3. • CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney
structure or function, present for >3 months
with implications for health
• CKD is classified based on Cause, GFR
category (G1–G5), and Albuminuria
category (A1–A3), abbreviated as CGA
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) – KDIGO 2022
6. USRDS ADR, 2007
Incident ESRD rates, by primary diagnosis, adjusted for age, gender, & race.
Diabetes & Hypertension are leading causes of kidney failure
8. Increased intraglomerular and GFR pressure
REV ASSOC MED BRAS 2020; 66(SUPPL 1):S17-S24
Effect of Diabetes on kidneys
9. Nat Rev Nephrol 14, 361–377 (2018).
Pathways of podocyte damage in diabetes mellitus
10. Nat Rev Nephrol 14, 361–377 (2018)
Causes of CKD in patients with diabetes mellitus & the
pathophysiology of DKD
11. Early treatment can make a difference
Gansevoort,R.T. et al. J AM Soc Nephrol 2009;20:465-468
12. • Intensive glycemic control lessens progression from microalbuminuria
• DCCT, 1993
• ACCORD, 2008
• Antihypertensive therapy with ACE Inhibitors or ARBs lessens proteinuria and progression
• Giatras, et al., 1997
• Psait, et al., 2000
• Jafar, et al., 2001
• Blood pressure below 130/80 is beneficial
• Sarnak, et al., 2005
Slowing the progression of CKD
14. • KDIGO 2022 suggest maintaining a protein intake of 0.8 g protein/kg (weight)/d
for those with diabetes and CKD not treated with dialysis
• KDIGO 2022 suggest that sodium intake be <2 g of sodium per day (or <90 mmol
of sodium per day, or <5 g of sodium chloride per day) in patients with diabetes and
CKD.
• KDIGO 2022 recommend that patients with diabetes and CKD be advised to
undertake moderate-intensity physical activity for a cumulative duration of at
least 150 minutes per week, or to a level compatible with their cardiovascular and
physical tolerance
Lifestyle interventions in patients with diabetes and CKD
15. • Recognize and test at-risk patients
• Educate patients about CKD and treatment
• Focus on good glycemic control in people with diabetes
• For those with CKD:
• Optimize glycemic control
• Blood pressure below 130/80
• Use an ACE inhibitor or ARB
• More than one drug is usually required
• A diuretic should be part of the regimen
Treatment approach
16. KDIGO 2022 recommend an
individualized HbA1c target
ranging from <6.5% to <8.0%
in patients with diabetes and
CKD not treated with dialysis
Glycemic targets
18. 2021
In cardiovascular outcomes trials,
Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin,
Dapagliflozin, Liraglutide, Semaglutide,
and Dulaglutide, all had beneficial effects
on indices of CKD.
Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin &
Dapagliflozin have shown reduction in
CKD progression in CVOTs.
22. “SGLT2 inhibitors are likely the greatest
pharmacological advancement in nephrology
since RAAS blockers”
REV ASSOC MED BRAS 2020; 66(SUPPL 1):S17-S24
23. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;e3171. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3171
Renal outcomes in the EMPA‐REG, CANVAS & DECLARE trials
24. Dapagliflozin is indicated for the
treatment of
CKD patients up to Stage III
(eGFR > 30ml/min/1.73m2)
Dapagliflozin – Indicated for CKD
25. • Assess renal function before initiating
Dapagliflozin
• Not recommended when eGFR <30
mL/min/1.73m2
Recommended dose
in CKD
10 mg once daily
Dapagliflozin – Recommended Dose in CKD
26. • Total glucose loss per day = 70-80 gm
• Max. HbA1c reduction = 0.5-1.0 % reduction
• Osmotic diuresis increases urine volume (375ml/day)
• Calories loss per day = 200-300 kcal
• Weight loss = 2 - 4 kg
• BP Reduction = 4-6 mm Hg
• Increases uric acid excretion
Dapagliflozin – Pharmacodyamics
27. • Aim – To examine the effect of Dapagliflozin in patients with CKD, with or without type 2 diabetes
• Study Design – Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled, multicentre
• Study locations - 386 sites in 21 countries
• Patients – 4304 adults with or without T2DM patients with an eGFR of 25 to 75 ml/minute/1.73 m2
and a UACR of 200 to 5000
• Treatment – Dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily or placebo
• Study Duration – Median of 2.4 years
• Primary outcome – Composite of a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50%, end-
stage kidney disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes.
N Engl J Med 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446
DAPA-CKD TRIAL
28. Change from Baseline in Estimated GFR
N Engl J Med 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446.
Dapagliflozin slowed the decline in GFR as compared to placebo
29. • Composite of a sustained decline in
the estimated glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) of at least 50%,
endstage kidney disease, or death
from renal or cardiovascular causes
• A primary outcome event occurred
in 9.2% in the dapagliflozin group
and in 14.5% in the placebo group
(P<0.001)
N Engl J Med 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446.
Renal-Specific Composite Outcome
30. • CKD patients who received Dapagliflozin had a significantly lower risk of a
composite of a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50%, end-stage
kidney disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes than those who
received placebo
• Dapagliflozin was found to be beneficial in CKD patients, independent of the
presence or absence of type 2 diabetes
• Patients who received Dapagliflozin had a lower risk of death from cardiovascular
causes or hospitalization for heart failure and had longer survival
N Engl J Med 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446.
Conclusion
31. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76(9):1117-1145.
SGLT2i vs. GLP1 RA - Renal Benefits
32. Circulation. 2020;142:e265–e286. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000920
• Multidisciplinary
care model for
identification of
patients at high risk
for adverse CV &
kidney events with
T2DM & CKD
33. • Diabetes is a leading cause of CKD / kidney failure
• Intensive glycaemic control lessens progression from microalbuminuria
• Guidelines recommends an GLP-1RA or SGLT-2i to reduce the progression of CKD
• SGLT2 is shown to reduce CVD and CKD risks in patients with T2DM
• SGLT2 inhibitors display renoprotective effects in diabetic kidney disease
• Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin & Dapagliflozin have shown reduction in CKD progression
in CVOTs (ADA 2021)
Summary
34. • Indicated for the treatment of CKD up to Stage III
(eGFR > 30ml/min/1.73m2).
• Provides glomerular protection
• Limits proteinuria, glomerular lesions, podocyte
dysfunction and loss
• Slows the decline in GFR in CKD patients with or
without type 2 diabetes
• Decreases the risk of ESRD or death from renal
cause in CKD patients
• Well tolerated with low rate of treatment
discontinuation
Dapagliflozin
demonstrated clear
treatment benefits on
cardiovascular, kidney and
mortality outcomes
regardless of the presence
of diabetes
Summary- Dapagliflozin
