival
People of the early African kingdoms were able to create successful trade routes with Europe and Asia, become very wealthy from conquering and
gaining land, and were able to have a strong central government. All of this was done before the Europeans had reached Africa. Trade flourished on the
East African coast, especially when trading was established with India and Arabia. African kingdoms were prosperous, because of their success with
not only trading but also with their ability to conquer land. A governmental structure is key to allowing any kingdom to thrive, and the African people
were able to achieve this.
Once Africa got involved with the major trading centers, trade improved and they were able...show more content...
In the kingdom of Benin, making castes with bronze was introduced to the rest of the world. "Now this kind of work is done with clay, and wax,
and red metal (copper), and soldier (zinc) and lead, and fire...Next it is set aside to cool, then (the outside covering of clay) is broken off," (Document
7). The art of creating bronze castes was very popular in Benin and the popularity soon spread to most of Northern Africa.
Even before Europeans came to Africa, the kingdoms in Africa were quite wealthy. As previously mentioned, Ghana was a very strong kingdom in
which its people were also incredibly wealthy. Their government appeared to be wealthy as well, which assisted Ghana in being able to control the
gold and salt trade. An Arab scholar, Al–Bakri, wrote about the king's court and how basically everything that the court had was gold (Document 2).
The point of view of this document was also positive, and that is because scholars are usually upper class, just like the king's court. Al–Bakri thought
very highly of the court, and explains in detail how every person has some gold on them and how their surroundings also possessed gold. Ghana had a
strong army and an intelligent political counsel, which made other countries fear them. Nations around Ghana did not want to start problems and
usually just maintained peace with Ghana (Document 3). Ghana was not the only successful kingdom, one of the leaders of Mali, Mansa Musa,
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Poverty in Africa Essay example
African nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of
natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50
nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the
vast majority of the population living on much less. In addition, Africa's share of income has been consistently dropping over the past century by any
measure. In 1820, the average European worker earned about three times what the average African did. Now, the average European earns twenty...show
more content...
On each of these occasions, my only thoughts have been that God did not destine poverty, wars and suffering for Africans, else Africa would not have
been richly blessed with abundant natural and human resources.
As much as there are very genuine disadvantages hampering our progress economically like:
?Overpopulation, this is so with any society that largely depends on agriculture, African families are often very large. Most of the elderly rely on their
children for support, and as much agriculture in Africa is labor–intensive, large numbers of children provide much needed labor for plowing, planting
and harvesting. However, overpopulation is a serious problem in urban areas, which have grown enormously since the beginnings of African
independence in the in the late 1950s and later. For example, in 1960, 14.5% of Nigeria's population lived in urban areas, that number had grown to
43% by 2000, and is growing at an estimated 5.5% per year, compared to a 2.9% national population growth rate. This is a trend that can be seen
throughout the continent.
?Misused Money, Over $500 billion (U.S.) has been sent to African nations in the form of direct aid. The consensus is that the money has had little
long term effect. In addition, most African nations have borrowed substantial sums of money. However, a large percentage of the money was either
been invested in weapons (money that was spent back in developed nations and

Relationship Between Africa And Africa
Africa could have developed trade relations with any other country but why with Europe? During the fifteenth (15th) century Africa developed a very
unique relationship with EuropeВ№. Before Africa and Europe established their trade relationship, the African 's economic status was way ahead of
Europe 's.1 It was said that "The West African empire of Mali was larger than Western Europe and reputed to be one of the richest and most powerful
states in the world."2 Africa was known for its gold, which came from the West African Empire.
This was what sparked Europe's interest in having a trade relationship with Africa. Africa had developed trading relationships with Asia and the Indian
Ocean regions. Some of Europe countries (Britain, France and Portugal) began trading relationships with Africa and it was during this time that they
developed relationships with some very experience local African leaders that brought about a fully populated trading population.3 Europe goal was to
make great connections with the African so that they would be able to establish warehouses to be able to store their property, but also be able to
prevent anyone else from trying to invade their stored goods. Once the Europeans setup shop in Africa they then maintained a relationship with some
Portuguese merchants who called themselves "lancades" their role was to serve as the middlemen between the African and European traders.4 The
goods that were imported from Africa were cloth, iron, copper

African Cultures Essay
African Cultures
Africa has more than 800 languages native to its continent. African cultures are so diverse that they are different from any other culture of the world.
African cultures contain many different languages. African languages range from common French to languages unheard of to most people such as
Swahili. African arts are much different than American arts. Their art involves much more creative pottery, masks, and paintings.Africa has a very
interesting culture. Reasons being the people are very creative and like to express their individuality. The most diverse cultures in the world belong to
Africa.
There are more than 800 languages spoken in the continent of Africa. Most Africans speak two or three languages, their...show more content...
The most common languages in South Africa are Xhosa, Tswana, Zulu, and Swahili (African Languages).
Zulu is one of nine Bantu languages spoken in East Southern Africa. Approximately 8.8 million people speak this language (African Languages).
Swahili is spoken as a mother language vast along the coast of East Africa. It is the national language of Tanzania and the official language of Kenya
(African Languages). It is also the official in German East Africa (Reader 265). Approximately 50 million people speak this language (African
Languages).
Art is very important to the Africans. In fact it is part of their everyday life (Fetzer 106). South African artists are active in many areas of art
including sculpture, pottery, mask making, and many more (African Arts Information). Like African paintings, poetry, and woodcarvings, sculptures
tell a tale and immortalize cultures and beliefs. Different artists have different styles (African Arts Information). Materials and styles differ from
village to village. Most sculptors use green wood, copper, tin, zinc alloys, bronze, ivory, or terra cotta, a kind of earth ware. Most sculpture figures
are believed to contain ancestor's spirits. Others represent sacred ideas or events (Fetzer 106). Some objects are said to be magical and believed to have
magical powers (African Arts). Africans carve figures, make masks, and decorate articles for ceremonies (Fetzer 106).

West Africa Essay
West Africa By:
West Africa is know for its rich trading empire, natural landmarks, for their beautifully designed cloth, and jewelry.
To begin with, West Africa is known for its interesting land features, landforms, and its gradually changing climate. For example, Lake Chad is one of
West Africa's well known features. Lake Chad is one of Africa's largest freshwater lake, and is know for its shrinking over time in size. Some other
rivers located in this region include the Senegal, Niger, Volta, and the Benue river. Oceans surrounding this region include theAtlantic Ocean which is
south of this region. The two types of coasts in this region include a...show more content...
As you can see, this region has a climate that changes gradually depending on the area it is located.
Natural resources contribute a huge part in this region. The two main products in this region include gold and salt, which were traded across the
Sahara for many years. Another major contributor is the export of diamonds, gold, and magnesium. Although not many countries in this region are
as fortunate, Ghana relies on the export of these products, which resulted in a Per Capita Income of $1,900. Although this is a very high income for
this region, it is still low compared to the industrialized world. Even though resources play a huge part in this region,culture also contributes to what
the region is like today. For example, The two main types of cultures in West Africa are the Ashanti and the Benin. The Ashanti resides in Ghana, and
is known for their work in colorful weavings which are known as Kente cloth. The designs on this cloth always provide a specific meaning. They are
also known fro carving wooden stools, which represent unity between ancestral spirits and members of a family. The country of Benin however, has
artists that have made objects out of metal and Terra Cota. They are also famous for their statues, masks, and jewelry.
West Africa Has always been Stateless society before colonialism. The fact of relying on family lineages worked well for African societies.
Unfortunately, the 18th–19th century

History And Culture Of Africa
There is a majestic place infused with huge open plains, surrounded by beautiful lush jungles and white sandy beaches, near crystal clear waters and
snow covered mountains, and filled with exodic wildlife and an abundance of undiscovered wonders. Africa is a continent with approximately 1.2
billion people and over 1,250 different native languages spoken. Its unique history and culture creates an extremely diverse continent which has
generated Africa's countries to be immensely populated with tourists all over the world. Even though Africa is one of the most beautiful places on
earth, it can also be one of the most dangerous for tourists to visit.
For centuries, sickness and disease have been known to be extremely dangerous when traveling...show more content...
This severe disease caused the United States government to become involved. They declared this issue to be their number one priority for the
nation's safety. Members of the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service were asked to personally handle the patients with
the highly contagious disease in the United States and Africa. Alexis Mosquera was a United States' nurse who worked in an Ebola Treatment Unit
in West Africa. She wrote an article in 2015 about the spread in West Africa and gave vivid explanations about how she trained in dealing with the
virus, what the ethical dilemmas were, and the risks for exposures of the virus. She claims that Ebola is extremely dangerous and hard to prevent
because no one has officially proven where it comes from, but doctors have reasonable suspicions.
The Natural host of Ebola virus remains unknown, but it is widely believed that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are the natural reservoir. EVD is
transmitted via direct contact with body fluids: blood or body fluids (including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk, and
semen) of infected individuals. In addition, contaminated surfaces and materials (clothing, bleeding, needles, and syringes) can also transmit the virus.
(Mosquera 151)
The people who work in the medical field have an extremely high risk in receiving the virus but yet Commissioned Corps nurses are still very selfless
when caring for their patients with

Essay on Africa
Europe tried to take many countries, Africa being one of them. The European countries had an effect on Africa today throughout all the primes. Europe
had an effect on the African way of life, that in some ways were good, and in some ways bad.
Imperialism is defined as the extension or rule or influence by one government, nation, or society over the political, economic, or cultural life of
another. European nations decided they wanted land in the mostly unexplored continent, and they took it, without the consent of the African people.
Europe brought Christian ideas into Africa. Religion was changed from what it would have been to Christianity today. If you look at most of the
countries in Africa such as Angola, Congo, Ghana or Zimbabwe...show more content...
European Imperialist Policies made Africa lose history of their culture and brought racism to Africa. Europeans wanted to changeAfricans to be more
like them, changing their religion, changing their life style and making them slaves. Slavery led to the loss of culture because after a while Africans
began to think of themselves as lower class; since that's what they were treated like. The Westernized minority, influenced by European culture and
Christianity, first rejected African traditional culture. Slavery lead to people hating Africa, Africans and the African culture. Which leads to the Africa
culture and traditions being diminished. Why would anyone want to practice a certain religion or traditions if they were labeled as wrong, or unethical.
Traditionally, the majority of Africans have been farmers and herders who raised crops and livestock. When Europeans started colonizing they
demanded agricultural and mineral products. Safer technology and ways of farming were learned and brought to Africa. European technology and
crops were introduced and a modern exchange economy started. The technology was starting to grow, there were new machines and easier ways to do
things Africans never thought of.
Africa today has changed a lot from European countries and the imperialist policies. The Europeans tore into the African continent and succeeded in
destroying the African way of life. Thousands of people were

Essay about South Africa
South Africa is a place of hurt, heart, and change.
Over the years, South Africa has either been through rough
times in the traditional tribal part, or being descriminated
because of their color of skin.
South Africa has two major tribal groups; The
Nguni/South Ndebele, and the khoi/San. The South Ndebele,
together with the Zulu, Xhosa and Swazi, belong to the South
Nguni ethnic group. In the case of the South African Ndebele
group, the area is the Southern part of South Africa. Here,
they have lived, worked on farms, and hunted for
generations. They are a very communal tribe. They work
together, share together, help each other out, and hunt with
each other. This group is very dependent on all of their...show more content...
Cape Town became a major port as a way station for the

Europeans. The colonists were mostly farmers and cattle
herders. They became known as the Boers. They developed
their own culture and language (Afrikaans). In the 1770's,
the Boers encountered the Bantu, who were migrating. The
Nguni Bantu clans settled between the Drakensberg Mountains
and the sea. The Sotho clans settled in the interior, north
of the Cape Colony. The 19th century competition for land
led to the conflict between the Bantu clans, which led to
the boer war, 1899–1902. Hundreds and thousands died during
the wars, entire clans disappeared and it resulted in the
creation of many Bantu nations. Now they are unable to
communicate with each other, and now they don't have any
power to stop the Europeans. British forces twice occupied
the Cape region, in 1795 and 1806. In 1814, toward the end
of the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain purchased the Cape
Colony from the Dutch for 6 million Britidh pounds. After
1820 thousands of British colonists arrived in South Africa,

and they demanded that English law be imposed. English
became the official language in 1822. The Khoi/San were
given protection, and slavery was abolished in 1833. When
the Dutch, or the Afrikanns found out that slavery was
ebolished they got angry, because they thoght that the
Bilble said that black people were supposed to be slaves,
which then

Africa By Mckay
Claude McKay's "Africa" is an English sonnet also known as a traditional literary poem. It starts with an opening "The sun sought thy dim bed and
brought forth light". Referring to historical and scientific debate on of the African origins of the nation. This can also be related to biblical terminology,
dim being Africa's unlighted knowledge prior to God's intervention and it also can be inferred that he is referring to the rich melanin of descendants
from Africa.
The next line, "The sciences were sucklings at thy breasts," plays on theory of Africa being the "Mother Land" or "The Mecca".This is where
essentially civilization begins, just like a mother having a child. The mother is a natural nurturer and essentially Mckay tied in the correlation in the
second line. Mother Africa, a nurturer, raises and encourages the "sciences," actions that foreshadow another brightening of the world to come in the
Enlightenment. Lines three and four are also portraying a motherly...show more content...
The reputation is now condemned, however, it is possible for Africa to be saved, by taking a deeper look at Mckay's simple word play. If the lines
read "Of all the mighty nations of the sun, / Thou art the harlot, now thy time is done," Africa would be made out to be a wayward woman worthy
of scorn because of her blatant disregard to moral restraints. Instead, the lines state, "Thou art the harlot, now thy time is done, Of all the mighty
nations of the sun." The couplet suggests in a twisted way that Africa was pimped by the "new peoples"as they admire Africa's beauty and wanted
the same by any means necessary. In a Mckay's very particular placement of words, Africa does not simply lose its honor , glory, and power; like a
thief in the night and within a blink of an eye it was all

Africa In World History Summary
Many African Americans were raised with a one–sided racial image of slavery, there were black slaves and white slave masters/owners. In school we
were not presented with rationales for why Africans were chosen over other races for manual labor and harsh conditions. Also, the process of
Enslavement. Africa in World History and Negros are Masters gave me a new perspective to think about. The idea never dawned on me that there was
logic to the selection process.
The third edition of Africa in World History by Erik Gilbert explains how Africans possessed certain physical qualities that promoted growth in the
community and the slave–trade as a movement. Africa in World History also analyzed specific characteristics that made Africans more favorable to be
enslaved for fruitful outcomes compared to other races.
Annamaboe grew from a small, dependent town to an independent polity. It controlled a rich interior, where...show more content...
They had not been exposed to many diseases and had not developed immunity. Although they were familiar with the soils and aware of the local
geography, this did not make them prominent candidates for a slave. Infectious disease like smallpox, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough, and
other dangerous infections were making their population rapidly decline. If everyone was dying from the disease, they would not have enough slaves
to own and sell to make profit. The Europeans were another group that did not meet the requirements to be slaves. They were very unfamiliar with
soils, the cash crops associated with the new economy, and the New World itself. Europeans were resistant to many infectious diseases brought from
the Old World. Diseases such as Yellow Fever and Malaria took toll on the health of Europeans, especially those laboring under harsh conditions.
Native Americans and Europeans both had life expectancies of less than one

Essay about Foreign Aid in Africa
Over the last 50 years, the world has struggled to maintain an economic balance and stability, while flourishing countries try to maintain a steady
income to support its people and relations with other countries. Therefore, when a continent like Africa fails to maintain a stable government and
economy, super powers such as America decide to intervene with its relations.Africa has great potential to become another pillar of the world's
economic structure with its mass amounts of uncultivated land. Unfortunately, corruption and irresponsible governments hinder that progress. Foreign
aid while helpful should be limited to a yearly amount because it allows the government to repudiate responsibility and gives room for corruption; it
creates a...show more content...
The donations or tax paying dollars that go through the governments doesn't go to the intended uses that the people would have hoped. Money that is
spent goes to paying off the drug cartels and gangs to ensure safety for certain people. The trickle–down effect no longer applies when the flow is
stopped before it even begins. This is where the missionaries take a part in the problem. These organizations and churches begin supplying directly to
those in need. While this aides the needy it doesn't stop the problem; it simply postpones it for when they leave. This allows the governments to place
blame on the organizations that are trying to help. The government no longer becomes accountable to its people. Foreign aid should be limited which
would in turn limit the media bias that also helps provide get out of jail free cards when things don't go as planned. "African governments, even those
run by the military, have not in the past few years been spending more on weaponry, but private markets are flooded with affordable small arms. In this
situation, the line between criminality and politics has become blurred."(Whitaker) When turning on the television, commercials come on that are told
about the missionaries and the wonderful work that's been done, but there's not any insight into how the government is contributing. "Far too many
major countries remain

History And Evolution Of Africa
Africa played a pivotal role in human evolution. It's the site of the beginning of human evolution, as they slowly evolved from their primitive
ancestors and continued to evolve for millions of years. A majority of the fossils, some dating back almost 7 million years, are found in Africa. As
ancient humans migrated out of Africa they stayed close to the coast. Scientists have been able to trace their migration to areas around the Indian
Ocean, South Asia, and even as far down as Australia, also referred to as Out of Africa Theory (OOA) by many scientists.
By examining these fossils scientist have discovered a plethora of early human and pre–human species. In central Chad fossils of Sahelanthropus
tchadensis have been discovered, dating between 6 and 7 million years. Some researchers believe that Sahelanthropus tchadensis is the common
ancestors that links humans and chimpanzees. In Ethiopia Ardipithecus ramidus fossils, the earliest known biped, have been found dating back 4.5
million years ago. Bipedalism was a major shift in early evolution that many scientist attribute to climate and diet change. It arose around 4.2 – 3.5
million years ago when hominids began moving away from areas that had dense trees and foliage to savanna areas. Savanna habitats are primarily
made up of tall grasses, giving bipeds an advantage; allowing them to have a new elevated eye position and reduced their exposure to solar energy. Not
only did it allow hominids to be able to see over the tall

Essay about Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub–Saharan Africa
Africa is the second largest of the earth's seven continents, covering about twenty–two percent of the world's total land area. From its northern most
point, to its southern most tip is the distance of nearly five thousand miles. Africa is both north and south of the equator. The Atlantic Ocean is located
west of the continent, and the Indian Ocean is on the east. Width of the continent is also nearly five thousand miles. Although Africa is so large, much
of it is inhabitable. Desert soils, which have little organic content, cover large areas. The Sahara Desert, in the northern part, covers more than one
fourth of Africa, and the Kalahari Desert is in the southern part of the continent. These two deserts are a...show more content...
Most are relatively infertile due to mineral leaching from heavy rainfall and high temperatures.
Achieving effective control of the water supply is a major problem. Many areas suffer low rainfall and must store water as insurance against
delayed rains. Other areas have an overabundance of water, causing swamps to exist. Large areas suffer from periodic flooding. In recent years,
progress has been made in the area of dams and reservoirs. With the continent's large rivers and waterways, Africa has probably the most potential for
hydroelectric power in the world. However, the economic and the political standing of the region are not in a position to take advantage of this natural
asset.
Africa's people are divided not only by country, but also by religion, race, and class. The Sahara also serves as a vast barrier between the people of
northern Africa and those of sub–Saharan Africa. South of the Sahara, Negroid peoples, which constitute about seventy percent of the population,
predominate. Primarily concentrated in southern Africa, are some five million people of European descent. Europeans began to appear in Africa in the
last half of the nineteenth century. Even though they were small in number they had a lasting impact on the African way of life. Their purpose in
Africa was for raw materials for their industries, naval bases, new markets, investments and their ever present quest for new

The African Educational System
It is a common and well known saying that history repeats itself. This saying has more to it than the literal definition of it, it means we need to study it
and learn from it, in order to avoid repetition. Often times we have that opportunity to study and learn from history in a way that can impact the future,
in a hopefully positive way. In terms of education, improvement and innovation is always a top priority. If we can properly combine the study of other
cultures with the study of history, we can have an extremely effective tool for learning ways to positively impact our own generation and future. In this
essay, I will attempt to uncover the differences between current education and traditional African education, with intention of learning how to apply it
today. The idea behind studying history is that it is a vital part of learning and adopting successful techniques and a good tool for avoiding the
repetition of mistakes. If pre–colonial Africa can have success without the resources and technologies we have today, then it is valuable to invest time
and effort in mirroring some of their methods.
When studying history, it is important to be thorough and complete in your analysis. More specifically, when reading into the African educational
system, there are many parts to focus on. These sections range from physical to social to spiritual. From studying these, we can see just what role each
part played in the system. Things to consider from this are questions concerning

South Africa Essay
South Africa is a nation with a wonderful and varied culture. This country has been called "The Rainbow Nation", a name that reflects the diversity of
such amazing place. The different ethnic and cultural groups of the South Africa do, however, appreciate their own beliefs and customs. Many of these
traditions, besides African culture, are influenced by European and Western heritage. The complex and diverse population of the country has made a
strong impact to the various cultures. There are forty–five million people; about thirty million are black, five million white, three million coloured and
one million Indians. The black population has a large number of rural people living in poverty. It is among these inhabitants that cultural...show more
content...
Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans and English during the apartheid period began to sing in traditional African dialects developing a
singular style called Kwaito. This is a music genre that became the favorite way of representing social and economic issues. I believe that in certain
way, Kwaito is a political power that shows activism in its apolitical actions. In the other hand white and coloured South African singers were strongly
influenced by European music. African Indigenous Churches were the largest of the Christian groups during the apartheid period. It is argued that
many of the people who claimed no relation with any religion were part of indigenous religions. This is a religion that combines Christian and
indigenous influences. Many South African Muslims are described as Coloureds, especially those whose ancestors were slaves. Others are described
as Indians including those whose ancestors came as traders from South Asia. Religion plays such an important fact in South Africa giving an special
taste to the culture.
The culture during the apartheid time is still powerful in much of South Africa countryside. For example, across the many ethnic groups, marriage
traditions are different, but all the beliefs are based in a masculine deity, ancestral spirits and supernatural forces. Usually, plural marriages are
permitted and a lobolo (dowry) is usually paid. Cattles play an important part in many of

The Perception of Africa as a Single Entity Essay
Looking at Africa as a single entity has been an issue facing how the world perceives it. When news of Africa hits the stands it is rarely talking
about specific places but rather a story about the whole of Africa. Viewing Africa as a single thing has lead most of the world, especially Western
cultures, to see it in a generalized way which has led to a negative stereotype of Africa and its people. During the time of European expansion, many in
Europe only knew of Africa, though the letters of self–appointed anthropologist and adventurers who described Africa as a dark continent; the people
were dark skinned and primitive; they worshiped idols and practiced mysticism. This was evident in the way that British colonist described the...show
more content...
They were to the European simple people but useful. The boarders that were created meshed together different tribal groups, all with their own customs
that made them distinct from one another. Ignorant to seeing this or perhaps just uncaring, the colonists and missionaries then moved toward civilizing
the Africans by wiping them clean of their identity and instilling into them a new identity. Their reasoning was to bring the Africans into the modern
world and to make them useful. These motives of course were not simply to help the African people but turn them into a labor force. This movement
was fueled by the belief that the Africans were in nature primitive people and in need of help. Just like James Ferguson said "Western societies have
found in Africa a radical other for their own constructions of civilization, enlightenment, progress, development, modernity, and, indeed, history" Africa
was a place that was seen as a means to judge the standards of western progress and culture (Ferguson 2). This meant that Africa and the people who
lived there were reduced to a lower standing on the social ladder. Africa was a testing ground for western nations to test their ability to bring culture to
the uncultured. Even today most of the world judges their way of life, their culture, and prosperity based on how they compare to a 3rd world country
like Africa.
The

Essay on Africa
Africa's Resistance to the Portuguese
The African history has been affected tremendously due to the influence of some European countries. Portugal, who probably had the greatest impact
on the continent, was not shy in invading what they thought to be profitable circumstances. One of these areas that they profited from was the
kingdom of Kongo. Kongo was a major Bantu–speaking kingdom astride the Congo River in west–central Africa, probably founded in the 14th century.
It was governed by a king, the manikongo, whose economic power was based upon trade in ivory, hides, slaves, and a shell currency of western Africa.
Within a few years after the Portuguese first encountered the kingdom in 1484, the sixth manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba, later...show more content...
By 1570 the power of the Kongo kingdom had begun to decline, and severe internal tensions had developed. Alfonso I knowing what was going on
wrote a series of papers to King Joao III of Portugal. In these papers, Alfonso I pleaded with the king to take away all the corrupt Portuguese from his
kingdom. With false assurance from the king of Portugal, he asked to have sent those people of religious and medical backgrounds to help modernize
his kingdom. With the corruptness still noticeable in the Kongo, Alfonso I was forced to pass a law stating that "...any white man living in our
Kingdoms and wanting to purchase goods in any way should first inform three of our noblemen and officials of our court whom we rely upon in this
matter..." (57). These futile attempts of writing letters to the king were not making any significance. The king of Portugal was money hungry along
with the majority of all his servants who worked for him down in Africa.
Some of the areas of Africa knew that letters to the king would not work alone. They were forced to use action against the Portuguese. People known
as Zimba did the military launches. Most of the attacks were economically motivated. They were being used for the trade circuit. Zimba attacks were
successful against the Portuguese but they did not succeed in reestablishing the traditional market for their ivory.

Scientists, economists, and policy makers all agree the world is facing threat from climate warming. Climate warming is caused by excess
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which are heat trapping gasses. Human use of fossil fuels is a significant source of these gasses. When we
drive our cars, heat our homes with oil or natural gas, or use electricity from coal fired power plants, we contribute to global warming. Including any
loss of trees or forests also contributes, considering trees convert carbon dioxide to oxygen. Global warming will have a worldwide effect but the
problem is expected to be most severe in Africa, where the people are poor, temperatures are high, precipitation is low, technological change is slow,
and where...show more content...
The changes occurring in the habitat of Africa will affect animals, plants, birds, marine life, and humans. There will be many efforts to adapt but only
the hardy will survive. Africa has about one fifth of all known species of plants, mammals and birds. We can begin to predict the impact of climate
changes on these species by looking at things that have happened in the past. For example, climate change is known to have caused massive bleaching
of the coral reefs in the Indian Ocean, killing 50% in some areas. Climate change can also affect animals on land by changing their range and
perhaps exposing them to new predators. Such as the number of animals who migrate seasonally. These changes in seasons and rainfall may change
migration patterns, which may also put stress on the land with increasing use by many species. Plant life may also be affected as climate changes are
causing plants to either die out or attempt to migrate to a new area. There are several thousand species of plants that could be involved (Desanker,
2003). It also has an effect on the human population. Migrations of people to areas of increased resources can lead to changes in the social structure,
and conflict among groups. Third, African farmers have adapted to a certain amount of climate variability, but climate change may well force large
regions of marginal agriculture out of production. Even

The World Of The Continent Of Africa
There are millions of people who are known worldwide for several of reasons. Each and every day I hear about different people from the different
countries who have played a part in American history and also who have made a difference in the world. This semester I took on a different course.
Not only because I had too but because I wanted to learn more about my African culture. The continent of Africa is viewed by many was a poor and out
of control country. I have learned so much in this class about Africa as a whole that I love being able to talk to others about what I have learned and
talk about Africa I different way as other may think of it. I chose to do research on one of known and historic person,Kwame Nkrumah. Also known as
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Dr Nkrumah continued his schooling in England, where he helped to organize the Fifth Pan–African Congress in 1945. In 1947 Nkrumah founded the
West African National Secretary to the United States Gold Coast Convention. In 1947 the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) was established
(Stanislaw, 1998). Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast from London to become its secretary (Biography of Dr Kwame Nkrumah, 2009). After a few
years, Nkrumah broke from the organization, and formed the Convention People's Party (Biography of Dr Kwame Nkrumah, 2009). The CPP had a
slogan that made a statement, "Self–Government Now." Many people from the Gold Coast society supported the movement and slogan. They wanted
to see the end of British rule, which included all small traders, army veterans, and other nationalists (Stanislaw, 1998).
The protest by Nkrumah's after a time of struggle became successful. In 1950 Britain government jailed him for political agitation. After being jailed
Britain government allowed a new national constitution to be drafted, with elections to be held in early February of 1951 (Biography of Dr Kwame
Nkrumah, 2009). While still under arrest and in prison, Nkrumah became the continent's first African–born prime minister. After winning the 1951
election, Nkrumah's CPP went on to win subsequent

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Essay About Africa Before European Arrival