Understanding Counselling Theories

Understanding counselling theory. Essay example
Macclesfield College
ABC Level 3 Certificate in Counselling Skills
Assignment 2
Understanding counselling theory.
Unit 2– R/601/7575
Hana Lewis– 144383 ABC 17970–33
Contents
Page 3 :Introduction. (157 words)
Page 3 :Origins of Person– centred counselling (198 words)
Page 4:Key concepts and principles of Person– centred counselling. (288 words)
Page 5 :How does Person–centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self? (245 words)
Page 6 :How does person–centred approach inform counselling practice? (267 words)
Page 8–10:Key features and comparison of different models, with the person–centred model. (400 words)
Page 11 :Conclusion. (200 words)
Page 12:References...show more content...
Locus of evaluation, the external locus of evaluation, is a reliance on externals for guidance and affirmation, characterised by 'shoulds' and 'oughts' and
difficulty making decisions. The internal locus of evaluation, is the ability to trust our own self and own valuing system, less influenced by others
opinions.
The main principles of person centred model are the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. They are vital for
building a safe therapeutic relationship, in which the client can explore fully.
How does person–centred counselling, influence the understanding of the development of concept of self?
Carl Rogers believed that; 'clients become empowered to find their own solutions and their own unique, personally meaningful path through life.'
One theory of his client centred psychotherapy was based on the idea that; 'every person has within an acorn, able to grow into a certain kind of tree, a
blueprint for a unique life'

Rogers worked with many others in developing the idea that clients could heal themselves, if only the therapist provided 'facilitative' or core conditions
of, 'empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard.'
Rogers used the symbolism of concept of self, being like a plant given water, soil, sun, and fertilizer. In these optimum or 'facilitative' conditions the
client concept of self can grow and unfold like the plant. The client would
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Theories of Counselling
Abstract The paper topic is 'theories to counseling'. The paper basically looks at the use of person–centered therapy and approach to help a patient
Henderson to overcome his personal issues of self–esteem and confidence as well as improve the impact that his childhood has on his current life as
well as his future. The paper is thus divided across different sections that briefly describe the counseling approach, the interventions, goals as well as
overall diagnosis of the case. Person–Centered Approach to Counselling Providing Concerns The concerns with the case conceptualization was the
recognition of the fact that Henderson was a prime candidate of low self–esteem and devastating childhood experiences that were holding him back in
his adult life even though he was equipped to overcome them as well as come out of them a stronger and more successful human being. The primary
aim thus of the counseling sessions and therapy offered to Henderson had to revolve around personal growth and confidence in not just in who he was
now but the events that led him to be who he was now. The main aim was to assist him in overcoming the self–esteem issues so that his own
interpretation of his childhood and its impact could be improved. This had to be done by not just embracing the past but also a sense of letting go and
forgiving what had happened and who had cause it to happen. The suggestion of counseling thus here is the use of the person–centered approach of
counseling to allow

Personal Theory of Counseling Essay
Personal Theory of Counseling
Meaghan O'Reilly
Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories
COUN–6722–35
Dr. Bob
Today, the majority of counselors and therapists operate from an integrative standpoint; that is, they are open to "various ways of integrating diverse
theories and techniques" (Corey, 2009b, p. 449). In fact, a survey in Psychotherapy Networker (2007) found that over 95% of respondents proclaimed
to practice an integrative approach (cited in Corey, 2009b, p. 449). Corey (2009a; 2009b) explains that no one theory is comprehensive enough to
attend to all aspects of the human – thought, feeling, and behavior. Therefore, in order to work with clients on all three of these levels, which Corey
(2009b) asserts is necessary for the...show more content...
First, people, including mental health professionals, possess a range of qualities. No one is just warm and accepting or just confrontational. We all
possess these qualities to a certain degree. Therefore, to be genuine with our clients it is necessary for us to display these different parts of our
personalities at different times. Second, although a client may come to counseling broken and hopeless and require a supportive, accepting, and warm
counselor, if this relationship continues the client may never be pushed to make any real change. After the development of a strong working alliance
between the therapist and counselor, it may (or may not) be necessary for the counselor to challenge or confront the client in some way to provoke
change. It depends on the person. I agree with Lazarus completely when he says that a skilled mental health professional will know when to be warm
or tough, when to confront a client or not, and when directive or non–directive (p. 458–459). Clients, because they each have their own unique identity
that has been influenced by more factors than one can count or even identify, will respond differently to different relational styles, techniques, and
treatments and this may change throughout the counseling process. In my opinion, it is the counselor's job to know which approach or technique
should be used to be the most effective with a particular client. Although I ascribe to the idea

A Theoretical Model Of Counselling
Element 1: Explain how a theoretical model of counselling can be applied to selected client issues (Relationship Issues): Performance Criteria 1.1;
1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.5. 1.1: Identify an intervention model that would be appropriate to assist in dealing with relationship issues: Imago therapy is a
type of relationship and couples therapy was developed by Dr. Harville Hendrix and Dr. Helen LaKelly Hunt which provides resources for couples,
therapists or individuals seeking to find a way to be more effective in their life and relationships (Imago Relationship International 2013). It means
that by identifying sources that will support the relationship to improve and develop it to a stronger bond. Emotionally Focused Therapy is a type of
therapy which will focus the client to understand the emotions regarding the issue (Psych Central 2013). Empty Chair technique or Gestalt therapy
helps the client to engage with their own feelings and behaviour. 1.2: Identify the aspects of safe practice that exist within this intervention model:
This topic is very sensitive with regards to self and relationship concerns. The counsellor should be very patience and be more understanding.
Confidentiality otherwise is very important with regards to doing safe practice because it will encourage the couple to discuss the topic briefly.
Respect for human dignity is also one of the core values in New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC) which a counsellor should respect the
client which will

My Personal Theory Of Counseling
My Personal Theory of Counseling I believe counseling is a collaborative partnership between client and counselor. Furthermore, this collaborative
partnership is built from trust and acceptance of both client and counselor. I hope in conjunction with clients to understand the issues and concerns so
to help them tap into their wisdom, creativity, and strengths to meet their current challenges. I believe in a comprehensive perspective through which
clients can better comprehend themselves in the framework that our thinking about events can lead to emotional and behavioral upset. Moreover,
counselors are to provide a safe environment for clients to explore their challenges and identify ways to move differently in overcoming these
challenges. Through my work in counseling, I will aspire to be respectful of and sensitive to my client's developmental needs and therapeutic goals. It
is imperative for counselors to recognize that the counseling process can be intimidating for many clients. I will draw from a variety of...show more
content...
al., 2001). REBT theory views individuals as 'responsibly hedonistic' in the implication that they attempt to live and reach contentment. Conversely,
REBT theory maintains that clients are inclined to embrace irrational beliefs and behaviors that prevent them from achieving their goals and purposes
(Weinrach, 1996). REBT theory accepts that clients contrast rational desires with wishes, preferences, and wants. Additionally, the existence of extreme
philosophies make the difference between healthy negative emotions and unhealthy negative emotions (Weinrach, 1995). REBT theory asserts that
clients have the ability to change their beliefs and philosophies profoundly and thus can change unreservedly their state of psychological health (Corey,

In this essay I'm going to describe and evaluate the three core theoretical perspectives in counselling, personal centred, cognitive behavioural and
psychodynamic I will look at the general theory, the view of the person in therapy, the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the goals and
techniques of each theory. I will compare and contrast the three approaches looking at the similarities and differences between the three counselling
perspectives and how the counsellor in each theory differ in their techniques to counselling their clients. The person centred counsellor needs according
to Carl Rogers to have three core conditions which are unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence towards their clients however...show
more content...
The second stage is the anal stage which is from age 1 to 3 years at this stage the child's obsession and pleasure comes from the anus. The third
stage is the phallic stage which is from age 3 to 6 years this was the most controversial stage of Freud's theory in psychosexual development Freud
believed at this age a child would begin to identify with the parents of their own gender, boys at this stage will develop and unconscious longing
for their mothers he called this the Oedipus complex and girl's at this stage discovering that they have no penis and struck by penis envy this he
called the Electra complex. The fourth stage the latency stage a child goes through from age 6 to 12 years and is a calm period of the child
development. The fifth stage is the genital stage where puberty begins and sexual changes occur. Freud believed if the child did not pass through any
of these stages successfully then they would become fixated in this stage. (Hough, 2002) Freud developed the idea that the human mind consists of
three elements of the personality (see appendix 2) he called, The id, The ego and The superego and these three components of our psyche find

Level 4 Counselling Theory Assignment
Counselling Diploma Year: 1 2007/8 Unit 3 Theory Assignment Karina Hallworth Contents. Criteria 1 The Historical Development and Philosophy of
Person Centred Counselling.3 Criteria 2 The key concepts, principles and practice of the model.5 Criteria 3 The concept of self and the development
of self–concept.10 Criteria 4 Comparisons of Counselling Models.12 Criteria 5 The dangers of using methods and techniques without adequate
training.15 References17 Criteria 1 The Historical Development and Philosophy of Person Centred Counselling. Carl Rogers (1902–87) was the
founder of the client–centred or person–centred approach to counselling and therapy. (McLeod 2001) As a student, Rogers...show more content...
It is then, when we are able to reach our highest potential of self–actualisation. Phenomenology. Phenomenology is the way in which we perceive
things. It is a philosophical method of enquiry, evolved by Husserl. McLeod (2001) Even though one person may feel that they have shared the
same experience as another and they may feel that they know what the other person felt in their situation, this does not necessarily mean that the
other person would agree. People see, feel and experience things in a different way to each other, but by exploring and describing experiences, we
can gain valid knowledge and understanding. The aim is to depict the nature of quality of personal experiences. By 'bracketing off' our own
assumptions of experiences, we allow others to describe comprehensively and sensitively, their own perspective view, enabling us to have a better
understanding of other people's experiences. The Core Conditions. Empathy. Carl Rogers describes empathy as the ability to sense the client's world
as if it were your own. Sanders (1999) Empathy is a two way process, its about trying to fully understand what your client is saying and feeling and
also showing your understanding to your client. Barrett–Lennard (1993:6) observes that: The experience of being literally heard and understood deeply,
in some personally vital sphere, has its own kind of impact– whether of relief, of something at last making sense, a feeling or inner connection or

Reflection On Theories Of Counseling
This quarter's course of "theories of counseling" felt like a whirlwind of theories, theorist, therapeutic techniques, and proper application of
theoretical framework to help counsel students. As the course continued each new theory and therapy style I learned about seemed more
appealing and useful than the last. In deciding which therapy styles I would favor using I have to take into account the general demographic of
the students and communities I wish to work in. I plan to work with middle school to high school students that are from urban low social economic
status and are recent arrivals to the country. Some of the characteristics of obstacles these students and families face daily are, single parent home
/income, past/recent trauma, history of low family education level and legal trouble. I am fortunate to live in the community and society I want to
help and that I have grown up in. I am equally blessed to be raised and have the opportunity to give back to my community and society the best way
I know how by giving back in a positive manner. The first theorist I will mention is Alfred Adler, who prompted awareness to mental health in
school children. Corey addresses the goal of Adlerian therapy, "The aim of therapy is to develop the client's sense of belonging and to assist in the
adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest." (p. 109) The key component in Adlerian therapy in a
school counselor role is to build rapport,

Essay On Counselling
Counselling is a talking therapy that involves an interactive relationship of client and counsellor (Geldard & Geldard, 2009a). Counselling offers
opportunities for clients to talk to the counsellor about their problems and feelings in a confidential environment. A counsellor generally helps the
clients to see things from a different perspective and find their own solutions based on their own beliefs. The primary purpose of counselling is to
enable the clients to develop a better understanding of self and be able to make changes to cope with difficulties in their lives, by reaching their own
decisions and act upon them accordingly to develop a satisfying life (Geldard & Geldard, 2009a). The self is a summation of a complex, dynamic and
organized system of learned beliefs that a person holds to be true about his own existence and this make human beings unique (Purkey & Stanley,
2001). Therefore, client–counsellor relationship is unique for each person. To ensure the effectiveness of counselling, Carl Rogers identified 3 desirable
conditions of the client–counsellor relationship that can be applied throughout the counselling session (Geldard & Geldard, 2009b)....show more
content...
Rogers regard empathy as the basis for anything that occurs during a counselling. A counsellor should be empathic with the client as trusting
relationship can be formed when the client feels cared for and secure. This relationship can be developed by understanding of the thoughts and feelings
that the client experienced. In other words, a counsellor should 'walk into the client's shoes' to get a better understanding of the client. With this trust,
the clients might expose their innermost thoughts and feelings to the

Counseling Theory And Theory Of Counseling Essay
As a counseling student, it is very important to formulate a counseling theory tailored to ones' own personality and beliefs. A counselor may choose a
single theory to model when practicing therapy or pick and choose components and techniques from various theories, otherwise known as eclecticism.
No theory is considered right or wrong. Understanding the different therapeutic approaches are important to effective counseling, however, counselors
must also understand their own personal value, view of human nature, human behavior, counseling techniques and the purpose and goals of counseling.
Understanding these components along with the different theoretical approaches will provide the counselor with a 9 knowledge of their own
counseling, orientation and is essential to not only the productivity of counseling but the growth of the counselor as well. View of Human Nature My
theoretical orientation gravitates strongly toward a humanistic and goal oriented theory of counseling. I agree with the Freudian psycho–analysis
approach in that development happens within the first six years of life and these experiences are what influence our present behavior, however, it is
my belief that human behavior is motivated through our conscious and all behavior is goal–oriented and has a desired result. Our social environment
and past experiences are what strongly enhances our behavior and the decisions that we make. With this is mind, it is understood that we are in control
of our actions,

Counseling Theory Paper
Counseling Theory
Julie Meyers
Liberty University
Abstract
This theory focuses on the integration of Biblical principles by combining several aspects of major theories to provide the best treatment for clients.
This theory also discusses the nature and need of man as well as the most important factors in determining the health and/or dysfunction of man. This
theory provides a detailed process of intervention based on several major theories, while using Scripture as a basis for each method. Overall, this theory
focuses on the importance of the client's role in therapy. Ultimately, through the combined theories and integration of Scripture, it is up to the client to
apply these methods. As a result of that application, with guidance from...show more content...
In Jeremiah 29:11 it is clear that God has calling for the individual that follows Him, "For I know the plans that I have for you, declares the LORD,
plans for welfare and not for calamity to give you a future and a hope" (New American Standard Bible). Therefore, in life, man is searching for his
purpose and in that search he must be able to control his thoughts so that he can rationally view events. Thus, allowing him to ultimately reach his goal
of fulfilling his purpose.
Model of Personality
In determining a view of who man is and how he develops, it is important to look at the past, present, and future goals to determine how to best help the
individual. In Behavioral Theory, a great emphasis is placed on "...understanding reinforcement contingencies operative in an individual's past", which
then "makes it possible to implement different contingencies in the present and, thus, to change behavior" (Murdock, 2009). This can be very
important because many times certain behaviors are learned from a very early age and it will be important of the individual to understand where that
behavior stems from in order to make a change. Rational Emotive Behavior Theory "...postulates that humans are a product of both inherited influences
and environmental teaching" (Murdock, 2009). This does place some of the human experience on being born a certain way and those things being
harder to change. However, it does provide the balance that another portion of the

Reflection Paper : My Counseling Theory Essay
This paper explores my counseling theory. It looks at the way I view human nature and the development of personality through the lens of an
elementary school counselor. This paper looks at the development of psychopathology and the goals of therapy using fundamental cognitive
behavioral theory (CBT) and techniques used in CBT and person centered therapy (PCT). Researched is used to advocate for my use of child center
play therapy (CCPT) along with taking a look at reality therapy (RT) for use with the older elementary students . I conclude with a look at spiritual
influences on my future counseling career. Throughout the paper I reference the American School Counselors Association (ASCA) and its national
model to help tie in the theories and practices with the guidelines of being a school counselor. My Counseling Theory When I think about my theory of
counseling I think about my future client and what theory will be best suited for them. After I graduate, I will become an elementary school counselor
and will work with children ranging from ages pre–school to fifth grade. The reason schools have elementary school counselors, according to the
American School Counselors Association (ASCA), is because:
Comprehensive developmental school counseling programs provide education, prevention and intervention services, which are integrated into all
aspects of children's lives. Early identification and intervention of children's' academic and social/emotional needs is

Counselling Theories Essay
Counselling Theories Assessment 1 1.Explain the concept of nature versus nurture, using yourself as a case study to illustrate the theory. The concept
of nature versus nurture is that human behaviour is influenced by genetic information inherited from our parents and also by environmental and social
influences. My appearance such as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must wear
glasses to drive and many other aspects of my daily life. Being a woman this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. Society
dictates 'the body beautiful'. Magazines, Bill–boards, TV and newspapers constantly suggest the need to have a perfect complexion. This influences
...show more content...
Explain how the ego, id and superego interact. Use an example from your own experience. пЂЄId: Describes the biological or instinctive response.
This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early stage of life. пЂЄEgo: In this second developmental stage,
compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the
real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world. пЂЄSuperego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should
react in a given situation. This is the development of morals, what is right and what is wrong. It is a further development of control over the id
response. An example from my own experience is say when I see a piece of cake on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego
says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a possible consequence is I will put on
weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud's concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to
understanding human development and individual behaviour. One advantage of Freud's concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to
understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It
recognises the

Examples Of Counseling Philosophy Paper
Counseling Philosophy I will start my counseling philosophy by giving you a glimpse of my view of human nature. Positively, I view humans as
beings who are optimistic in every situation. Since high school, my peers perceived me as happy because of my eyes and my smile. When I went to
college and experienced struggles, it is a practice of mine to always look on the brighter side. I started thinking that maybe most of the people, if not
all, also considers the positive side of any situation. They survive the challenges because they chose to be optimistic on any circumstances. Apart from
that, based on observations, humans are easily influenced and distracted. Nowadays, technologies are growing and it is a habit that people "should"
always keep up with the trend. I thought maybe, they do not want to be left behind. Some are...show more content...
For instance, someone who feels hungry will search for food or a person who rides on a rollercoaster screams. The person should not only respond
to the changes in his environment but is also aware that the response is appropriate to the situation. A person who rides on a rollercoaster will
scream instead of sleep. In terms of relating to other people, a person is ought to function well if he can express and manage his emotions well,
either within a group or to another person he knows too well. Apart from that, the one guiding his behaviors are his thoughts which should be
moralistic and humane. Personally, a fully functioning person gives value to other people's lives since we are social beings. Moreover, when it comes
to executing his responsibilities, a person is considered as effective if he simply can follow instructions. Based on my opinion, the over–all description
of a person who functions well is someone who can think and behave accordingly to the situation along with expressing his suitable emotions and

The Importance of Counseling Theories Essay
It is imperative to study counseling theories when beginning field based work. Counseling theories provide a foundation to be able to learn and
develop my own techniques. Some ideas that exemplify the significance of counseling theories are; research, application of theories, and case studies.
Research To understand or create a theory, one must first have scientific support. The best way to comprise such support is research. Counseling
theories give an extensive basis of data from research which has relevant correlation to active psychotherapists and counseling practitioners. "Critics of
meta–analysis and the early exemplar research suggest that the problem in finding differential effectiveness of counseling approaches can be...show
more content...
2). Counseling theories allow practitioners to use them in the way best suited for the clients needs. The application is given when a counselor or
therapist assesses the theory for the best use in their current circumstance. For example, a client comes in an anxiety disorder. One should not use a
theory just because it has been used in similar circumstances before. The counselor can deviate from the use of only one theory to use parts of
several for the best outcome of the client. Case Studies "More appropriate are controlled case studies, in which specific, standardized measurements
are made over the course of counseling, and the interventions performed are well defined and verified" (Murdock, 2009 p.8). Case studies play a
large role in counseling, they provide the outcome of whether a theory is successful or not. For example, if a counselor is trying to determine if a
theory is useful for their client, they may try attempt to control the environment or they may observe the client in their natural non–controlled
environment. Not every theory will have the same effect for every client, that is why case studies are important since multiple ideas may be beneficial
in creating a beneficial resolution. Some ideas that exemplify the significance of counseling theories are; research, application of theories, and case
studies. The study of counseling theories is impetrative. I will learn as I have been, the steps of

Personal Theory Of Counseling Or Psychotherapy
ALTER THIS PAPER....IT HAS BEEN SUBMITTED TO TURN IT IN....USING IT VERBATIN WILL RESULT IN A 100 MARK AND
IDENTIFICATION WITH ANOTHER STUDENT PAPER...IN OTHER WORDS, YOU WILL BE FOUND TO BE COMPLETELY CHEATING
AND MAY BE EXPELLED FROM YOUR UNIVERSITY...I WOULD USE IT AS A GUIDE, A LAUNCHING POINT....SOMETHING YOU
COULD PARAPHRASE OR BORROW SOME IDEAS...
Personal Theory of Counseling or Psychotherapy
Personal Theory of Counseling or Psychotherapy
Personal Theory of Counseling of Counseling or Psychotherapy
Introduction
This application paper will discuss my personal theory of counseling or psychotherapy in a number of different areas. Specifically, I will discuss the
seven areas of interest. First, I will discuss and describe...show more content...
However, any person who is motivated to become fully self–aware can do so thorough life experiences, including those experiences achieve in a
therapeutic milieu. Ultimately, each person is responsible for their own lives and the opportunities that are perceived by individuals are often stunted
because of an individuals life experiences, perceptions and feelings. While people seek to be connected to others as they are innately social and
through these social experiences shape their own personalities, lives and the world around them. Ideally, people can work toward achieving their lives
in ways that are integrated and fulfilling. It is thorough personal freedom and understanding of the self that this occurs (Corey, 2013).
My view of human nature borrows from person–centered therapy in that people are trustworthy, can solve their own problems and have potential for
growth (Corey, 2013a). It also borrows from the Rogerian view of human nature that is similar to Adler's beliefs that a person is responsible for
oneself and capable of growth, wellness and moving from a discouraged state to an encouraged state (Corey, 2013a). I also believe that people think
and feel the way they do because of their experiences. This includes past experiences in as much as the experiences influences the present and need to
be looked at to reveal truths for the individual. I

counselling theory essay
Unit 2: Introduction to Counselling Skills Theories Theory Essay Written Introduction In this essay I will describe key elements of Psychodynamic
theory, Person–Centred theory and Cognitive–Behavioural theory. I will also identify the key differences between the above theories. I shall also
describe how counselling theory underpins the use of counselling skills in practise. I will then end with my conclusion. 1.1 Key elements of
psychodynamic theory Dr Sigmud Freud (1856–1939), is the founder of the psychodynamic approach. Dr Sigmud Freud believed that childhood
experiences and unconscious thoughts had an effect on people's behaviour. Psychodynamic counselling refers to the inner most deepest unconscious
traumas and...show more content...
Cognitive–behavioural theory (CBT) is a kind of psychotherapeutic treatment that enables patients to comprehend the thoughts and feelings that control
their behaviours. Cognitive–behavioural therapy is more frequently used to treat an extensive range of disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy is widely short–term and concentrates on enabling clients to deal with very particular problems. Often six weeks to six
months sessions of course depending upon the problem it is pacifically goal directed and places great weight upon self–help as a long term coping tool
that the client can take away with them and successfully use. Cognitive–behavioural therapy believes that clients can learn the wrong ways of
developing and making sense of information during their cognitive development. This can often lead to distortions in the way they identify reality, it's
the job of the therapist to enable them to work this out. According to Dryden, 2007, p.299 "Cognitive therapy first came to the attention of British
psychologists and psychiatrists through the pioneering work of the British researchers who sought to evaluate the efficacy of Beck's treatment for
depression." Cognitive–behavioural theory can be used on a one to one basis or in a group setting. It is said that in order for cognitive–behavioural
therapy to be effective, the client

Psychodynamic Counselling Overview Essay
Psychodynamic Counselling – Overview.
Psychodynamic counselling has a long history and vast literature to condense so only a brief overview is possible here – following on from the themes
already discussed and with particular focus on four psychologists: Freud, Jung, Adler and Klein.
"The primary purpose of psychodynamic counselling is to help clients make sense of current situations; of memories associated with present
experience, some of which spring readily to mind, others which may rise to consciousness as the counselling develops; and of the images that appear in
fantasies and dreams." (Jacobs)
In essence it is concerned with the presenting past, the use of the counselling relationship in terms of its meaning for the client,...show more content...
So it is possible to say "I don't like her behaviour" which is about a relationship in the external world or to say "I don't feel like my usual self today"
which suggests a relationship between two parts of the self, the dynamic of the internal world.
Great importance is attached to past experiences and feelings. Aspects (objects) of the psyche develop in parallel with external relationships in
childhood, i.e., with mother and father. In addition, the childhood perception of experiences, feelings and relationships may not match reality, so such
perceptions are significant.
Object relations theory
A third type of relationship is added to those of the outer and inner worlds, to non–human objects.
The activity is going on all the time, but is increased in some circumstances – in stressful and anxious times, in dreams.
The Unconscious
Freud identified the unconscious, the preconscious and the conscious in terms of mental activity. Within the unconscious are thoughts, experiences and
feelings which are not easily accessible but which have great influences on the current mental activity in the conscious. Memories, half forgotten, but
easy to access offer a route to the unconscious, thus belonging to the preconscious.
Feelings such as grief and anger can remain in the unconscious and remain unexperienced and forgotten, that is, repressed; or

My Personal Theory Of Counseling Essay
Values, Morals, and Beliefs are components that play a role in an individual's self–identity. The establishment of these components shape human
nature, behavior, and the development of an individual's purpose. The basis of these fundamentals has contributed to my desire to become a counselor.
This paper will discuss my views of human nature, factors of behavior changes, goals of therapy, the roles of a therapist, and the counseling approaches
that I chose to incorporate in a practice. The understanding of human nature is the concept that there is a set of inherent distinguishing characteristics,
including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that all humans tend to possess (Winkler, 1996). My basic view of human nature correlates with...show
more content...
Social factors associated with human development are the factors that surround the individual. The social factors are the issues that are involved in
their environment. For instance, social factors could be peer pressure, parental support, cultural and religious background, socioeconomic status, and
interpersonal relationships, and all of these factors contribute to the development, and help to shape personality and influence psychological makeup.
The intellectual factors that accounts for behavior changes is the mental capacity and stability of an individual. These factors are learned as well as
innate. Intellectual factors are involved in human development being that it is how the individual processes information mentally, that determines their
behavior. Physical, social, and intellectual factors are major components to the changes in behavior. The nature of therapist–client relationship and
understanding the therapist's role is vital in making sure that the client's rights are not jeopardized. The client must be willing to trust the therapist. The
therapist can earn the trust of the client will confidentiality guidelines that are established by requiring informed consent. The therapist–client
relationship is based on counseling approach as well as relationship with the client. The therapist's role is to understand the client's needs, help them get
their needs met mentally, and to develop the proper plan that fits the client's needs. The therapist must fully

Understanding Counselling Theories

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