Child Malnutrition

Child Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is the cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more
likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections. Although the share of children who are
malnourished has gradually been declining over the past 25 years, the actual number of malnourished children is still rising in many underdeveloped
and developing countries. For example, in 1995,167 million children under the age of five years, nearly one–third of all children in developing
countries were either underweight or stunted. Malnutrition causes a great deal of physical and emotional suffering and it is a violation of a child's...show
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With respect to status, a lower status of women relative to men restricts women's opportunities and freedoms, thereby providing them with less
interaction with others and less opportunity for independent behavior. With a lack of social interaction, women will develop poor physical and mental
health, which will ultimately affect the quality of care she provides to her children after they are born.
National Food Availability and Health Environment Quality
Food security is achieved when a person has access to enough food to lead an active and healthy life; therefore it is thus a prime determinant of a
child's nutritional status. In order to easily understand and evaluate the concept of food security, we can examine a main determinant of food security,
a nation's food availability. Food availability is measured as per capita dietary energy supply. As shown in Appendix A, it has been a very important
factor in reducing child malnutrition rates in the past, particularly from 1970–1995. It is important to note that the impact of food availability highly
depends on food supplies per person. For example, in countries with very low food supplies, such as those in Sub–Saharan Africa and South Asia,
national food availability is just as important as improving women's education. On the other hand, in countries where food supplies are relatively high,
such as many
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Malnutrition Paper
Malnutrition associated with children under the age of 5 in Texas will be examined in an effort to address and promote health and disease prevention
by targeting the root of the problem in conjunction with a decrease in the global burden of disease which results in morbidity and mortality. The long
term objective is to eradicate malnutrition. In order to do so it is essential to give special attention to the trends and percentiles of low birth weight
babies and low weight preschoolers. Body mass index and growth stun will be taken into consideration as well. Within the city of Chicago there are
target neighborhoods that are in desperate need of assistance. It is important to follow the resources that are available for the children and stay...show
more content...
The program monitoring process will be reviewed and the participant expectations from the use of the meal programs as well. The actual outcomes will
be tracked and future evaluations will be provided by the volunteer nurses. It is crucial to provide support and guidance to the children and parents
throughout the process; it will show vocation and commitment to the nourishment of the community especially the children who cannot do it for
themselves. Most children between the age of 3 and 5 comprehend that some foods are good for them and others are

The Elderly and Malnutrition Essays
The Elderly and Malnutrition
At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life. However, achieving good nutrition can be especially difficult for the
elderly, the fastest growing portion of America's population. Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and
physical limitations, food–medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are common causes of malnutrition in the elderly.
This paper will explore factors affecting elderly nutrition, provide suggestions for obtaining and maintaining good nutrition after age 65, and describe
the services available to help the elderly meet their nutritional needs....show more content...
The RDA for protein for seniors is 12–14% of the diet. Protein is needed to build and maintain body tissues, and these needs increase for individuals
during illness and after surgery (8). Although fat digestion decreases with age, a small amount of fat is still necessary since it is a concentrated
energy source and transports vitamins. No more than 30% of total calories should be from fat. Carbohydrates should make up 50% of daily calories,
and 25–35 grams of fiber should be eaten to prevent GI stress. Overall, caloric needs decrease with age, generally a 10% reduction between the ages of
51–75 and up to a 15% reduction after age 75 (8). These needs are not exact; they are dependent on both activity level and body composition.
Although calorie needs decrease, the elderly have an increased need for certain vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is especially important for the
elderly to eat foods that are nutrient dense (6). They should eat an array of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat, fish, poultry, low–fat milk, and
dairy products while reducing intake of sweets.
Physiological changes and changes in nutritional requirements are not the only cause of elderly malnutrition. Illness and physical limitations often
affect nutritional status, as 19.7% of people over age 65 have at least one disability and 28.8% reported a limitation caused by a chronic condition (9).
For

Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Undernutrition is an outcome of insufficient quantity and quality of food and frequent episodes of infectious diseases.
Globally, 162 million under–five year olds are stunted and 56 percent of all stunted children live in Asia and 36% in Africa while 99 million
under–five year olds are underweight and 67 percent of all underweight children live in Asia and 29% in Africa. Wasting stands at 51 million
under–five year olds are wasted and 17 million were severely wasted and approximately 71 percent of all severely wasted children lived in Asia and 28
percent in Africa (WHO, 2006).
Malnutrition is still a problem in many developing countries particularly in Africa. It is estimated that 47 million under five children...show more
content...
This research intend to establish the association between dietary diversification of complementary foods and the nutrition status of children. It will
highlight the importance of a diversified diet of complementary foods to improve the nutrition status of infants aged 6–23 months within a crucial
window of opportunity to prevent irreversible physical and cognitive damage caused by undernutrition. Inappropriate feeding practices which include
poor quality complementary foods and their consequences are serious hindrances to sustained socioeconomic development and poverty reduction
(WHO,

Malnutrition Of Older Adults : Malnutrition
Malnutrition in Older Adults
Malnutrition is defined as the under or over nutrition in older people.(Aging & Health,2012) Under nutrition occurs when one does not eat enough
which can lead to weight loss and other health issues such as poor wound healing and exacerbate more chronic health conditions such as wasting away
from HIV.(Aging & Health,2012) Overnutrition can lead to weight gain leading to morbid obesity with can cause a host of other issues such as
developing diabetes and also exacerbate other chronic health conditions such as hypertension and heart disease.(Aging & Health,2012)
This article concentrates on an interview with my neighbors Sharon and Bill West. Sharon and Bill state they are in their "golden 70's and enjoy
every day at being lazy retirees." I don't see Sharon and Bill being very lazy as Sharon and Bill both are outside a lot gardening and doing work
around the house. Their only son Brad comes by weekly to visit and do any "heavy lifting" that Bill may need. Brad lives in the city and has a city
job and isn't out here in the country often. I often hear Brad say that he knew he was cut out to live in the city and that's where he stays. Brad is not
married so Sharon and Bill have no grandchildren and they spend their summer months in Florida as "snow birds".
Sharon both state in their opinion as being relatively healthy. Sharon states she tries to eat a variety of foods such as fruits and vegetables every day
and tries to get Bill to eat them as much

Essay about Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition
Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition
Every morning when I wake up the first thought in my mind is usually: FOOD! I often lie in bed for a few extra minutes, planning out what I am
going to eat for breakfast. Seldom as I go through this routine do I stop to think about those who are less fortunate than me. I often take for granted
that everyone wakes up and eats breakfast. But this is far from true, not everyone shares the luxuries that we have in the United States. Some people
wake up and wonder if they will eat at all that day, let alone eat breakfast. Why? Because food, like manyother things, is unequally distributed
throughout the world.
The struggle for enough food has gone on for centuries. Back in primitive days, the first task...show more content...
By altering the genetic composition of farm animals (through selective breeding techniques) they made animals more "efficient." An example of this
is the hen. Years ago hens produced an average of fifteen eggs per year. Now thanks to genetic interference they can produce over five hundred eggs.
This technique also works with plants and crops, one example being IR8 Rice (or "Miracle Rice"). Other advancements include: the use of animals as
a source of energy, the use of agricultural chemicals (such as pesticides), and the invention of the steam engine.
But despite the vast number of agricultural improvements, one important question is left unanswered. Why do two–thirds of the people in the world
today suffer from malnutrition? Part of the answer lies in the fact that the demand for food has and will continue to increase. This demand is primarily
influenced by two factors: an increasing population, and increasing income.
Obviously as our population grows, the need for more food will grow also. But today more food is produced then is needed. If our food were to be
divided equally, everyone in the world would receive the proper nutrition. Yet our food is divided highly unequally, most of it is concentrated in the rich
countries while the population continues to expand in the areas with the least amount of food. If the United States and other industrial nations made
efforts to control the population growth (like in China) perhaps part of the problem could be

Research Question: What factors contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition in elderly? Introduction/Background: Malnutrition is defined as an
"imbalance of nutrients caused by either an excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit" (Furman, 2006, p.76). Malnutrition is increasingly
common issue among the elderly population, this is a basis for better understanding considering malnutrition negatively affects the health of the older
adult (Furman, 2006, p.77). It impacts morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of a multitude of physical conditions. Ultimately, longer and more
intensive care periods is required for elderly admitted to hospital who are malnourished. An estimated 5–10% of elderly people living in the community
setting are malnourished (Furman, 2006, p.79). Approximately 60% of hospitalised older adults (age 65 or older) and 35–85% are in residential care
(Furman, 2006, p.79). It has been observed that there are both social and physical factors involved in increasing the risk of malnutrition in an elderly
person (Visvanathan & Chapman, 2009, p.6). This includes but is not limited to, living alone, recent major health event, cognitive and physical decline
or generalised frailty and financial issues (Visvanathan & Chapman, 2009, p.6). Studies have attributed the need for improved detection and treatment
of malnutrition in elderly (Maher & Eliadi, 2015, para.3). These articles also demonstrate that malnutrition in the elderly is poorly recognized

Malnutrition Literature Review
Review of Related Literature
I.Malnutrition Problem in the Philippines
Micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent not just in the developing regions of the world but also in the industrialized nations which can affect all age
groups, however children and pregnant women are those of most at risk (Allen, de Benoist, Hurrell, & Dary, 2006).
Although vitamin and mineral deficiencies may not be visible to the naked eye, these deficiencies have a huge impact on the well–being and are
prevalent in the Philippines. The Philippines loses billions of US dollars in Gross Domestic Product to vitamin and mineral deficiencies which is
mainly due to economic costs of undernutrition such as the direct costs on the increased burden on the health care system,...show more content...
(2004). VITAMIN & MINERAL DEFICIENCY A GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/media/files
/vmd.pdf
Aquino, A., Correa, A., & Ani, P. (2014). Republic Act No. 10611: Strengthening the PhilippineFood Safety Regulatory System. Retrieved 17 April
2017, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/files/ap_policy/214/214_1.pdf
Cannon, R. (2014). Fighting Malnutrition in the Philippines – The Borgen Project. The Borgen Project. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https:/
/borgenproject.org/fighting–malnutrition–philippines/
Chan, S., Scott, B., & Sen, S. (2010). An Asian viewpoint on the use ofvitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis treatment: Physician and patient attitudes
and beliefs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987973/pdf
/1471–2474–11–248.pdf
Darnton–Hill, I., & Mkparu, U. (2015). Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low– and Middle–Income Countries. Nutrients. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf
Durst, P., & Bayasgalanbat, N. (2014). PROMOTION OF UNDERUTILIZED INDIGENOUS FOOD RESOURCES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND
NUTRITION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC. FAO. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from

Essay on Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is a global challenge in low–income and middle–income countries particularly in sub–Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black,
et al., 2008). More than ten million children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in sub–Saharan Africa is
approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed
to the potentiating effects of malnutrition in infectious disease such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections (Rice, et al.,
2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004).
As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet as well as the impact of...show more content...
Nutritional deficiencies with its two constituents of macronutrient deficiencies leading to protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies
particularly in vitamin A, iron, iodine and zinc deficiencies are the main manifestations of malnutrition in undernourished societies (Muller &
Krawinkel, 2005). The mechanisms of protein energy malnutrition include decreased nutrient intake and absorption, direct nutrient losses and increased
metabolic requirements (Manary & Solomons, 2004). Globally, FAO (2004) estimated that 852 million of people are undernourished and most of them
were living in developing countries. Protein energy malnutrition in children is based on underweight, stunting and wasting and the clinical syndromes
of severe malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor (Muller & Krawinkel, 2005, Manary & Solomons, 2004).
Micronutrient deficiencies affect a significant part and at least 2 billion people all over the world (FAO, 2004). Among young children vitamin A
deficiencies (VAD) is a third suffer nutritional disease and continues to be one of the major public health

Malnutrition In The United States
Malnutrition When people think about malnutrition, many think of the children who don't have food to eat. Which is a huge problem, and a problem
that can be prevented. "Malnutrition afflicts an estimated 34 million children worldwide, and results in the loss of 1 million children under five every
year." However, in the US, malnutrition as a result of inadequate food intake is rare, although it may occur if a child is neglected, living in poverty or
being abused. Moreover, a lot of children become malnourished because they are picky about what they eat, or refuse to eat due to issues with body
image. Social situations can also contribute to malnutrition. The elderly, abused, alcohol and/or drug dependent, low income, and socially isolated

Malnutrition in the Philippines Essay
For years, the people of the Philippines have been in grave danger of a horrible condition. They are suffering from malnutrition, an unhealthy imbalance
in an individual's diet which may result from a lack of certain nutrients being consumed or starvation (Board). Malnutrition has been an issue there for
many years as a result of the country's overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the populace) depriving its people of food, and raging
typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have only exasperated the problem (Calderon). In addition, when the country's people do have access to food,
they rarely have the necessary fruits or vegetables for a balanced diet. Through poverty, a lack of produce, and regular typhoons, malnutrition in the
...show more content...
When they do get a chance to eat though, they mention that their typical meal of the day consists of "... five small pieces of dried fish and rice to
share" (Delfin). This is troubling to hear, since this diet has a disturbing lack of fruits or vegetables which contain necessary nutrients for the body. Due
to this average diet among poor families, many Filipinos are not just suffering from starvation, but also severe amounts of Vitamin A deficiencies, Iron
deficiencies, and many other handicaps (Nutrition Country Profiles). This plethora of medical conditions is attributed directly to the fact that these
people hardly get enough nutrients to eat. If these issues are not addressed, malnutrition could lead to an even wider variety of health endangerments.
While people of the Philippines may be in an unenviable position, the problem of malnutrition has escalated even further largely as a result of the
country's unforgiving environment. It is estimated that around "6 to 9 tropical cyclones hit land [in the Philippines] in a typical year" and this can be
very dangerous to those suffering from poverty (Member Report). When a natural disaster strikes anywhere in the world, it becomes much more
difficult for the people affected by it to obtain the necessary resources to survive, including food. Even worse, the damage done by typhoons is often
massive. In 2010, Typhoon Juang alone "... hurt approximately 87,000 families, inducing a spike in [the] country's poverty

What Is Malnutrition?
What is Desnutrition or Malnutrition?
Malnutrition is the disease caused by the insufficient supply of fuels
(carbohydrates – fats) and proteins, It means that a person's body is not getting enough nutrients. This condition can result from eating an inadequate or
poorly balanced diet, digestive disorders, absorption problems or other medical conditions Malnutrition in its various forms is the most common of
diseases. Its causes are generally due to poor economic resources or diseases that compromise good nutritional status. According to the international
manual of classification of diseases is a possible medical complication but that can be prevented and that has very important impact on the result of the
treatments.
Today, malnutrition is...show more content...
There are different methods for assessing nutritional status, such as questioning, subjective global assessment, biochemical tests, body composition,
immunological data, and prognostic indexes. Each of them is described below:
Interrogation. An estimation is obtained about dietary habits, food intolerances, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, sequelae of some surgical treatment,
religious and cultural traditions that can influence the nutrition of a patient. This method has as limitations the patient's age, the ability to remember
information, as well as the patient's state of consciousness. In addition to the possibility of sub or over estimating the food ration, providing a
significant calculation error in the nutritional contribution.
Subjective global assessment. It is a clinical technique that quickly assesses nutritional status according to the characteristics of the physical
examination and examination. Here patients are classified as normal, moderately malnourished and severely malnourished. This technique has not been
formally evaluated in the critical patient; it is lacking in quantification and therefore its sensitivity is limited in assessing changes in nutritional status
after or

Case Study On Malnutrition
Stephanie Lim Jia Ai (22) 409
Explain how malnutrition is a cause of child mortality in the DRC. [5]
Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things and child mortality, also known
as under–five mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition,
therefore malnutrition is known to be one of the main causes of child mortality worldwide. As mentioned in the case study, malnutrition is widespread
in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a child who is suffering from malnutrition often has a diet lacking of vitamin A, zinc or iron. A diet lacking
in vitamin A, which affects nearly two–thirds...show more content...
Conflict can be defined as a disagreement between two or more parties where parties involved receive a threat to their concerns, needs and interest. In
the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there was a threat towards people's health due to the conflict in the DRC and thus resulted in
malnutrition. Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things.
As mentioned in the case study, the history of Democratic Republic of Congo has been one of civil war and corruption. After independence in 1960,
the country immediately faced an army mutiny and an attempt at secession by its mineral–rich province of Katanga. In 1965 Mobutu seized power and
renamed the country Zaire and himself Mobutu Sese Seko. He turned Zaire into a springboard for operations against Soviet–backed Angola and thereby
ensured US backing. But he also made Zaire synonymous with corruption.The First Congo Warthat lasted from 1996 to 1997 was a foreign invasion of
Zaire led by Rwanda that replaced a decade–long dictator, Mobutu SГ©sГ© Seko with the rebel leader Laurent–DГ©sirГ© Kabila. The Second Congo
War also known as the Great War of Africa or the Great African War, began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War and
involving some of the same issues, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of
the Democratic

Malnutrition And Malnutrition
Redina and her family are refugees fleeing from ongoing conflict in their settlements. Unable to receive an adequate diet, they remain in a state of
constant hunger, and prone to diseases. These are only a two of the effects malnutrition has on the human body. Malnutrition has been a lingering issue
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) causing several issues to the economy, health and wellbeing of the country. In spite of modern
technology and conveniences, there are still populations in the world that are affected by malnutrition, therefore more worldwide collaborative efforts
should be made, not only between the local groups, but the cooperative effort of international communities.
Everywhere around the world, different...show more content...
It is estimated that two billion people worldwide suffer from malnutrition. Out of those people, "52 million children under 5 years of age are
wasted, 17 million are severely wasted and 155 million are stunted" (Malnutrition). 3 million of those children are from the Democratic Republic
of Congo. EE: There are several reasons for the concentration of malnutrition in the DRC. E: First of all, The Democratic Republic of Congo has
been in the middle of a civil war for nearly 10 years. So the question is, how does this affect the dietary needs of citizens? Displaced settlements
have trouble receiving healthcare and they also face "alarming shortages of food, water, and shelter". Overall, there have been 2.7 million displaced
people and those rates are still going up. In addition, there are 120,000 refugees fleeing to these provinces, and in 5 of the eastern provinces alone,
there are 6.7 million hungry people. (10 Facts). Settlements, such as Tanganyika, have seen nearly half a million citizens displaced within a year
(Democratic Republic of Congo). These provinces will soon see these numbers climb if something is not done to stop this growing issue.
The effects that malnutrition has on the Democratic Republic of Congo are fairly severe. Not only is malnutrition affecting the countrywide health, but
it also heavily impacts the economy. Because citizens are undernourished, they are at a higher risk of infections and diseases. This is due to a lack of a
balanced diet which

Malnutrition Associated With Chronic Disease
Alexis Aaron
Case Study #3 Malnutrition Associated with Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are characterized as a condition lasting longer than three months and an
acute illness is of a shorter duration. Malnutrition associated with chronic diseases can be due to the fact that many patients with chronic diseases are
physically handicapped and unable to perform activities of daily living such as eating and driving themselves to the store. Chronic diseases that could
physically cause malnutrition like this include rheumatoid arthritis or neuromuscular diseases such as stroke. Another way that malnutrition associated
with chronic disease can happen is through inflammation of the organs that can occur during organ failure or pancreatic cancer and cause certain
nutrients to not be absorbed at all. Malnutrition associated with acute illness and inflammation can be caused by traumatic injuries such as severe burns
and major infections of the body. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism triggered by invading bacteria or severe injury. People who have
been victims of these types of injuries can sustain pretty severe damage to their metabolism caused by the inflammatory response and can interfere with
the nutrition therapy the RD is attempting to provide this can lead to unwanted weight loss and malnutrition.
A mechanical soft diet is used for patients who may not have the energy or the ability to chew all kinds of food. The mechanical soft diet is meant to
have easy to

Essay On Malnutrition
Available published data regarding the performance of the two aforementioned screening tools show that NRS2002 was found to be better in predicting
clinical outcome in hospitalized patients compared to MUST [20] and the performance of the tools was increased when it was combined with
Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), a more complex tool that includes data from nutritional assessment [21].
In another study by Velasco et al., acomparison of four tools, namely NRS2002, SGA, MUST and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), was
performed using SGA as the gold standard, in an era that diagnostic criteria for malnutrition did not exist [22]. In particular, NRS2002 was originally
designed to screen patients who would benefit from receiving...show more content...
MUST is an easy–to–use tool with more straight forward, objective questions [14].
1.2.22. Immunosenescence:–
Aging affects both innate and adaptive immunity, although innate immune mechanisms are better preserved overall.1As a result of thymic involution,
the number of T cells exiting the thymus progressively decreases with age.2
1.2.23. Effect of malnutrition:–
Malnutrition is very common in older adults and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.6 In a Swedish study, malnutrition was present in
60% to 80% of patients aged older than 60 years admitted to the hospital.7
Malnutrition should not be considered a normal part of the aging process, but many of the expected changes seen in older adults are known to increase
their risk for global malnutrition (reduced intake or increased demand for nutrients), the most common type of malnutrition in this age group.8
Deficiencies of vitamins A and E, vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate, vitamin B6, vitamin D, as well as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have
been noted in older adults, although the precise effects of these deficiencies on immune function are not well defined.9–11
1.2.24. Vaccine boosters also can be effective:–
The inactivated vaccines, postimmunization titers were significantly higher in patients with higher preimmunization titers, indicating that routine
booster programs for these vaccines could help achieve

Malnutrition Informative Speech
Cassidy Burkholder
Informative Paper
English Comp. 1
Mr. Broadfoot 20th of November 2012
Malnutrition Around the World For most us Americans, knowing when we're going to eat next is something we very rarely think of, and when we
do think about being hungry we still know where our food is coming from. Three big meals a day, and a few snacks in between, is how most of us
live. It's hard for us to imagine what its like for those who go days eating very little or nothing at all. But unfortunately that's how it is for most of the
world and surprisingly it happens in the United Sates as well. There are many reasons malnutrition can happen, and it happens to every age group. Even
though there are many ways to treat it, in the...show more content...
The ten states who felt it the most were Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, South Carolina, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Arkansas, Kentucky, and
Arizona. (Haerens 36) While there are malnourished people in America, it is much worse all around the world, mostly in third world countries. There
are three predominate reasons why third world countries are hit hard with malnutrition, 1) poor families aren't given government help, 2) difficulties
with economy and 3) higher food prices. ("2012 WorldHunger...") As stated in the website "2012 World Hunger andPoverty Facts and Statistics," in
the world there are 925 million hungry people, most of them in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. These people live on $1.25 or less a day. Minimum
wage is $7.25 in the U.S., and most people work 8 hours a day, so that means they would be getting fifty–eight dollars a day. It would take someone in
a third world country about forty–seven days to make what someone makes in America in 8 hours. And most of them spend that money on food and
medical needs, but $1.25 is not enough. In the United States if a family doesn't have enough money for medical help, they can still go see a doctor,
but in other countries it's very different. More than 30,000 children die per year from preventable sickness because they can't go see a doctor. And as
for food, Americans have access to food every hour of the day. The wealthiest 5th of the world consumes 86% of all goods, as stated in "Child Welfare
League of

Child Malnutrition Essay
Long term impact of child malnutrition on adulthood
Introduction This is a proposal to undertake a study of the long–term impact of child malnutrition on adulthood. Poor nutrition and health, whether in
their mildest or severest forms, result in a reduction in overall well–being and quality of life. The most vulnerable to malnutrition are children. At such
an early stage, children's immune systems are still developing and are not fully able to fight disease and infection. The short–term effects of child
malnutrition are well documented in medical as well as economic literature. Majority of households in developing countries are characterised by poor
health environments, where it is easy for children and adults to fall prey to infectious...show more content...
Poor health results in absenteeism, whether from school or work, leading to reduced incomes and quality of lives, thwarting the growth potential of the
country and by extension, the development potential of the entire continent.
Review of Literature Malnutrition is a large contributor to child mortality, especially in developing countries. Literature that studies this relationship
finds that there is a certain synergy between malnutrition and morbidity. Pelletier et al (1993) provide a mathematic model to test this synergy between
child malnutrition and morbidity. They apply this model to published data of six studies that confirm the relationship between child malnutrition and
morbidity for populations from Tanzania, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and India. Their results find that 45 to 80 per cent of deaths among
children under the age of five are due to some form of malnutrition. It is generally accepted that children who are malnourished are at greater risk for
poor physical and mental development, inferior school performance and reduced adult size and capacity for work in addition to morbidity and
mortality. Malnutrition compromises the immune system and aggravates the effects of infection and hence, malnourished children are more likely to
fall prey to diarrhoea and pneumonia (Gragnolati et al, 1995). It is also found that child malnutrition leads to delayed motor development,

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Essay
This assignment will discuss a trust adapted version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). It will demonstrate an understanding of
theoretical knowledge used to develop the assessment tool. The assignment will focus on three components within the tool; discussing the reliability
and validity when used in a clinical environment. A reflection of my own experience using the tool will be included and linked to aspects of
reliability. Any issues with reliability will be identified and suggestions given on how they can be corrected to aid future use. MUST is a five–step
screening tool designed for healthcare professionals to identify adult patients who at risk of, or are malnourished. It includes guidelines on how to
develop an...show more content...
(Jeukendrup & Gleeson 2005). BMI provides some indication as to the patient's nutritional status. A low BMI is associated with inadequate nutritional
intake; this occurs when there is a deficiency or imbalance in the nutrients consumed, which can lead to malnutrition. (Lennard–Jones,1992). However
some patients may have a normal or high BMI and be classed as malnourished. This can be because they have a low intake of nutrients such as
vitamins and protein, or because they may be consuming the wrong type of foods (Ward and Rollins, 1999). There are three main ways that
malnutrition can occur, either through impaired absorption, impaired nutritional intake or an increased metabolic demand. (Cartwright & Williams,
2002). BMI cannot differentiate between body fat and muscle mass. This often results in misleading information with regard to the amount of fat in the
individual, as muscle is denser than fat. (British Heart Foundation 2009). Meaning there is a potential risk of overestimating BMI in individuals with a
high muscle mass, such as athletes. The reliability of the BMI depends on the individual's abilities to accurately measure, calculate and record the BMI.
The tools used to measure the patients height and weight should also be checked to ensure they read accurately, for example calibrating

Child Malnutrition

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