It is a final year project report for mechanical engineering. This report is a study on the erosion of various materials using slurry (water and silica) and various parameters which affect that.

1. A Project Report On
SLURRY EROSION TEST RIG
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By
Pawan Kumar (75144028)
Parth Sarthi Patel (75144032)
Paras Bhola (75144039)
Pankaj Kumar (75144042)
Under the supervision of
Dr. Lakshya Aggarwal
Mr. Rajeev Kumar
Mr. Subhash Malik
Miss. Preeti Saini
MAHARISHI MARKANDESHWAR UNIVERSITY
SADOPUR, AMBALA, HARYANA
NOVEMBER 2017

2. [i]
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that PAWAN KUMAR (75144028), PARTH SARTHI
PATEL (75144032), PARAS BHOLA (75144039), PANKAJ
KUMAR (75144042) have carried out the work presented in this project
entitled “SLURRY EROSION TEST RIG” submitted to the
Department of Mechanical Engineering in the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering from Maharishi Markandeshwar University,
Sadopur, Ambala under our supervision & guidance.
Dr. Lakshya Aggarwal
(Head of Mechanical department)
Mr. Rajeev Kumar
Mr. Subhash Malik
Miss. Preeti Saini

3. [ii]
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report
entitled “SLURRY EROSION TEST RIG” in the partial fulfilment of
requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering from Maharishi Markandeshwar University,
Sadopur, Ambala, Haryana is an authentic record of our own work.
Project Member:
Pawan Kumar (75144028)
Parth Sarthi Patel (75144032)
Paras Bhola (75144039)
Pankaj Kumar (75144042)

4. [iii]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have
got this all along the completion of project work. Whatever we have
done are only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not
forget to thank them.
We respect and thank Dr. Lakshya Aggarwal, Mr. Rajeev Kumar, Mr.
Subhash Malik and Miss. Preeti Saini for giving us an opportunity to do
the project entitled “SLURRY EROSION TEST RIG” and providing
us all support and guidance which made us complete this project on time.
We would not forget Mr. Pramod (Lab Assistant) and Mr. Aswani (Lab
Assistant) for their unlisted support, timely encouragement and guidance
till the completion of our project work.
We would like to extend our sincere regards to all our group members
and family for their timely support.
Pawan Kumar
Parth Sarthi Patel
Paras Bhola
Pankaj Kumar

5. [iv]
ABSTRACT
A Slurry Erosion Test Rig is normally used to study the relative erosion
behaviour of different material at moderate solid concentration, velocity,
particle size and impact angle. In many application like, techniques of
mining, food processing, power generation and other sectors erosion
problem is serious in transportation of slurry. Erosion is a critical
parameter for design, selection and operation of the hydraulic
transportation system. Engineering interest is to estimate the service life
of equipment subjected to slurry erosion & to investigate their efficiency.

6. CONTENT
Certificate i
Candidate’s Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Chapter – 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The Phenomenon of Wear 2
1.2.1. Types of Wear 3
1.3. Erosion 4
1.3.1. Types of Erosion 4
1.4. Parameters affecting on Erosion Wear 5
1.5. Importance / Significance of the Study 7
1.6. Aims / Objective of the Study 7
Chapter – 2
2.1. Literature Review 8
2.1.1. Jet Impingement Tester 8
2.1.2. Whirling Arm Slurry Erosion Testing 9
2.1.3. Slurry Pot Tester 10
2.2 Literature Gap 10
2.3 Objective 11
Chapter – 3
3.1. Material Selection 12
3.2 Materials of Components used in Test rig 14

7. 3.3. Construction Operation and Tools 15
3.4. Construction Procedure 19
3.5. Development of Slurry Erosion Test Rig 27
3.6. Working Procedure 28
3.7. Cost analysis of Materials 29
Chapter – 4
4.1. Conclusion 30
4.2 Future Scope 31
4.2. References 32

8. [1]
CHAPTER - 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Slurry erosion may be broadly defined as the process whereby the
material is lost from a surface in contact with a moving particle-laden
liquid by mechanical interaction. It is an extremely serious problem for
the performance, reliability, and operation life of the slurry equipment
used in many industrial applications such as: oil field mechanical
equipment, solid-liquid hydrotransportation systems, hydroelectric
power stations, coal liquefaction plants, and industrial boilers where coal
is carried directly as a fuel in water or oil.
Laboratory tests on slurry erosion are carried out to understand the basic
mechanisms of the wear process to explore the effect of the different
parameters on the rate and distribution of material loss and for ranking
resistance to slurry erosion of different materials. Slurry erosion test
methods fall basically into two categories: pipe wear tests and laboratory
simulation tests. Simulation testing is widely adopted because it is low in
cost, relatively easy to set up and operate, and quick to produce results,
although pipeline testing provides conditions, which are closer to
industrial practice. In wear testing of pipes, pipe samples are fixed either
in operating industrial pipelines or, in most cases, in closed loops. Wear
caused by the slurry flow is then recorded by weighing or by monitoring
the change in the pipe wall thickness. Although some research was
carried out by pipe wear testing, the high cost and long times needed for
detectable wear are the major drawbacks.

9. [2]
1.2. THE PHENOMENON OF WEAR
Wear is defined as the progressive volume loss of material from a target
surface. It may occurdue to corrosion, abrasion or erosion. The wear due
to corrosion is caused by chemical reactions, which can be prevented by
adopting suitable measures; whereas the wear due to abrasion and/or
erosion can only be minimized by controlling the affecting parameters.
Erosion wear is a very crucial parameter for selection and design of
slurry transportation systems as it affects directly to the economy of
hydraulic conveyance of solids. The service life of equipment handling
solid-liquid mixtures is limited due to erosion wear and therefore efforts
have been made in past few decades to predict the erosion loss of
materials. Erosion wear is a complex phenomenon, which depends on
large number of parameters. Erosive wear is the dominant process which
can be defined as the removal of material from a solid surface. It is due
to mechanical interaction between the surface and the impinging
particles in a liquid stream. In Erosion process there is a transfer of
kinetic energy to the surface. With the increase in kinetic energy of the
particles impacting at the target surface, it leads to increase in the
material loss due to erosion. It depends on the predominant impact angle
of particle impingement with the material surface and it will vary from 0
to90 0s. Impact angle depend on both fluid particle and particle –particle
interaction. This type of wear can be practically found in slurry pumps,
angled pipe bends, turbines, pipes and pipefitting, nozzles, burners etc.
The material loss due to erosion increases with the increase in kinetic
energy of the particles impacting at the target surface.

10. [3]
1.2.1. Types of Wear:
 Abrasive wear: It is the type of wear caused due to hard particles
or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid
surface.
Examples: Occurs in the gears used in Mining operations, occurs
during Abrasive jet cutting
 Adhesive wear: It is the type of wear caused due to localized
bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material
transfer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
Examples: Occurs between two matting gears occurs between rail
and wheel
 Erosive Wear: It is the progressive loss of original material from
a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface
and a fluid
Examples: Occurs in Sandblast equipment, occurs in the Pipe
elbow Oil drilling, pumping, occurs in the agricultural equipments
 Surface fatigue wear: It is the wear of a solid surface caused by
fracture arising from material fatigue.
Examples: Occurs when a material is subjected to continuously
fluctuating load, Occurs due to vibration between the matting parts
 Corrosive wear: It is the wear which occurs due to the chemical
or electrochemical reaction with the environment.

11. [4]
1.3. EROSION
Erosion, in tribology, is the progressive loss of original material from a
solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a
fluid, a multi component fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles,
Erosion rate is the determination of the rate of loss of material (erosion)
with exposure duration.
1.3.1 Types of Erosion
i. Solid Particle Impingement
Solid Particle Impingement is a form of erosion produced by a
continuing succession of impacts from solid particles on a surface. The
impacting particles are smaller than the solid subjected to the erosion,
and if all the impacts are superimposed on the same spot, the term
repeated impact is used.
ii. Fluid Impingement
Fluid Impingement is a form of erosion caused by a continuing
succession of impact from a jet of fluid on a surface.
iii. Cavitation
Cavitation erosion is progressive loss of material from a solid due to the
action of bubbles in a liquid collapsing nears the solid surface. When
bubbles collapse in a liquid, the liquid surrounding the bubble rushes in
to fill the void. This action can create tiny liquid jets that can cause
material removal.

12. [5]
iv. Slurry Erosion
Slurry erosion is progressive loss of material from a solid surface
by the action of a mixture of solid particles in a liquid (slurry) in motion
with respect to the solid surface. If the solid surface is capable of
corroding in the fluid portion of the slurry, the slurry erosion will contain
a corrosive component.
1.4. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PARAMETERS
1.4.1 Related to the Test Piece
 Impact angle:
Impact angle is defined as the angle between the target surface and the
direction of striking velocity of the solid particle. The rate of mass loss
due to erosion is a function of impact angle of particles. The variation of
erosion wear with the impact angle is different for brittle and ductile
materials. The maximum erosion occurs at 20-300s impact angles for
ductile materials. Whereas, the maximum erosion wear occurs at 90 0
impact angle in case of brittle materials.
 Hardness:
Hardness is the characteristic of a solid material expressing its resistance
to permanent deformation. Surface hardness as well as hardness of solid
particles has profound effect on the erosion wear mechanism. Hardness
ratio has been defined as the ratio of hardness of target material to the
hardness of solid particles.

13. [6]
1.4.2 Related to the Slurry
 Particle size and shape:
Particle size and shape is also one of the prominent parameter, which
affect erosion wear. Many investigators have considered solid particle
size important to erosion. The erosion wears increases with increase in
particle size according to power law relationship. The effect of particle
shape on the erosion is not very well established due to difficulties in
defining the different shape features. Generally roundness factor is taken
into consideration. If roundness factor is one then the particles are
perfectly spheres and a lower values show the particle angularity.
 Velocity of solid particles:
Velocity of solid particle strongly affects the erosion wear. The impact
velocity has dominant effect on the material removal rate. As particle
velocity increases there is significant increase in erosion rate.
 Solid concentration:
Concentration is amount of solid particles by weight or by volume in the
fluid. As concentration of particle increases more particles strike the
surface of impeller which increase the erosion rate, the concentration of
slurries can vary from 2% to 50% depending upon the type of slurry.
However, at very high concentrations particle interaction increases and
this decreases the striking velocity of particle on the surface.

14. [7]
1.5. IMPORTANCE/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A number of engineering components undergo wear related degradation
during operation, the exposure to wear prone condition vary with the
operating conditions. Depending upon the nature of exposure, a suitable
material should be selected for its fabrication. It is not always feasible to
carry out the field level studies before proposing the quality of material
required for a components fabrication and the results of laboratory scale
studies assume significance and have to be considered. There is a wide
variety of laboratory level tribologically tests equipments available;
however proper selection has to be made from amongst the laboratory
tests available based on the nature of the components under actual
working conditions.
1.6. AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of the project is to fabricate the slurry erosion test rig and slurry
erosion properties under varying experimental conditions:
 Slurry concentration
 Speed of rotation
 Slurry Pressure
 Different materials of test piece

15. [8]
CHAPTER - 2
2.1. LITRATURE REVIEW
Man’s quest for has never been satisfied. The drive towards better and
greater scientific and technological outcome has made the world
dynamic. Before now, several scientists and engineers have done a lot of
work as regards the Slurry Erosion Test Rig in general. A review of
some work gives the design and construction of a Slurry Erosion Test
Rig.
2.1.1. Jet Impingement Tester
Noelmar Pereira Abbade was to analyse the erosion of API 5L X65 pipe
steel on Jet impingement tests with sand–water slurry were used. The
erosion rate increased with angle of attack until 30° and later decreased
until 90°. The micro texture of the eroded surfaces, at angles of attack of
30° and 90°, were similar for both conditions. The flux of impact in the
erosion tests was a silica sand–water mixture at 3 wt% concentration.
The silica sand had specific rounded shape and size range of 149–297
μm. The slurry erosion tests were performed at flow velocity of 4.5 m s-
1, angles of attack of 15°, 30°, 60° and 90°, and at room temperature.
The jet impingement consisted of a pump, nozzle and sample holder. The
distance from specimen surface to nozzle end was 25 mm, the inner
diameter of exit was 6 mm and the water flow sucked the silica sand
directly at the nozzle. A. Neville and N. Kapur measured the erosion rate
and testing was carried out using stainless steel 316L by a jet of sand and
water. A jet impingement test rig used to analyse erosion conditions has
been built at the University of Leeds, comprising a centrifugal pump, a
set of nozzles, sample holders and a holding tank, experimental setup of
the experimental rig, together with the nozzle arrangement, which is
used to study the behaviour of various materials. The facility enables the

16. [9]
dependence of different input conditions such as the nominal impact
angle, sand concentration and flow velocity on the erosion rate to be
studied. K. Shimizu conducted experiment on erosion wear tests. For the
purpose of this, mild steel (SS400) and ductile iron (FDI) was prepared
and Steel grits were impacted against target materials at different
incident angles. The size of test piece was of 50mm×50mm×10mm .The
results showed that the wear losses varied markedly as a function of the
impact angles, and that the maximum wear occurred at specific angles.
Maximum wear occurred at 20–30◦ for mild steel, and 60◦ for ductile
iron. In the case of both mild steel and ductile cast iron, it was found that
the impact angles play a very important and valid role in the erosion
process
2.1.2 Whirling Arm Slurry Erosion Testing
A rig was that of the whirling arm design, which was developed by Lin
and Shao. Here, the samples are mounted into the end of four arms,
which are attached to a rotor and impacted by a falling slurry stream.
This test was carried out in a vacuum to eliminate aerodynamic effects
on the slurry stream. In this test rig, the test conditions such as erosion
velocity and impingement angle can be measured and controlled
accurately. In addition, fresh slurry continuously impacts the specimens.
The whirling-arm tester simulates a fan operating in a slurry spray, and
to some extent, the erosion of a pelton turbine. On the other hand, it has
been used, for instance, for studies on erosion wear resistance of blades
of helicopter rotors and gas turbine compressor.

17. [10]
2.1.3 Slurry Pot Tester
Slurry pot testers were used in the research work on slurry erosion. The
structure of the slurry pot is very simple and it is easy to manufacture.
Such pot testers are easy to operate and provide rapid results for ranking
resistance to slurry erosion of different materials. They have been
successfully used to characterize erosion resistance and to provide data
for selection of materials. The pot tester results were reported to agree
reasonably well with pipe line wear. However, because of the unstable
inertia flow of the slurry, it is very difficult to measure and control the
velocity and impingement angle of the slurry accurately. Also, the test is
further complicated by blunting and crushing of the impacting particles
during the test. Therefore, such test arrangements are incapable of
detecting the effect of particle parameters such as shape, size, and
abrasivity on erosion rate because slurry flow and particle impact
conditions are very complex.
2.2 LITERATURE GAP
After studying the different test rigs developed by the different
researchers we find certain problems:
 In the test rig there is no arrangement of setting the test specimen
at a particular angle.
 Slurry is not giving a particular impact velocity.
 Slurry exerts pressure on the stirrer blade.
 Whole test piece is putted inside the slurry so different parameters
related to the fluid also affects the test piece.

18. [11]
2.3 OBJECTIVE
Based upon the literature gap we have done certain modifications.
 An arrangement is made to set the specimen at a particular angle.
 A particular impact velocity is provided by the slurry.
 Problem of the pressure of slurry on the stirrer blade is reduced by
deviating the path of the slurry using hopper.
 A particular area of the test specimen is eroded by the slurry.

19. [12]
CHAPTER - 3
3.1. MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection plays a very important role in machine design. For
example, the cost of materials in any machine is a good determinant of
the cost of the machine more than the cost is the fact that materials are
always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the
particular material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and
the mode of the machine components. Also it depends on the expected
mode of failure of the components.
Engineering materials are mainly classified as:
 Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminium etc.
 Non-metal such as glass, rubber, plastic etc.
Metals are further classified as ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main
constituents, such as cast iron, wrought iron and steels.
Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as their
main constituent, such as copper, aluminium, brass, tin, zinc, etc.
For the purpose of this project, based on the particular working
conditions machine components were designed for only the ferrous
metals have been considered.
Also, certain mechanical properties of the metals have greatly influenced
our decisions. These properties include:
 Strength:
Strength is the property that enables a metal to resist deformation under
load. The ultimate strength is the maximum strain a material can

20. [13]
withstand. Tensile strength is a measurement of the resistance to being
pulled apart when placed in a tension load.
 Stiffness:
The ability of a material to resist deformation or deflection under stress.
 Elasticity:
The ability of a material to deform and return to its original shape after
removal of the load. The amount of deformation is called Strain.
 Plasticity:
Plasticity is the ability of a material to deform permanently without
breaking or rupturing. This property is the opposite of strength. By
careful alloying of metals, the combination of plasticity and strength is
used to manufacture large structural members. For example, should a
member of a bridge structure become overloaded, plasticity allows the
overloaded member to flow allowing the distribution of the load to other
parts of the bridge structure.
 Ductility:
The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformations in
tension i.e., property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled into
thin sheets.
 Malleability:
The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformation in
compression or property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled
into thin sheets. This property is important in metalworking. Gold is the
most malleable metal followed by aluminium.

21. [14]
 Toughness:
The ability of a material to withstand high unit stress along with great
unit deformation without fracture.
 Brittleness:
Brittleness is the opposite of the property of plasticity. A brittle metal is
one that breaks or shatters before it deforms. White cast iron and glass
are good examples of brittle material. Generally, brittle metals are high
in compressive strength but low in tensile strength. As an example, you
would not choose cast iron for fabricating support beams in a bridge.
 Hardness:
The ability of a material to resist very small indentation abrasion and
plastic deformation. In other words, high resistance of a material to
various kinds of shape change when force is applied.
3.2. MATERIALS OF THE COMPONENTS USED IN
THE TEST RIG
Sr. No. Components Material
01. Frame Mild Steel
02. Hopper Galvanized Steel
03. Water Pipe Galvanized Iron
04. Platform for turbine Plywood
05. Nut Bolts
Stainless steel, Zinc
coated steel

22. [15]
CHOICE OF THE GALVANIZED STEELAND MILD STEEL
I. Mild Steel:
Mild steel is workable steel, it can be drawn, formed, rolled, bent, and
pretty much forced into any shape an end-user needs. It is also called
low-carbon steel, with carbon content between .05% and .25%, which
contributes to the malleability of the metal.
Mild steel may also be called cold-rolled steel, since it can be shaped by
a rolling process without heating it. It can be surface hardened by
carburising it.
II. Galvanized steel:
Galvanized steel is steel that has gone through a chemical process to
keep it from corroding. The steel gets coated in layers of zinc
oxide because this protective metal does not get rusty as easily. The
coating also gives the steel a more durable, hard to scratch finish that
many people find attractive. For countless outdoor, marine, or industrial
applications, galvanized steel is an essential fabrication component.
3.3. CONSTRUCTION OPERATION AND TOOLS
In the design and construction of the Slurry Erosion Test Rig, the
procedures followed to achieve a positive result are laid down in the
preceding text. But first, a look at the operation and tools involved.

23. [16]
Operations:
 Measuring and Marking:
Marking out or layout means the process of transferring
a design or pattern to a workpiece, as the first step in the manufacturing
process.
 Cutting:
Cutting is the separation of a physical object, into two or more portions,
through the application of an acutely directed force.
 Grinding:
Surface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material,
creating a flat surface. Grinding is commonly used on cast iron and
various types of steel.
 Welding:
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion which do not melt
the base metal.
 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) – also known as "stick welding
or electric welding", uses an electrode that has flux around it to
protect the weld puddle. The electrode holder holds the electrode as it
slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric
contamination.
 Pipe fitting:
Pipe fitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing
systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This

24. [17]
work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together
by various means, and the location and repair of leaks.
 Drilling:
Drilling operations are operations in which holes are produced or refined
by bringing a rotating cutter with cutting edges at the lower extremity
into contact with the workpiece.
 Joining:
Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and
machine design. They consist of fasteners that capture and join other
parts, and are secured with the mating of screw threads.
 Threading:
Threading is the process of creating a screw thread.
 Shaping:
Shaping is a material removal process in which a cutting tool takes mass
and shapes a stationary object to produce a sculpted or plane surface.
 Turning:
Turning operations are operations that rotate the workpiece as the
primary method of moving metal against the cutting tool. Lathes are the
principal machine tool used in turning.
 Wiring:
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated
devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in
a structure.

25. [18]
 Painting:
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other
medium to a solid surface (support base). The medium is commonly
applied to the base with a brush.
TOOLS:
 Engineers ruler
 Measuring tape
 Scriber
 Try square
 Punch
 Hammer
 Hacksaw
 Hand file
 Grinding machine
 Drilling machine
 Taps and dies
 Welding machine
 Shaper
 Spanners and pliers

26. [19]
 Lathe machine
 Chipping hammer
3.4. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
 FRAME
The material used for this purpose is mild steel hollow square bar of
2.5cm*2.5cm. This is used because the frame is responsible for the
stability. The material of the frame is cut out with the help of hacksaw by

27. [20]
marking it suitably and did some grinding for the accuracy and welded
firmly to join the various parts to get the desired frame.
 HOPPER
It is made of galvanised steel in the shape of square funnel of 16
inches*16 inches on the top and 9 inches*9 inches at the bottom where
the water strikes on the workpiece and flow direct to the bottom bucket
which is also made up of galvanised steel of 14 inches diameter* 12
inches height where the water is collected.

28. [21]
 WOODEN BLOCK
A wooden block is used as a platform to setup the water pump.
 WATER PUMP
A submersible pump is used which is made of silicon stamping and
copper rotor, Stainless Steel/Cast Iron Motor body and Stainless Steel
Shaft. This is used for the purpose of transferring of slurry from bucket
to the test specimen for the erosion purpose.

29. [22]
Specifications:
 Power Rating : 0.5 HP-3 HP (Single Phase)
 Rated Voltage :230 V, Single Phase
 Frequency : 50/60 Hz
 Head Range : 6-32 m
 Discharge Range : 40-1200 LPM
 Speed : 2880 RPM
 PIPES
It is used for the purpose of transferring slurry as a medium through
which its travels.

30. [23]
 NOZZLE
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics
of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits an enclosed
chamber or pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross
sectional area and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid
(liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow,
speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that
emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the
expense of its pressure energy. So, it is used to erode the test specimen.
 ELECTRIC MOTOR

31. [24]
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. It is used to rotate the stirrer with the
help of belt and pulley drive to mix the water and sand. It is of 1400 rpm.
 PULLEYS
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support
movement and is used to transmit rotational movement of the motor to
the stirrer with the help of belt.
 V-BELT

32. [25]
A v – belt is used which is a loop of flexible material used to link two or
more rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be
used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track
relative movement. It is also used because there is no slippage and
alignment problem.
 SILICA SAND
Measurement of particle size distribution is essential to establish the
variation in the particles in the solid sample and the percentage of
particles present in different size ranges. For the coarser particles, sieve
analysis can be used to determine the particle size distribution. This
distribution has been obtained by dry sieve analysis method. A
representative sample of the solid particle is taken and sieving is done
with a set of sieves. Special care is taken to ensure that the sample is
properly dried. The sample retained on each sieve is collected and its
percentage is calculated following the standard procedure.
To collect quartz particles, two grades namely, Grade II and III of Indian
standard sand were used. From Grade II, the mean particle size of 500
SAND μm and the grade III is used to collect particle of size below 500
μm. In this project 300 μm and 500 μm sand particle size is used.

33. [26]
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ERODENT USED
Sr. No.
Solid
particle
Chemical
formula
Colour
Sp.
Gravity
(Kg/m3)
Hardness
VHN
Particle
Shape
1
Quartz
(IS
Sand)
SiO2 Whitish 2652 1100
Sub
Angular
500 μm
300 μm

34. [27]
3.5. DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY EROSION TEST RIG
This machine consist of important part namely as slurry pot. This pot has
30 lit capacities. The function of this pot is to prepare homogeneous
mixture of sand and water for different particle sizes and different
concentrations. To prepare the homogeneous mixtures of different
combinations the pot has a stirrer which is to be rotated with the help of
electric motor has maximum capacity of 1400 rpm. Rotational speed of a
motor is controlled with the help of speed regulator.This test rig also
contains a centrifugal pump of 0.5Hp capacity. This pump sucks the
slurry from slurry pot and supply the high pressure slurry to the
converging section of the nozzle having 4 mm diameter where its
pressure energy is converted into the velocity of fluid.
There is one control valve also attached to control the mass flow rate of
the mixture. It also has a specimen holder (Fixture), which has an
arrangement to moves in different angular positions. One tin hopper is
also attached to machine which is help to restrict the spreading of
mixture into the work environment. This hopper collects the mixture
after impacting on the specimen and drops it back into the slurry pot to
recirculate the mixture. And the main part of the machine is the frame
structure which supports or holds the whole assembly and stirrer motor.

35. [28]
3.6. WORKING PROCEDURE
The procedure has to be followed on erosion machine to calculate the
erosion wear of different materials is as follow:
1. Weighing the specimen (initial weight).
2. Clamp the specimen in fixture provided in machine.
3. Setting the fixture at required angle.
4. Weight the required sand as per concentration of slurry.
5. Mixing the proper amount of water and sand in tank.
6. Start the pump.
7. Adjust the flow rate to obtain desired value of mass flow rate and
running the test for required time interval.
8. Removing the specimen from the fixture.
9. Cleaning and drying the specimen.
10. Weighing the specimen after erosion to measure the mass loss.
11. Repeat the steps from 1to 10as per requirement.

36. [29]
3.7. COST ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL
The table below shows the cost of material used in constructing the
Slurry Erosion Test Rig.
NO. OF
ITEM
MATERIAL
DESCRIPTION
QUANTITY
REQURIED
UNIT
COST
TOTAL
COST
1.
25mm*25mm Mild Steel
Square Bar
40ft 50 2000
2. Mild steel bar 3ft 50 150
3. Nut & Bolts 20 4 80
4. Galvanized Steel hopper - - 2000
5. Water pipe(0.5in) 4ft 150 600
6. Water Pipe(0.75in) 5ft 225 1125
7. Transportation - - 600
8. Pipe threading - - 100
9.
Nozzle, Valves & other
mountings
10 - 750
10. Pullies 2 80 160
11. V-Belt 1 120 120
12. Stirrer Motor 1 850 850
13. Water Pump 1 2000 2000
14.
Switches& electrical
wires
- - 150
15. Miscellaneous 1000
Total 11685

37. [30]
CHAPTER - 4
4.1. CONCLUSION
 The parameters affecting erosion are diverse and include material
properties, environmental factors and process parameters. The
erosion modes were reviewed according to the media causing
erosion, i.e. liquid impingement erosion, solid particle erosion,
slurry erosion.
 Comparison of the results of different erosion tests is often
unreliable, due to the wear being strongly influenced by the
variation of key parameters responsible for it. Even minor
variations e.g. particle velocity and flow direction may have a
strong influence on erosion test results. The use of reference
materials that are tested at the same time or at identical conditions
as the test samples is advisable for enabling comparison of results.
 The most common methods to measure wear involve direct
determination of the amount of removed material as mass loss or
volume loss.

38. [31]
4.2 FUTURE SCOPE
There are some scopes for the future, some of the modifications which
can be done in our project:
 Using the mud pump instead of the normal water pump to the
project leads to increase the life.
 Addition of impingement gap parameter in the project.
 Modification in the design of the hopper.
 Modification in the stirrer mechanism in order to prevent the
settling of the abrasives.

39. [32]
4.3. REFERENCES
 BOOKS
 Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machines (S. C. Gupta)
 Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solid) (R. K. Rajput)
 Machine Design (R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta)
 Theory of Machines (R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta)
 WEBSITES
 www.google.co.in
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 http://ducom.com/test-instruments/tribometers/slurry-jet-
erosion-machine/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249008309_Design_
and_Performance_of_Slurry_Erosion_Machine
 https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/adms.2017.17.issue
-2/adms-2017-0007/adms-2017-0007.pdf
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164890
90093P
 http://dspace.iitrpr.ac.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/680