Causes Of Transnational Terrorism

Causes Of Transnational Terrorism
The purpose of this paper is to determine why transnational terrorism occurs, how it happens and what can be done to prevent it from an international
political economy perspective. The research design is primarily theoretical and grounded in existing empirical analyses. The paper will also include
current knowledge on the operative tactics and methods used by terrorist organizations. The goal is to unite the economic theory, empirical studies
and practical expertise in order to suggest potential counterterrorism recommendations in the public and private sectors. INTRODUCTION Over the
past few decades, the world has experienced the universal effects of globalization, albeit positive or negative. The global order as it was known is
fundamentally changed. With the rise in free trade, vast increases in technological innovations and surges in civil society organizations, places far and
wide are more interconnected than ever before. However, not all of these associations are benign. Although a wealth of innocuous actors such as
non–governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations (MNCs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) exist today, there is also a
dark side to globalization. Transnational links bring another set of actors to the stage at an unforeseen level, such as organized crime syndicates and
terrorist organizations. The latter, since the events of September 11, 2001 (subsequently referred to as 9/11), appear to pose one of the greatest political
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Terrorism as an International Phenomenon
International terrorism, intelligence gathering and covert operations are all phenomenon, which intrigue the minds of many people both young and
old. This paper is a historical recount and study on the various elements that comprise an international operation. It is also a vehicle for discussing the
effects of intelligence agencies around the world, with particular interest in the CIA, Mossad, and KGB. This paper will show the various results of
failed missions on the international community, examining whether the end justified the mean. Furthermore, it will also provide a deeper understanding
to the way in which an operation works as developed through the mind of...show more content...
The CIA, established in 1947, and the KGB, established in 1954, used Berlin as the battlefield for espionage.
It was not a very intricate system; although, the results were of great importance. The CIA operated from its Berlin Operations Base, BOB , which was
an experimental entity. It had approximately 250 agents spying on Russian troop movement, fortification, ammunition dumps, and training grounds .
From there information was gathered concerning the making of a Russian nuclear weapon.
Despite the fact that both intelligence agencies existed in Germany at the same time, their respective goals were not the same. The CIA concerned itself
with the aforementioned goal of uncovering details about foreign nuclear weapons. They were a true counter–intelligence organization. However, the
KGB focused their attention on bringing German scientists back to Russia in order to build a weapon of mass destruction .
The KGB worked endlessly to try to thwart the CIA's intelligence actions. However, they underestimated the CIA's determination and in doing so failed
many times. Finally, the CIA discovered that it could tap the telephone line used by the KGB's headquarters by

International Terrorism
International Terrorism–
The World's Greatest Challenge Today
Today the threat of terrorism is becoming more and more serious. Terrorism is considered the greatest threat against the safety of the world, and
especially the USA, today. The extent of the terrorism has increased significantly over the last couple of years, since the terrorist attacks against the
US on the 11th of September 2001. After these attacks former president of the US, George Bush declared a war againstterrorism.
There are various opinions about what can be defined as terrorism. Because there are so many situations that can be defined as terrorism, it is be very
difficult to find an exact definition. Many countries have different definitions, and the...show more content...
Two of them were flown into the two main buildings of the World Trade centre in New York. One airplane was crashed into the Pentagon, and the last
airplane crash–landed in a field in Pennsylvania. After these attacks the USA decided to attack Afghanistan. The leader of Al
–Qaida is Osama Bin Laden
who has been hiding from the US troops ever since the war started. The reasons for Al–Qaida's actions are based on the Islamic "Sharia" – laws. They
want to fight the states they consider a threat against Islam, and especially the USA and Israel. The Al–Qaida leaders encourage all Muslims to kill
American citizens, both military and civilians.
We can separate the terrorist actions into two main groups; local and international terrorism. Local terrorism consists of actions such as suicide
missions, car bombings and so on. International terrorism is actions where the citizens and/or territory of several countries are affected.
There are many situations that can lead to the use of terrorism. Terrorism can occur in both poor as well as wealthy countries, and in both
democracies and states under different kinds of dictatorship. However, terrorism is most likely to occur in countries that are characterized by poverty
and oppression. People in poor countries might feel like they are subjected to an unfair distribution of the world's wealth. Poverty is claimed to be an
underlying part of all the causes of terrorism.
Terrorism is a global issue that has

The deaths of approximately 3,000 people in the suicidal collision of hijacked commercial airliners into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on
11 September 2001 was the most destructive terrorist attack recorded in the world history which resulted in untold misery and suffering. This very
atrocious act was committed at a time when experts had been defining a new form of international terrorism which states that not even a superpower
like America is immune from these attacks as the main objective behind this the mass destruction.
Terrorism can be defined as the specific and deliberate use of violence against civilians in order to achieve political aims. The international community
today finds itself in unprecedented danger. According...show more content...
True, there were some dangerous terrorist networks operating in the 1970's and 1980's. But these networks were not on the same scale as those
we face today; they were nothing like as extreme in their ideology. The terrorist of the 70's and 80's did not believe that in blowing up innocent
civilians, he was doing God's work; nor did he see terrorism as a holy duty. The modern Islamist terrorist does believe in all taking away the lives of
millions of harmless people plus his desire to die in the carrying out of the mission, places him in a category beyond the kind of terrorism that we have
witnessed in the past.
The end of the Afghan war is the root cause of the emergence of a totally new kind of international terrorism; a terrorism that could draw upon
hundreds of thousands of Islamic activists, sharing a common extremist ideology, and common goals. Also, these people were veterans with a
decade of fighting experience behind them and s they knew warfare in all its aspects. It is this network of Islamist radicals at now threatens the
Western world, as well as the moderate Muslim regimes of the Arab world today. The bombings in Madrid (2004) and London (2005) which resulted
in the slaughter of many civilians is the result of the new form of terrorism which is closely related to religious extremism and whose explicit aim is
mass killing. Al–Qaida is the best–known transnational terrorist organization which in addition to pursuing its own terrorist campaign, it

Domestic Terrorism Vs International Terrorism
Excelsior College
Domestic Terrorism
Mr. Prybutok
Jerek Columna
How do you define domestic terrorism? In what ways is it functionally different from international terrorism? Distinguish between domestic terrorism
from above and domestic terrorism from below. Give examples.
As Enders, Sandler, and Gaibulloev (2011) argue, to be classified as a domestic terrorist, one must be from the same country as the attacks occur and if
the terrorist resides in the country. This type ofterrorism has grave consequences for the host country, it effects its institutions, policies, people, and
property and in most cases, there is no overseas sponsorship or involvement. (Enders et al, 2011). For instance, the bombing of the Building in
Oklahoma...show more content...
In particular, the December 2012 killing of 20 schoolchildren in Newtown and the killing of 9 people at a church in Charleston, South Carolina fueled a
national discussion during the Obama administration to limit the availability of certain styles of military weapons. The enactment of the anti–gun law
poses dire threats to the existence and operationalization of the right–wing extremist groups because the law forbids them from owning several
military–type arms that can cause harm to the public. Existing research pointed out that since the passing of the legislation, the number of suicide and
homicide cases in U.S. dropped by 10% (Borgeson & Valeri, 2009). Nonetheless, majority of the rightwing extremist groups perceive the legislation on
gun control as a solemn threat to their right to bear weapons and in response, they have increased stockpiling of firearms and ammunition, as well as
renewed their participation in paramilitary training exercises. As Johnson (2012) points out, such trainings, combined with a high level of extremist
paranoia have the capacity to facilitate criminal activity and

What two terrorist attacks were examined in this research study? Briefly outline a synopsis of each attack. The two terrorist attacks that was examined
and researched are Domestic and International. Domestic terrorism is involved in violence against the civilian population or setup of a nation–often,
but not always by citizens of that nation and often with the intent to be like coerce or influence national policy. Rand addresses national security and
critical organization needs through objective research that helps government agencies prevent and lessen terrorist activities and improves disaster
preparedness, response and recovery. The international terrorist attack is the government order to decrease the risk from worldwide terrorism to the
...show more content...
The conflict, media frame their audience of events and rights particular sets of response. The language of the war on terrorism rights reifies the
practice of the war on terrorism. The western media conflict as a largely useful response gives the observed threat from a globalized enemy, and the
belonging need to protect the homeland.
What are the key differences between the geographical regional and religious frames? The key differences are used by countries such as the United
States and United Kingdom, with their similar experiences with and policies for terrorism and India, a country that has been dealing with random
attacks since it's independence. Revealed that frames used by the media for acting terrorists activities are subject to influence from the manner in which
terrorism is perceived and the terrorism policies employed by the lost country.
What techniques were used to report the issues by the media? The techniques that was used to report the issues by the media are they pay the
journalists to promote certain issues without the journalists acknowledging this or without the media mentioning the sources. The government and
individuals contracting PR firms to sell a war or other important issues. Disinformation or partial information reported as news or fact without
attributing sources that might be questionable. PR firms feeding stories to the press without revealing the nature of the information with the intention
of creating a public

The Impact of Global Terrorism Essay
Introduction
At the moment, terrorism is happening all over the globe ranging from the Middle East to Europe and Latin America and every part of the world. It is
now a day to day act happening to innocent citizens of their countries. Terrorism can be caused by quite a number of factors that can affect the activity
of terrorism, for example politics is a very good example of factors the can possibly cause a group of people to terrorize against another party or even
rebel against their own country. There is no doubt among economists that wars, terrorism and political instability have a significant negative effects on
the economies in which they take place. Recent economic literature investigates both the consequences of political violence...show more content...
United States of America
Currently America undoubtedly has the highest rate of terrorism and in my opinion is the most dangerous country. The reason behind my opinion is
the power that the United States of America possesses and the amount of damage it can do to affect a country is extremely high, and because of this it
has many enemies and is targeted by many countries. Locally, America has a very immoral reputation of having many terrorist organizations in which
they all fought for a reason, For example the so–called Army Of God was fighting and using brutal ways to end abortion in the united states of America
for the reason that during the mid–1990's abortion violence increased drastically causing some conflicts in the country and thus resulted in the creation
of the group which contemplates that they are doing the right thing but instead causing terror in the country and like these terrorist groups, they have
all resulted in the loss of America's good reputation.
Continued...
Russia
Terrorism in Russia has a very long history starting from the Russian empire. Significant terrorist activity has been occurring in Russia throughout the
years, most notably Moscow where a terrorist group started by bombing apartments and which was followed by the Moscow theater hostage crisis
which also lead to the beslan school crisis where 1100 people including 777 children where held hostage for three

Our paper explores the interesting phenomena of terrorism on international business. Grounded in the grave reality of terrorism and the international
business literature, our research conceptualizes this compelling topic into a practical model worthy of future research. Unfortunately, the current data
does not provide statistical evidence to support the unique firm level predictions from the conceptual model. However, our exploratory research leads
us to believe that the lack of sensitivity in our measurement of the dependent variable is the issue and not the conceptual model.
Recommendations for practice and theory identified in our research are the firm learning or habituation that may occur between the interaction of
organizational...show more content...
3421). A theory of organizational resilience will provide enhanced understanding into how resilient organizations rebound from disruptions, such as
terrorism, and outperform less pliable organizations (Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007; Jain & Grosse, 2009).
In summary, this research paper stimulates scholarly research into the potential for organizational preparedness solutions to improve performance
resilience results for international businesses struggling to cope with the worldwide crisis of terrorism. It also seeks to test and recommend specific
practices that will help firms recover more quickly from – and so be less constrained by – possible terrorist attacks. This unique exploratory firm–level
study into the tragic phenomena of terrorism within the international business community provides a meaningful step forward in both theory and
practice in an under–developed research area worthy of additional study with intensifying business and academic implications.
Plan for Future Research
Introduction – Our exploratory research accentuates the heightening safety, economic and psychological implications of the growing threat of terrorism
to international business. Increasingly, international businesses organizationally prepare to cope with the escalating risk of discontinuities, unplanned
events, and crises in a dangerous world. Our second study extends and

Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, I have been deeply impacted by the effects that international terrorism can have on a country and its people.
This has instilled the desire within me to not only help people, but to prevent attacks like this from happening in the future. This mindset is what led
me to begin seeking a career in Federal Law Enforcement working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation and specializing in terrorism cases. My first
step to achieving my ultimate goal of an FBI Special Agent was gaining an internship. I was thrilled to have been selected for the Honors
Internship Program and even more elated to find out that I had been placed on a Counter Terrorism Squad that specializes in the field I have the
greatest desire to be a part of. Through my internship I hope to gain valuable knowledge that I can carry with me into my future career with the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. First of all, I hope that my internship teaches me what qualifies for a terrorism case to be opened. I have seen many
cases in the newspaper recently about terrorism plots that were foiled or conspirators who were planning to join terrorism organizations that were
caught and apprehended for their involvement. Based on what I have seen and read about in the newspaper I hope to learn what led up to apprehending
these individuals that have been identified as terrorists. I also hope that through this I can learn what constitutes as terrorism and freedom of expression
and

The Terrorist Attacks On 9 / 11 Essay
Name:
Title:
Institution:
Thesis Statement
Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, America has been on edge about the topic of terrorism. Groups like Al–Qaeda, Hamas, Taliban, and now more
recently, ISIS, has kept the world cautious of their every next move. Looking more closely into how these groups are formed and operate could help us
better understand how they can be stopped. Studying the history of terrorist organizations can help us better predict the future of terrorist organizations.
Introduction
Terrorism has become popular among extremists who are employing different dynamic strategies to thrive in their agenda. Understanding the terror
groups is fundamental principle to overcome them or counter the sects. Modern terrorism has additionally advanced. Today 's assaults are less
incessant, however all the more savage. Terrorists beforehand acted like renegades trying to connect with the foe (Miller, 2013. This was trailed by a
period of kidnappings and plane hijackings. States create first class counter–terrorist strengths, extraordinarily prepared at prisoner transaction and
salvage. Like the youngster 's amusement – paper–scissors–stone the following phase of advancement was the appropriation of bombings as the
favored strategy (Roberts, 2014). Bombs can be delivered from basic materials, put and exploded remotely, with generally okay to the planes and little
open door for counter–terrorist strengths to catch them. Terror groups like the IRA, Al–Qaida, ISIS and Boko

Essay on Terrorism
Terrorism is the use or threat of violence to create fear and alarm. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, set off bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and
commit other serious crimes. But the goals of terrorists differ from those of ordinary criminals. Most criminals want money or some other form of
personal gain. Most terrorists commit crimes to support political causes.
The word terrorism first appeared during the French Revolution (1789–1799). Some of the revolutionaries who seized power in France adopted a policy
of violence against their enemies. The period of their rule became known as the Reign of Terror.
Features of terrorism. Terrorist acts are committed for various reasons. Some individuals and groups that use terrorism...show more content...
They often threaten to kill the hostages if their demands are not met. Some terrorism involves the intentional release of toxic chemicals, poisons, germs,
or other harmful substances. Bombings make up about half of all terrorist acts.
Terrorism may cross national boundaries. A quarrel in one nation may produceterrorist attacks in several other countries. Some governments secretly
support certain terrorist groups by providing weapons, training, and money for attacks in other countries.
Most terrorist groups fail to achieve their long–range political goals. Governments fight terrorism by refusing to accept terrorist demands and by
increasing security at airports and other likely targets. Some countries train special military units to rescue hostages. All terrorist acts are crimes under
international law.
History of terrorism. Terrorist tactics have been used for centuries. An American group, the Ku Klux Klan, used violence to terrorize blacks and their
sympathizers in the late 1800's and the 1900's. In the 1930's, the dictators Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Joseph Stalin of the
Soviet Union used terrorism to discourage opposition to their governments. In Northern Ireland, Roman Catholic and Protestant extremists have used
violence to push for, respectively, the end of, or the continuation of, British rule.
Some terrorist groups in the 1960's sought the destruction of the political and

Impact Of Terrorism On International Tourism
THS3INT
Assessment Task 2
Research Report
"Terrorism is an enigmatic and compelling phenomenon, and its relationship with tourism is complex and multifaceted". (Mc.A.Baker, 2014:58)
Emily Kate Tucker
17742875
Nadia Vago
Thursday 11am HU3 411A
Table of contents
1.0Executive Summary 3
2.0Introduction4
3.0International Tourism4
4.0Terrorism 4
5.0The Impact of Terrorism on Economic and Socio–Cultural Factors6
6.0The Impact of Terrorism on International Tourism in the Future 6
7.0Conclusion 8
8.0References 9 1.0 Executive Summary
International tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth and development with international receipts surpassing US$ 1,240 billion in
2014. Despite the industries continual growth and notable economic power, international tourism is highly vulnerable to internal and external
challenges in particular terrorism. Terrorism can be defined as the premeditated use or threat of use ofviolence by individuals or subnational groups to
obtain a political or social objective. Terrorists target tourist and tourist destinations for a number of logical reasons, inclusive of the extreme media
attention they receive which was first made evident during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games 'Black Saturday' attack. As we discuss throughout the

report, drawing attention to the September 11, 2001 al–Qaeda driven terrorist attack, the economic and socio–cultural impacts of on the tourism

Terrorism and International Relations Essay
The immediacy and the primacy of any truly potent force is the ability to perpetuate itself. Sharp and energetic outbursts have their place, and can be
known to have great effect–cataclysmic forces, despite their maximum destructive potential, are temporary in their total effects in relation to some
absolute goal. In other words, they are generally limited in scope, and well defined in purpose; there is a tactical objective, which is usually
consummated quickly. The more dreaded force creeps along, escalating incrementally, and while it may abide a strategic goal, or even a policy, it is
generally open–ended. This sort of ambiguity I am referring to differs from the flexible tactical necessity in that strategic outcomes are very much
...show more content...
Differing accounts on either pole focus on al–Qaeda's continued relevance as the premier terrorist network, whether it is any longer effective or not.
From there, the natural conclusion comes around to asking how effective al–Qaeda is, and by which mechanisms does it project that effectiveness.
Aside from this, both parties agree that al–Qaeda has an uncanny habit of surviving in the turbulent international dialectic that spawned radical Muslim
distress, vicariously. If anything is clear, al–Qaeda has a tremendous insulating capability. It is like a fungus that germinates through spores, reaching
ever remoter places, ready to bloom when the conditions are right. While in reality it is probably not so simple, this is the crux of Sageman's argument.
Sageman contends that the current breed of al–Qaeda, in its "third wave...consists mostly of would–be terrorists, who...aspire to join the movement and
the men they hail as heroes (emphasis added)." This new generation, riding the wave of Muslim condemnation of the Iraq War, in contrast to the
previous two has, apart from the Iraq rage, neither the Mujahidin casus belli of the first generation, nor the expatriate marginalization of the second.
Rather, the "tolerant, virtual environment of the Internet offers them a semblance of unity and purpose. Theirs is a scattered, decentralized social
structure–a leaderless jihad (emphasis added)." It is important to note the italics. The words are "social" and

The Importance Of Terrorism
Terrorism is an international problem that has affected many nations directly and indirectly for hundreds of years. It is defined by many as "a method
of governing or of resisting a government by the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce the target" (Baylis 403). Although there are many
signs and indicators of terrorist activities, such as: surveillance, elicitation, and supplies, it will always be a struggle to combat with terrorism.
Unfortunately, because of this, the world will have to continue to learn to live with terrorism.
Since terrorism is an inevitable aspect of life, it is important that everyone is educated on the subject. There are four known types of terrorist groups
categorized by their source of motivation:...show more content...
Lastly, it is important that citizens pay attention to anyone acquiring suspicious supplies. These supplies will include items such as: explosives,
weapons, ammunition, chemicals, or chemical equipment ("Secure"). Terrorists are known to create massive destruction without being recognized for
their suspicious behavior. On November 16th, 2017 at least 18 people were killed outside of a restaurant by an alleged car bomb in Kabul,
Afghanistan (Maps). Because of the fact that terrorists can so easily blend in with anyone, it is hard to challenge their acts of terror.
Once terrorists realized how easy it was for them to implement so much fear on so many people, terrorism went from being domestic to transnational.
From 1980 – 2017 there were at least 11 terrorist attacks on United States soil ("US Terrorist"). As of right now there are 195 countries in the world
and all of them are at risk just as the United States is ("Countries"). It has become so easy for terrorists to attack transnationally because of the
advancements in air travel, technology, and political interests intersected around a common cause.
Air travel seemed rather impressive to terrorists for many reasons. In the beginning airport security measures seemed non–existent, but that has since
changed. When there was virtually no airport security, it was common for terrorists to take part in skyjackings. Skyjackings are when the terrorists
would

Domestic Vs International Terrorism
It can be difficult to distinguish the difference between domestic and international terrorism. Simply because they almost always involve the same
acts. Depending on who is responsible for the acts and where they take place, the acts of terrorism can be hard to categorize. They can be very similar
but also have some differences. The greatest and most obvious being that domestic terrorism takes place here on United States soil or our territories
while international terrorism takes place outside our borders.

What has been the effect of globalization on Terrorism?
The aggravation of global problems at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has become a distinctive aspect of the present stage of the development of
the world community. Global problems largely determine today 's features of international relations and the main directions of world politics. One of
the key global problems that international community currently faces is international terrorism. A lively discussion about the growing influence of
globalization on the study of international relations has become even more acute after September 11, 2001, when the world faced an unprecedented
terrorist act in history. Thus, the side effects of globalization have found their own dangerous...show more content...
However, in order to create the analytical framework of this work, it is crucial to find the definitions of the key terms of this question.
The notion of terrorism and its evolution makes it doubtful of its existence as a generally accepted theoretical category and an established and
universally accepted term. Bruce Hoffman argues that most of the definitions are too broad and hence, every act of violence by states, non–state actor
or an individual is considered as an act of terrorism. Moreover, he claims the term, which was firstly coined during the French Revolution, has
changed its meaning several times throughout the history, which makes it even more complex to create a totally accepted definition. Jeffrey Simon
found 212 diverse definitions of terrorism. In my view, the term is largely overused by a variety of political actors and academics, who understand it
differently. For example, Noam Chomsky argues that US policy toward Nicaragua, Haiti and Guatemala in the 1980s was a representation of a state
terrorism and Robert Mugabe refers to the any democratic opposition in Zimbabwe as terrorists. However, it is highly important to define the term
because in the case of global terrorism of 21st century, defining becomes a power on itself and in order to use the power of the definition, the definition
must be, at least party, shared. In my opinion, two main characteristics

Terrorism is all over the current headlines, but some of the very worst attacks happened 15 years ago in the United States; this occurrence brought
around many changes of policies inside the U.S. but also policies in the U.S. regarding other foreign countries. It brings fear and terror to many of its
victims and is an extremely dangerous national threat.
There are mainly two kinds of terrorism that people can be affected by: International terrorism and domestic terrorism. Both of these can be described
by the general definition of terrorism. Terrorism is violent acts that are dangerous to human life and that break federal or state law (What we
Investigate: Terrorism).
These acts appear to be intended to frighten or force civilian people, to affect the procedure of a government by pressure or force, or to affect the
behavior of a government by much destruction, assassination, or kidnapping. The main differences between the two different kinds are that
international terrorism occurs outside of the national authority of the U.S. Domestic terrorism occurs within the national authority of the U.S. (What
we Investigate: Terrorism).
Some of the main motives for terrorism are revenge, religion/beliefs, and political grievances (Grothaus). In the case of 9/11 it was motives of
opposition against what the United States believed in. There were also other reasons which include: the Gulf war in the 1990s, American support for
Israel, and U.S. military presence in the Middle East

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Terrorism
Introduction: From the outset, the paper makes clarity of the key terms terrorism and media coverage. According to Magstadt (2009:506) terrorism has
been defined in many ways, but the most definitions take into account several factors including violence's, the desire for publicity, political motive and
intimidation aimed at the civilian populations. Jerkins (n.d.) "terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change".
As depicted from the above definitions activities of terrorism have gone through premeditation stage, implemented and more to be fulfilled. In 1983
the world woke up to the breaking news that terrorists bombed the United States Embassy in Beirut and killed 63 people. Other acts of terrorism...show
more content...
Magstadt observed social ills and said "any comprehensive theory of terrorism in today's world must take into account social context including
dehumanizing effects of refugee camps or ghettos, youth unemployment and Western intrusion and– first colonization and now globalization.
Somewhat today, social ills are getting complex by the day, the Zimbabwean illegal migration to Botswana and South Africa, the economic migrants
from Middle East to Europe, unemployment, xenophobic attacks, the ghettos in South Africa and political uprisings in the Arabic world. This
environment is good enough to breed terrorism and Botswana is not an exception to that and that should not come as a surprise because members of
the society are deeply frustrated by many governance issues. Not only the socially frustrated, those getting richer tend to form terrorism sects too. Was
not Osama Bin Laden coming from a rich family and himself learned? Osama was the leader of the Islamic fundamentalist group known as the al
Qaeda rising from the Middle East. Magstadt (2009:514) Osama is the wealthy Saudi mastermind behind a series of terrorist attacks on U.S. targets that
culminated in the destruction of the World Trade Centre. Other groups include the Abu Nidal Organization, IslamicJihad, Hamas and

Causes Of Transnational Terrorism

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Causes Of Transnational Terrorism