Alterneria alternata are most affecting plant pathogen to affect the plant as leaf spot and wide host range of this pathogen, for the control of this pathogen to use the chemicals pesticides but their residues effect are their, so reduce their residues effect to use the biocontrol agents and botanicals for their management.

1. 1

2. Co-Guide
Dr. G.B.Kalaria
Training Associate (P.P.)
Training & Visit Scheme
Directorate of Extn. Edu.
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari- 396 450
Major-Advisor
Dr. Hemant Sharma
Associate Research Scientist
Agri. Experimental Station
Navsari Agricultural University
Paria, Ta:-Pardi (Valsad)-396 145
Speaker
Patel Sanket V.
M.Sc.(Agri.) Plant Pathology , 3rd Semester
Reg. No.: 2010115092
2

3. Content
Introduction
Alternaria diseases in different crops
Management
Biological Control
Different Bio-agents and Botanicals
Review of literature
Conclusion 3 3

4. INTODUCTION :-
• Alternaria is a large genus of worldwide distribution. It is
a polyphagous and ubiquitous fungus and occurs most
frequently as a saprobe on dead and decaying organic
matters.
• It’s spores can frequently occur in a wide range of
different habitats such as seeds, plants, agricultural
commodities, the soil and the atmosphere.
• The characteristics feature of the genus is the production
of beaked, pigmented conidia with relatively thin
longitudinal septa.
• The most common species is Alternaria alternata (Fr.)
Keissler is a cosmopolitan fungus and has been isolated
from almost all habitats.
44

5. • A. alternata is our primitive pathogen reckoned among
various other pathogens and this species must be
regarded as a collective group of species.
• A. alternata is a fungus which has been recorded causing
leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of
plant.
• It’s contain host-specific pathogenic strains,
opportunistic on ripening crops and saprophytic , strains
causing spoilage of freshly harvested crops.
• The fungus induces disease symptoms (spots and
lesions) mainly on leaves and less severely on stolon and
finally leads to complete death of the plant.
• It can also cause upper respiratory tract infections and
asthma in humans with compromised immunity.
55

6. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Dothidiomycetes
Subclass: Pleosporomycetidae
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Alternaria
Species: alternata
Binomial name :
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. (1912)
66

7. Morphological character's of Alternaria alternata
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternariaalternata
• Teleomorph (perfect stage)
Lewia infectoria
• Anamorph (imperfect stage)
o Conidiophore
• Pale brown to olive brown
• Straight or flexuous
• Individual conidiophores arise directly from
substrate forming bushy heads consisting of
4–8 large catenate conidia chains
• Secondary conidiophores are generally short
and one celled
o Conidia
• Pale brown to light brown
• Obclavate to obpyriform orellipsoid, short
conical beak at the tip, or beakless
• Surface smooth to verruculose
Source: 77

8. Chains
• Produced in an often branched, long
chain more than 5 conidia.
• Individual chains of 5–15 conidia,
complex of branching chains may
contain up to 50–60 conidia.(on PCA)
Size
• 20–63 x 9–18 μm
• (on PCA) mature conidia typically 10–
30 x 5–12 µm
Septa
• Several vertical and 8 transverse septa
(on PCA) 3–7 transepta, 1–5 longisepta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternaria_alternataSource:
(PCA = Potato Carrot Agar medium)
88

9. Colony growth of Alternaria alternata
• Brownish grey to black with white edges colony
• Producing a “suede like” coating of spore stalks
• Produce “masses of vegetative mycelium”
99

10. Disease Cycle of Alternaria alternata
(Source: Agrios, G.N.1997. Plant pathology, 5th edition. San Diego: Academic Press.) 1010

11. Produce the different types host selective toxins by
Alternaria alternata
• Alternariol
• Alternariol monomethyl ether
• Altenuene
• Isoaltenuene
• ATX- I
• ATX- II
• Tenuazonic Acid
www.micotoxinas.com.br(2016)Source: 1111

12. When the conidia are released ?
• Conidia released by rain events
or sudden changes in relative
humidity.
• In field trapping number of
conidia in the air related to leaf
wetness duration.
• Number of airborne conidia not
related to infection severity.
Timmer et al., 2003 1212

13. Infection conditions
• Optimum temperatures
23-27°C can get infection
between 17-32°C
• Infection can occur with as
little as 4-6 hours of leaf
wetness and disease
severity increases with leaf
wetness
Canihos et al., 1999 1313

14. Alternaria alternata causing diseases in different crops
Fruit Crops Vegetable crops Oil seed crops Medicinal crops
Spices and condiments Flower crops
o Papaya
o Guava
o Strawberries
o Pears
o Apple
o Citrus
o Pomegranate
o Anola
o Tomato
o Cabbage
o Brinjal
o Okra
o Potato
o Chilli
o Onion
o Sunflower
o Groundnut
o Sesamum
o Mustard
o Niger
o Aloe-vera
o Sarapgandha
o Stevia
o Cumin
o Funnel
o Coriander
o Gerbera
o Syringa spp.
o Chrysanthemum
Cash crops
o Tobacco
o Cotton
Pulses
o Cowpea
o Cluster bean
1414

15. Alternaria rot of apple & pears
• Typical rot symptoms of this disease are, spots of nearly
round, brown to black lesions, often centred around a
skin resulting in breaking or weakening of the tissue
• Spots enlarge with ivory black center
• The spots are firm, dry and shallow
• The surface of spots becomes dark brown to black and in
the advanced stages, the rotted tissues become spongy
and the affected flesh turns black
• Disease is more in December to April and more in
refrigerated fruits than the fresh fruits
Rounded brown spot
Enlarged brown spot
Rotted tissues Internal rotten tissue 1515

16. Alternaria rot of okra
• Dark grey, slightly sunken irregular lesion, developing
lengthwise
• Grey cottony mycelial mat bearing conidia appeared on the
surface of developing lesions
• When diseased pod cut transversally – blackened necrotic
tissues
1616

17. • The pathogen produces brown
spots on the leaves
• The spots can also be seen on
the stem, sepals and petals
• The lesions on the leaves are
dark brown with pale margin
surrounded by a yellow halo
Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower
1717

18. Alternaria leaf spot of cabbage
• The first symptoms of the disease are
minute yellow specks on the oldest leaves
and stems
• The spots darken and enlarge into circular,
tan to dark brown spots
• Light and dark concentric rings give the
spots the appearance of a target ; a yellow
halo may surround the lesion
• Older spots may be black, brown, or tan in
colour, papery in texture and may fall off,
giving the appearance of a shot-hole
• Infection of seedling stems may result in
damping-off or stunted plants
• As the disease progresses, it spreads to all
aerial parts of the plant
• If humid, lesions can produce spores 1818

19. The disease appears as minute yellow spots which gradually
increase in size, turns into dark brown concentric rings and finally the
leaves fall off .
Leaf spots of sarpagandha
1919

20. Alternaria brown spot of citrus
• Brown spot affects leaves, twigs and fruits
• Round to oval brown spots are characteristic symptoms of
this disease
• Lesions are usually surrounded by a yellow halo, induced by a
pathogen produced toxin
• On leaves, concentric black dots may develop in the centre of
mature lesions
• Under favorable conditions spots enlarge; on occasion spots
may follow the veins and appear eye-shaped
• Lesions are visible on both sides of the leaf
• Size of the lesion is determined by the cultivar; under
favourable conditions severe infection may lead to defoliation,
twig wilting and dieback, pockmarks, and fruitlet drop
2020

21. 21
• Alternaria fruit spots are
characterized by depressed,
circular to oval, lesions that
eventually become black as a
result of mass sporulation by the
pathogen.
• Lesions are restricted to the
surface of the fruit and do not
cause extensive rotting of the
flesh.
• However, lesions from multiple
infection sites can coalesce as
they expand and eventually
cover the entire fruit surface.
Alternaria rot of papaya
21

22. Brown spot of tobacco
• Appear the circular spots, ranging from 1/4 inch
to 1 at the lower leaves of the plant
• Spots have a yellow or yellowish green halo
around them
• Late in the season, on very sensitive varieties,
spots may occur on suckers, petioles and even on
the stalk.
• When stalks and suckers are infected, girdling of
the plant can occur and the plant dies.
• The pathogen can also act systemically and
affect the overall plant metabolism resulting in
premature death
• Brown spot may continue to develop in the
curing barn at low temperatures
2222

23. Alternaria blight of mustard
 Symptoms are first visible with
appearance of black points
 Later, these spots enlarge and develop in
to prominent round spots with concentric
rings showing target board characteristic
of the spot
 Many spots coalesce to form large
patches and causing blighting and
defoliation of the leaves
 Symptom of the diseases also develops
elongated spots without concentric rings
on stem and siliquaeas
 Deep lesion on the siliquae cause
infection in the seeds
(siliquae) 2323

24. Alternaria blight of cumin
• Disease appears during warm humid weather in
the epidemic form at flowering stage and seed
cannot mature to full size
• Seeds become shrivelled and are easily blown
away during winnowing
• Early sown crop gets high intensity of disease
and produces unmarketable seed
2424

25. Alternaria leaf spot of aloe vera
• The diseased plants include a small
superficial necrosis, brown spots on leaves
• Spots connect together and cause to dying
the leaf entirely and become deepened
• More darker under wet conditions, and blight
seem on the tip and edges of the leaves or all
the leaf
• Appears white colour on spotting area
resulting from the fungus mycelium
• Rotting the basis of the leaves near the soil,
which cause the death of the little seedlings
as all or death many of leaves in old
seedlings
2525

26. Alternaria leaf spot or blight of cucurbits
• Small spots develop on the upper
surface of leaves which could
develop into larger coalescing
lesions.
• These lesions might have
concentric rings.
26
26

27. 2727

28. General principles of the plant disease management
1) Avoidance of the pathogen
2) Exclusion of the pathogen
3) Eradication of pathogen inoculum
• Cultural practises
• Physical practises
• Chemical treatment
• Biological Control
4) Resistant to pathogen 2828

29. “It is the reduction of inoculum density or disease
producing activities of a pathogen or parasite in its
active or dormant state, by one or more organisms,
accomplished naturally or through manipulation
of the environment, host or antagonists”.
2929

30. Biological control agents are microorganisms with
potential to reduce the growth and survival of plant pathogens
and thereby contribute to biological control.
Biological control agents
3030

31. Trichoderma viridae
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma virens
Trichoderma atroviridae
Trichoderma reesei
Trichoderma
longibrachiatum
Fungal Bio-agents
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas putida
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus laterosporus
Bacillus pumilis
Serratia marcescens
Bacterial Bio-agents
3131

32. CULTURES OF FUNGAL BIO-AGENTS
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma viridae Trichoderma virens
Paecilomyces lilacinus
3232

33. CULTURALS OF BACTERIAL BIOAGENTS
Pseudomonas aeroginosa Bacillus subtilis
Pseudomonas fluorscenceSerratia marcescense
3333

34. Ideal characteristics of Bio-agents
 It should not be pathogenic to plants, humans and animals.
 It should have broad spectrum activity in control many disease.
 It must be genetically stable.
 Fast growth and sporulation.
 Cultured under artificial media.
 Effective under different environmental conditions.
 It should easily establish in the soil with high persistence and
survival capacity.
 It should have least susceptibility to the seed treated chemicals.
3434

35. Why need disease management through bio-agent ?
 It is harmless to human being & animals
 Cheaper than fungicide
 Highly effective through the crop growth period with high
Rhizosphere competency
 Easy to deliver
 Improve plant growth
 Increase yield
 Safe to environment
 There is no risk to pathogen developing resistance and residues
effect in food and ground water
 They are compatible with bio-fertilizer like Rhizobium and
Azospirillum
 It is best alternative of chemical fungicides
3535

36. Mode of action
 Mycoparasitism
 Antibiosis
 Competition
 Induced resistance of the host
plant
Siderophore production
3636

37. Mycoparasitism
 When one fungus parasitizes another,
then the phenomenon is called as
Mycoparasitism.
 It is the direct attack of one fungus on
another, is a very complex process that
involve sequential events, including
recognition, attack and subsequent
penetration and killing of the host.
eg. Trichoderma harzianum
parasitising Rhizoctonia solani
3737

38. Process of mycoparasitism of T. harzianum to host hyphae
Mycoparasitised hyphae
3
21
3838

39. Antibiosis
• Antibiosis is a suppression of
pathogenic organisms due to
secretion of toxic or inhibitory
compounds by other
microorganisms.
• Trichoderma species releases
antibiotics or other chemicals which
are harmful to the pathogen and
inhibits its growth.
• Example:- Trichoderma virens is an
antagonist of a number of soil borne
plant pathogens like Rhizoctonia
solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and
Pythium ultimum and was known to
produce gliotoxins. 3939

40. Most of the bio-control agents are fast growing and they compete with
plant pathogens for space, organic nutrients and minerals.
Trichoderma has a strong capacity to mobilize and take up soil nutrients,
and this process is related to the production of organic acids, gluconic
acids and fumaric acids leads to solublization of phosphates in soil.
Competition
4040

41. It has been know for decades that once a plant is infected
with a pathogen, that infection triggers some sort of
reaction in the infected host plant that helps keep it from
being infected with other pathogens. The infected plant
becomes more "resistant" to other infections.
Induced Resistance of the Host Plant
4141

42. Siderophore (Greek word: iron
carrier) is defined as relatively low molecular
weight, ferric ion specific chelating agent
produced by bacteria and fungi growing
under low iron stress. Fungi, bacteria and
plants producing the siderophores which
play important role in virulence and
management of various plant diseases.
Siderophore production
4242

43. • Any substance obtained from a plant or plant parts and used for
the inhibition of the fungi growth.
• Plant contain the certain chemicals like Annonacin, Azadirachtin
etc.
• That chemicals inhibited the mycelial growth of fungi and reduce
the infection.
Botanical Fungicides
4343

44. Custard apple
Garlic
OnionDaturaMoringaAkla
Neem Lantana MarigoldGliricidia
Different Botanical Plants
4444

45. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4545

46. Table 01 : Effect of plant extracts on the growth of Alternaria alternate caused late
blight of onion on 12th day incubation period
Name of the plant (extract) with
Common Name
Percentage growth
inhibition
Con. 50 %
Adhathoda vasican Nees, (Aradusi) 89.02
Annona squamosal L. (Custer apple) 91.13
Argemone Mexicana L. (Darudi) 86.07
Azadirachta indica (Neem) 75.67
Calatropics procera (Ait) R.Br (Akla) 88.88
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (Barmasi) 65.38
Callistemon rigidus R.BR. ( Bottlebrush) 88.60
Cassia balsmia L. (Garmalo) 74.68
Derris indica Bennett. (Karanja) 84.14
Ipomia fistula Mart. Ex choisy 79.96
Nicotiana tobacum (Tobacco) 74.28
Oscimum sanctum L. (Tulsi) 71.42
Parthenium histeriforus L. (Parthenium) 86.95
Mixture of Cassia Argemone & Parthenium. 69.31
Withania somnifera 54.09
Nasik, (MH) Nikumbh and Saler , 2011
4646

47. Table 02 : Antifungal activity of the plant (extract) against leaf blight of cabbage (Alternaria alternata)
Plant Extract Control growth of Fungi (mm.)
24 hours 72 hours
Aegle marmelos
(Bael)
Acetone 08 16
Methanol 07 12
n-Hexane 10 20
Control 14 33
Carica papaya
(Papaya)
Acetone 10 19
Methanol 09 22
n-Hexane 11 23
Control 14 33
Mentha arvensis
(Mint)
Acetone 08 15
Methanol 07 15
n-Hexane 07 16
Control 11 27
Nicotiana
plumbaginifolia
(Tobacco)
Acetone 10 19
Methanol 07 18
n-Hexane 08 11
Control 11 27
Tamarindus indica
(Ambali)
Acetone 11 23
Methanol 12 26
n-Hexane 12 27
Control 14 33
Allahabad, India Ansar et. al., 2015
47
47

48. Table 03 : Effect of the plant extract on the inhibition of
Alternaria alternata mycelial growth
Plant extract Percentage of inhibition of the mycelial growth
5% Ehtenolic
Extract
2.5% Ethanolic
Extract
10% Aqueous
extract
Artemisia absinthium
[Mastaru (Wormwood)]
(Aerial parts)
83.33 30.00 40.00
Rosmarinus officinalis
(Rosemary) (Aerial parts)
83.33 43.33 26.67
Datura stramonium (a)
(leaves)
83.33 30.00 60.00
Datura sramonium (b)
(Fruits)
50.00 20.00 16.67
Xanthium strumarium
(cocklebur) (Fruits)
86.67 50.00 30.00
Romania Rodino et. al., 2014 48
48

49. Table 4 : In vitro efficacy of phytoextracts against Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of Groundnut
Sr.
No. Name of plant
Percentage inhibition of mycelial growth concentration in ppm*
Mean
50 100 200 500 1000
1. Babul 21.75
(27.79)
25.00
(30.00)
27.25
(31.46)
30.50
(33.52)
35.75
(36.72)
28.05
(31.97)
2. Datura 28.00
(31.94)
35.25
(36.42)
38.75
(38.49)
42.25
(40.54)
57.50
(49.31)
40.35
(39.43)
3. Jangly choulia 25.50
(30.32)
27.75
(31.78)
31.25
(33.98)
35.50
(36.57)
39.25
(38.79)
31.85
(34.35)
4. Garlic 36.25
(37.01)
39.75
(39.08)
42.50
(40.68)
49.75
(44.85)
64.75
(53.57)
46.60
(43.05)
5. Ginger 26.75
(31.14)
31.00
(33.83)
34.40
(35.91)
38.00
(38.05)
42.25
(40.54)
34.48
(35.95)1
`6. Neem 29.75
(33.05)
36.50
(37.16)
41.00
(39.81)
46.50
(42.99)
62.75
(52.38)
43.30
(41.14)
7. Tulsi 27.25
(31.46)
32.75
(34.90)
35.50
(36.57)
39.00
(38.64)
44.75
(41.98)
35.85
(36.78)
8. Check 0.00
(0.00)
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
(0.00)
Mean 24.40
(29.60)
28.49
(32.25)
31.33
(34.04)
35.18
(36.37)
43.37
(41.19)
Plant extract (E) Conc. (C) E × C
S.Em ± 0.40 0.30 0.93
C.D. at 5 % 1.13 0.86 2.63
* Average of four replications , Figures given in parenthesis are angular transformed values
Udaipur (Rajasthan) Kantwa et. al., 201449 49

50. In vitro efficacy of plant extracts against Leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) of aloe-vera
Allahabad (India) Roshan et al., 2014
5050

51. Table 05 : Effectiveness of different plant extracts on growth and sporulation of Alternaria
alternata (Fr.) Keissler. causing leaf blight of cowpea
Sr. No. Common Name Conc. (%) Mean
Colony
diameter
(cm)*
Per cent
inhibition
sporulation
1. Garlic 10 3.33 63.33 +
2. Neem 10 6.03 33.00 +
3. Karanj 10 6.33 29.66 +++
4. Glyricidia 10 5.73 36.33 ++
5. Sadaphuli 10 5.67 37.00 ++
6. Tulsi 10 6.50 27.77 +++
7. Ashok 10 6.70 25.55 +++
8. Control - 9.00 - ++++
S.Em ± 0.08
C.D. at 1 % 0.33
*Mean of three replications.
Sporulation: ++++ Excellent, +++ Good, ++ Moderate, + Poor, - Nil.
Solapur (India) Thaware et al., 2010 5151

52. Table 06 : Effect of plant extracts on intensity of Alternaria blight and seed yield in mustard field
Plant Extracts Conc.
(%)
Blight
intensity
leaves (%)
Disease
Control
(%)
Blight intensity
pods (%)
Disease
Control
(%)
Seed
yield
(q/ha)
Calotropis procera leaf 5 45.0 28.2 19.7 64.4 8.7
Calotropis procera leaf 10 41.7 33.5 18.3 66.9 10.3
Azadirachta indica leaf 5 37.7 39.9 21.3 61.5 8.6
Azadirachta indica leaf 10 33.7 46.3 15.7 71.6 9.2
Azadirachta indica seed kernal 5 36.3 42.0 16.7 70.0 9.4
Azadirachta indica seed kernal 10 30.7 51.1 14.3 74.2 10.4
Allium sativum bulb 5 47.0 25.0 25.3 54.1 6.9
Allium sativum bulb 10 43.3 30.8 20.0 63.9 8.4
Withania somnifera leaf 5 52.7 16.0 25.3 54.2 5.3
Withania somnifera leaf 10 44.7 28.7 20.7 62.7 7.6
Solanum suratteuse green berry 5 56.0 10.7 24.0 56.8 5.1
Solanum suratteuse green berry 10 52.7 15.9 21.3 61.7 7.4
Mnacozeb 0.2 15.7 75.0 10.3 81.4 11.9
Control - 62.7 - 55.3 - 4.9
CD (P = 0.05) 1.8 - 2.4 - 0.6
CV (%) 2.6 - 5.3 - 4.4
Figures were angular transformed before statistical analysis
Rajasthan (India) Singh et al., 2013
52
52

53. Table 07 : Evaluation of various phytoextracts against Leaf spot (A. alternata) of Niger in in vitro
Sr.
No.
Phytoextracts
(10% conc.)
Plant
parts used
Botanical name Average diameter of
pathogen (mm) after
7 days
%
Growth
inhibition
1. Lantana Leaves Lantana camera L. 7.65 ** (58.00)* 33.84
2. Desi baval Leaves Acacia nilotica L. 6.64 (43.67) 50.19
3. Neem Leaves Azadirachta indica
L.
6.23 (38.33) 56.28
4. Garlic Cloves Allium sativum L. 5.40 (28.67) 67.30
5. Turmeric Finger part Curcuma longa L. 6.36 (40.00) 54.37
6. Tulsi Leaves Ocimum sanctum 8.05 (64.33) 26.62
7. Eucalyptus Leaves Eucalyptus spp. 5.96 (35.00) 60.08
8. Control --- --- 9.39 (87.67) 0.00
S.Em.± 0.08
C.D. at 5 % 0.25
C.V. % 2.11
*Figures in parenthesis are original value, ** Figures outside parenthesis are SQRT + 0.5 transformed value.
Navsari (Gujarat) Kansara and Sabalpara, 2015 5353

54. Table 08 a : Efficacy of different crude and sterilized (membrane filtration) compost teas on
Aletrnaria leaf blight of Chrysanthemum under the field conditions
Sr.
No
.
Name Treatment
1. CT-1 Vermicompost
2. CT-2 Vermicompost + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 %
3. CT-3 Vermicompost + Trichoderma viride 1 %
4. CT-4 Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25%
5. CT-5 Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25% + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 %
6. CT-6 Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25% + Trichoderma viride 1 %
7. CT-7 Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5%
8. CT-8 Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5% + Pseudomonas fluorescens
1%
9. CT-9 Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5% + Trichoderma viride 1 %
Hyderabad (A.P)
Cont….
Deepthi and Reddy, 2014
5454

55. Sr.
No.
Name Treatment
1. SCT-1 Sterilized Vermicompost
2. SCT-2 Sterilized (Vermicompost + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 %)
3. SCT-3 Sterilized (Vermicompost + Trichoderma viride 1 %)
4. SCT-4 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25%)
5. SCT-5 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25% + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 %)
6. SCT-6 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + paddy straw 25% + Trichoderma viride 1 %)
7. SCT-7 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5%)
8. SCT-8 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5% + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1
%)
9. SCT-9 Sterilized (Dung 75 % + Neem powder 20% + Fish meal 5% + Trichoderma viride 1 %)
Cont….
5555

56. Table 08 a : Efficacy of different crude and sterilized (membrane filtration) compost teas on
Alternaria leaf blight of Chrysanthemum under the field conditions
Sr.
No
.
Compost
tea
Percent Disease Index
Mean
1st Spray 2nd sprays 3rd sprays
(one day after
inoculation )
(one and four day
after inoculation)
( one, four and seven
day after inoculation)
1. Control 33.34 (35.24)* 34.00(35.64)* 38.34(38.23)* 35.23(36.37)*
2. Fungicide
Check #
11.12 (19.46) 10.32(18.72) 7.27(15.63) 9.57(17.94)
3. CT-1 9.04 (17.49) 9.38 (17.81) 8.00 (16.40) 8.81 (17.24)
4. CT-2 12.00 (20.25) 10.29 (18.69) 7.14 (15.49) 9.81 (18.14)
5. CT-3 19.38 (26.09) 11.34 (19.66) 8.62 (17.06) 13.11 (20.94)
6. CT-4 21.34 (27.49) 10.67 (19.05) 10.34 (18.74) 14.12 (21.76)
7. CT-5 10.53 (18.92) 11.00 (19.35) 7.75 (16.14) 9.76 (18.14)
8. CT-6 13.12 (21.22) 12.00 (20.25) 4.67 (12.48) 9.93 (17.98)
9. CT-7 10.00 (18.42) 13.34 (21.41) 8.50 (16.94) 10.61 (18.92)
10. CT-8 9.00 (17.45) 9.68 (18.11) 8.00 (16.42) 8.89 (17.32)
11. CT-9 14.40 (22.28) 11.58 (19.88) 9.30 (17.73) 11.76 (19.96)
Hyderabad (A.P) Deepthi and Reddy, 2014 5656

57. 12. SCT-1 13.57 (21.60) 15.00 (22.77) 11.20 (19.53) 13.26 (21.30)
13. SCT-2 13.00 (21.12) 12.67 (20.83) 7.55 (15.94) 11.07 (19.30)
14. SCT-3 12.45 (20.64) 8.70 (17.14) 9.67 (18.10) 10.27 (18.63)
15. SCT-4 14.39 (22.28) 12.00 (20.25) 8.75(17.19) 11.71 (19.91)
16. SCT-5 12.00 (20.25) 11.76 (20.04) 4.75 (12.58) 9.50 (17.62)
17. SCT-6 10.00 (18.41) 8.69 (17.12) 6.45 (14.70) 8.38 (16.75)
18. SCT-7 11.18 (19.51) 9.09 (17.54) 5.85 (13.99) 8.71 (17.01)
19. SCT-8 10.67 (19.05) 10.00 (18.41) 10.07 (18.49) 10.25 (18.65)
20. SCT-9 19.34 (26.06) 11.85 (20.12) 8.79 (17.23) 13.33 (21.13)
21. Mean 13.99 (21.66) 12.17 (20.14) 9.55 (17.45)
*: Values in parenthesis are angular transformed values; # Quintal : (Iprodione 25 % + Carbendazim 25 %)
Factors C.D. S.Em ±
Compost tea 0.33 0.12
Number of sprays 0.86 0.31
Intraction 1.49 0.53
5757

58. Table 08 b : Effect compost tea (dung 75% + paddy straw 25% + Trichoderma viride 1 %) on
the yield of chrysanthemum
Sr.
No.
Treatment Percent
Disease Index
Yield (g) Percent increase in
yield
1. Inoculated (Control) 26 950.00 -29.68*
2. Un-inoculated (healthy) 0 1351.67 -
3. Inoculated and sprayed with
compost tea
4.21 1395.00 3.26
4. Un-inoculated and sprayed with
compost tea
0 1358.33 0.52
C.D. (0.05) 15.61
S.Em.± 4.71
*: “-” Indicates percent reduction of yield
Hyderabad (A.P) Deepthi and Reddy, 2014
5858

59. Table 9 : Filtrate and spore suspension of Trichoderma harzianum related disease severity of
ceratoni leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) on carob (Application by root treatment)
Treatment Disease severity
Control (A.alternata) alone 2 ± 0.58 a
Trichoderma Elicitor (filtered suspension without
spores)
0.3 ± 0.06 b
Trichoderma spores suspension 0.5 ± 0.06 b
LSD at 5% 0.16
Given are arithmetic means and standard error with n= 3, assessment scale from 0 to 5
Libya Zahra , 2015 5959

60. Table 10 : Disease incidence on carob seedling treated by Trichoderma harzianum
Treatment Time (days)
7 14 28 45
Water (Con1) 0.0 b 0.0 d 0.0 c 0.0 d
A. alternata (Con2) 2.5 (9.1) a 15.8 (23.4) a 39.3 (39.8) a 43.0 (42.9) a
Trichoderma suspension* 0.0 b 2.3 (8.72) b 7.3 (15.7) b 12.3 (20.5) b
Trichoderma filtrate* 0.0 b 0.9 (5.44) c 5.9 (14.1) b 10.2 (18.6) c
Con1 : without inoculation. Con2 : inoculation with Alternaria alternata alone.*: Treatment with Trichoderma and
inoculation with Alternaria. Values between brackers are angular transformed (arc sine angle √y) data.
Data with equal letter do not differ significantly according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Root extension (cm) Leaf area (cm²)
Water (Con1) 24 c 25 b 9.2 ab
A. alternata (Con2) 25 c 22 b 6.6 b
Trichoderma filtrate* 30 b 23 b 11.3 a
Trichoderma suspension* 33 a 34 a 12.3 a
LSD (P<0.05) 1.88 4.45 3.57
Table 11 : Increased plant response in carob seedling treated by Trichoderma harzianum.
Libya Zahra , 2015
6060

61. Table 12 : Effect of different treatment on the disease incidence and reduction of Alternaria
alternata in Rauwolfia serpentinain (sarapgandha) in mist chamber
Treatment Percent disease incidence (%) % disease reduction
T1 (Control) 1.66 ± 1.92 54.97
T2 (Pathogen) 56.63 ± 2.73 ---
T3 (T. harzianum ISO-1) 0.83 ± 1.66 55.83
T4 (T. harzianum ISO-2) 1.66 ± 1.92 54.97
T5 (T. piluliferum) 3.25 ± 2.58 53.38
T6 (A. niger) 2.50 ± 1.66 54.13
T7 (Penicillum sublateritium) 0.83 ± 1.66 55.83
T8 (Copper oxychloride) 1.66 ± 1.92 54.97
T9 (Pathogen+Copper oxychloride) 18.30 ± 4.13 38.33
T10 (Pathogen+T. harzianum ISO-1) 4.91 ± 1.83 51.72
T11 (Pathogen+T. harzianum ISO-2) 6.08 ± 3.31 50.55
T12 (Pathogen+T. piluliferum) 9.07 ± 3.26 47.56
T13 (Pathogen+A. niger) 5.83 ± 1.66 50.80
T14 (Pathogen+P. sublateritium) 11.64 ± 4.27 44.99
S.Em± = 1.32 C.D. at 5 % = 3.78
Dehradun (India) Shikha Thakur, 2016
61
61

62. Table 13 : Effect of different treatment on the percent disease index and reduction of
Alternaria alternata in Rauwolfia serpentinain (sarapgandha) in field condition
Treatment Percent disease Index (%) Disease reduction
(%)
A (Pathogen + A. niger) 13.88 ± 3.97 31.40
B (Pathogen + T. harzianum ISO-1) 10.83 ± 4.52 34.40
C (Pathogen + T. harzianum ISO-2) 18.33 ± 3.33 26.90
D (Pathogen + T. piluliferum) 18.05 ± 2.64 27.20
E (Pathogen + P. sublateritium) 6.94 ± 3.32 38.26
F (Pathogen) 45.27 ± 3.61 ------
G (Pathogen + Copper oxychloride) 20.55 ± 4.22 24.70
S.Em ± 1.07
C.D. at 5% 3.01
Dehradun (India) Shikha Thakur, 2016
6262

63. Table 14 : Bio-control of brown spot disease of tobacco leaf disks by five bacterial isolates in a
controlled environment
Treatmenta Disease Indexb
Control 4.08 Ac
A5 + B7 3.93 AB
A5 + B18 4.02 A
A5 + B23 1.75 C
A5 + B14 3.71 B
A5 + B31 3.87 AB
a The pathogenic Alternaria alternata isolate employed was A5. Bacterial isolated used
were B7,B18,B23,B24 and B31.(Bacillus spp.)
b Maximum lesion development was rated 5 and no visible symptoms was rated. 1.
Figures represent the mean of 36 replications from three trials.
C Averages of three replicates, any two numbers followed by the same latter do differ
significantly (P = 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
U.S.A Fravel and Harvey, 1977
6363

64. Table 15 : Antagonistic effect of different microorganisms against the leaf spot of brinjal
caused by Alternaria alternata under dual cultural method
Sr.
No.
Treatment Average colony
diameter of pathogen
(mm)
Percent growth
inhibition (%)
1. Trichoderma viride (IARI isolate) 13.50 74.77
2. Trichoderma viride (Navsari isolate) 13.83 74.14
3. Trichoderma harzianum (Junagadh isolate) 15.38 71.25
4. Bacillus subtilis (Navsari isolate) 16.19 69.73
5. Gliocladium virens (Junagadh isolate) 17.53 67.23
6. Aspergillus niger (IARI isolate) 18.96 64.55
7. Pseudomonas fluorescens (Navsari isolate) 23.16 56.70
8. Chaetomium globosum (Navsari isolate) 25.16 52.96
9. Control 53.50
S.Em ± 0.61
C.D. at 5% 1.83
C.V. % 4.49
Navsari (Gujarat) Rajput et al., 2013 6464

65. In vivo field application of bio-agents to control leaf spot disease of Aloe-vera (A. alternata)
West Bengal (India) Ghosh et al., 2016
VBC7 (Burkholderia cenocepacia) (2.3 x 108 cfu/ml)
VBK1 (Pseudomonas poae) (1.8 x 108 cfu/ml)
6565

66. Table 16 : Percent inhibition of radial growth of Alternaria alternata causing the leaf spot of
sarapgandha in in vitro
Sr.
No.
Antagonists Conditions Mean
(%)With cell (Mean± S.D.) Cell free (Mean± S.D.)
1. A. niger 61.73 ± 3.52 38.43 ± 5.19 50.08
2. C. cladosporioides 22.80 ± 4.00 3.53 ± 0.06 13.17
3. P. citreo-viride 23.67 ± 4.73 16.17 ± 3.62 19.92
4. P. frequentans 20.93 ± 5.28 13.33 ± 1.12 17.13
5. P. herquei 42.20 ± 1.75 4.67 ± 0.95 23.43
6. P. sublateritium 72.30 ± 3.48 45.77 ± 0.65 58.90
7. P. tardum 51.17 ± 4.11 25.47 ± 3.62 38.32
8. T. harzianum ISO-1 78.33 ± 0.31 75.27 ± 1.24 76.80
9. T. harzianum ISO-2 80.93 ± 3.43 47.10 ± 1.22 64.02
10. T. puliliferum 81.43 ± 2.48 77.60 ± 1.54 79.52
Mean 53.52 34.73
A (Antagonists) C (Conditions) A × C
S.Em ± 1.25 0.56 1.77
C.D. at 5% 3.59 1.60 5.08
Uttarakhand (India) Thakur and Harsh, 2016
66
66

67. Table 17 : Evaluation of volatile metabolites produced by phylloplane fungi against the test
pathogen causing the leaf spot of sarapgandha (A. alternata)
Sr.
No.
Antagonist Percent growth inhibition of
mycelial growth(Mean± S.D.)
1. A. niger 22.73 ± 3.18
2. Cladosporium cladosporioides 13.70 ± 1.27
3. P. citreo-viride 9.71 ± 1.92
4. P. frequentans 9.09 ± 2.26
5. P. herquei 14.76 ± 1.43
6. P. sublateritium 23.56 ± 3.19
7. P. tardum 7.47 ± 6.81
8. T. harzianum ISO-1 44.60 ± 2.24
9. T. harzianum ISO-2 35.50 ± 1.32
10. T. piluliferum 36.24 ± 2.84
Mean 21.74
S.Em ± 1.77
C.D. at 5% 5.22
Uttarakhand (India) Thakur and Harsh, 2014 6767

68. Table 18 : Disease severity of A.alternata in tomato plants treated with different
Bacillus spp. and the fungicide Ridomil Gold®
Treatments (Con. 28 × 10 7 cells /ml) Disease severity
Bacillus subtilis 25.91 b
Bacillus megaterium 27.07 ab
Bacillus pumilus 27.86 ab
Bacillus cereus 31.42 a
Ridomil Gold (3-4 g /10 liter water) 24.85 b
Control 31.21 a
* Percentage data were transformed to Arc sin. ** Means followed by the same
letter are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05, according to Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test (DMRT).
South Africa Abbo et al., 2012
6868

69. Effect of seed bio-priming of leaf spot (A. alternata) of greengram.
(Pooled year data 2010-2011)
Deshmukh, 2012Navsari
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
35DAS
65DAS
PercentDiseaseControl(%)
6969

70. In vitro Screening of Phylloplane antagonists against A.alternata under
dual culture technique
91.4
34.7
70.7
60.8 59.9
87.0
100 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120PercentInhibition
Antagonist Fungi
Dehradun (India) Shikha, 2015 7070

71. Conclusion
• Several Diseases caused by A. alternata, therefore ultimately the
crop production is affected and to manage the diseases caused by
A. alternata is necessary.
• Biological management is an alternative to reduce the use of
chemical fungicides.
• Review presented over here emphasize the use of bio-control
agents (BCA’s) with incorporation of organic or botanicals or
agricultural wastes effectively managed the diseases caused by A.
alternata.
7171

72. 72