Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay

Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay
incorporated into the questionnaire. According to Gould and Joyce (2002) there are a number of risks which can be identified within the
construction industry itself and those risks are evident in every construction project regardless of the project size or its scope. Tummala et al.
(1999) has argued that oftentimes changes in design and scope in addition to time frames or schedules are considered the most common risks for
the construction sector based on the study conducted. As the construction project progresses there 's bound to be changes in scope or design which
are implemented causing the need for more resources, time and cost. Baker, et al. (1999) notes that if a project is completed ahead of its scheduled
time, it may be as troublesome as one scheduled late. Karim et al. (2015) has argued that extremely quick completion maybe a resultant of planning
which is insufficient or problems within the construction design which caused shortening of completion time. This may also lead to overall low
quality of the final construction product and there may be an increase in the overall cost of the project (Karim et al. 2015). Gould and Joyce (2002)
argues that setting a delay in a schedule garners a great cost that becomes the burden of both the contractors and the investors in differing ways. Zhang
and Xing (2010) urges that there is great importance in keeping balance between the concepts of time–cost–quality trade–off which manifested over the
past decade. This concept of
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In the book Creating Effective Teams: A Guide for Members and Leaders by Susan A. Wheelan (2016), the reader is challenged with transitioning a
work group into an effective team body. Throughout the text, effective teams is described as a methodical discipline that places emphasis on principles
and strategies that can withstand adversity among members. Wheelan adopts a philosophical stance in moving the reader from group development to a
high performance team. By providing a checklist for the organization, team, and leader, the author helps members and teams to make the necessary
improvements within their cultural setting. In essence, being a part of an effective team should flow out of our being.
The author examines four stages of group development that allows the emerging member to discern purpose, role, and collective views. In stage one,
dependency and inclusion marks a member's reliance on the leader or other extroverted members. In stage two counter dependency and fighting is
expected as members seek liberation from their leader and strive to merge their goals. In stage three, trust and structure begin as clarity of goals and
relationship building take root. In stage four, members have surpassed the hindrances of lower team functioning such as dissatisfaction of roles, and
have embraced goal achievement and task accomplishment. In this final stage, "teams are highly cohesive and can expect to be successful" (Wheelan,
2016, p. 29). That said, the author informs

Library Essay
Libraries are an essential part of the community. However not all societies have libraries. Libraries require centralized populations, economic
development and political stability for their survival. Libraries exist in places where peace exists. They cannot exist in places with full of conflicts.
Libraries have different missions and serve different communities differently. People and organizations establish libraries with different missions.
Historical overview shows that libraries have always had missions.
The earliest mission of libraries was to maintain an archive for records. There is not information that shows when the first library was established. In the
past, temples, municipals and governments had libraries. These libraries...show more content...
Therefore, Julius Caesar started building a public library, but died before he completed it. Asinius Pollio completed the library. This established was
followed by more public libraries. Other missions of libraries that existed in the past included maintaining scholarly mission, religious mission, for
instance, monastic libraries of middles ages, educational mission, for instance university, humanistic mission and promoting national pride (Rubin 39).
In the modern world, libraries have certain missions that they serve. The establishment of the printing press made more books available to many
people. This encouraged the establishment of more libraries. In the United States of America, libraries came up with new missions. First, libraries
emerged with the mission of self–improvement. Advances in mechanical technology in the eighteenth century led to industrial revolution that
improved the economy and community health. This meant that a certain class of citizens had more leisure time, for self–improvement. This favored
the emergence o f new libraries. The social library emerged with an aim of helping individuals improve through the search of truth. Therefore, they
provided literature and books that provided information, which could help people to gain knowledge and improve their character. In the current world,
libraries provide information that people have access to, and use it for their own improvement (Rubin 47).
Secondly, the modern world

Essay on The Role of Medical Anthropology
This paper seeks to show the inter–relationship of bio– medical professionals such as doctors and nurses in comparison with medical anthropologists
and try to show their relevancy in the healthcare system and their collaboration in inter–professionalism. Medical anthropology is an advancing
sub–discipline of anthropology. Medical anthropology is intended to provide a framework, which should enable students to identify and analyze social,
cultural, behavioural and environmental factors in relation to health and disease/illness in any given society. Medical anthropologists are not medics or
professional doctors but they are usually found within the health care system since they provide an insightful role of involving cultural aspects in...show
more content...
This paper seeks to show the relevance of anthropologists in the success of any healthcare system. It further outlines the necessity of medical
anthropologists in any clinical setting. In many scientific disciplines researches try to explain their objects by reducing them to become principles,
however in anthropology ,the approach is to understand issues in their context meaning that practises ideas are looked at from a wider perspective.
Significance of Human Body to medical anthropologists. We cannot talk about health, without focusing on the body because ill health presents
suffering to the human body and the mind. To the medical anthropologists, the human body is more than just a physical organism; it is also a focus of
a set of beliefs about its social and psychological significance about its inner structure referred to as anatomy and structures called physiology. These
sets of cultural beliefs about the body are called body image and are culturally determined .Social status, gender or occupation is expressed through the
body and its adornments. The body is important to medical anthropologists because it lays meaning of structure and functioning of the body influences
the way people perceive sickness. Ethnophysiology refers to the lay understanding of the functioning of the body and sometimes differs from
bio–medical functioning of the body. The body is important to anthropologists

The Rule Of Law And The Uk Constitution
The rule of law is seen as being one of the most fundamental components of the UK constitution as well as being a principle that is concerned with
restricting parliamentary action. Though the rule of law is seen to be a component in the constitution; the actual meaning of the rule of law has
been very problematic to interpret. This is considerably down to the fact that it means different things to different people as since the nineteenth
century, academics, politicians and judges have proposed diverse definitions and explanations in regards to the rule of law and the role it upholds
in the UK constitution. The most influential definition of the rule of law is that of the A.V. Dicey. In his work he defines the rule of law to be
composed of three central elements. The first element states that "no man is punishable or can be made to suffer in body or goods except for a
distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts". This element is designed to deny to governments any
rights to make secret or arbitrary laws, or retrospective penal laws, and to limit the discretionary powers of government" . In order to comply with
the requirement, it is stated that the rule must be open, clear, accessible and certain. This is supported by Lord Bingham as he argued that the law
must be accessible, clear and predictable as wide discretionary powers would lead to arbitrariness which is against the rule of law. This principle is
further illustrated by

Fusion Centers Essay
State and local law enforcement should be utilized to help gather intelligence under the Homeland Security organization. State and local law
enforcement can very important and beneficial in the process of gathering intelligence by helping connect the dots of information to form an accurate
intelligence analysis picture of a potential threat or even a imminent threat. Of course there needs to be a formal process to accomplishing this and the
state and local law agencies roll should have clear lines to be successful or the wrong type of intelligence or counterintelligence could produce failed
intelligence. The events of 9/11 showed that there were flaws in intelligence. There were failures on how government agencies connected the dots.
(Blum,...show more content...
Fusion centers are owned and operated by state and local governments but a place where federal, state, local and tribal agencies come to share
intelligence and information about terrorist threats, criminal actions and other hazards. The government provides funding and personnel and expertise
to the fusion centers but the state and local governments also contribute to the operation of a fusion center. The DHS deploys intelligence analysts to
the fusion centers as well. The centers are a great help to decimate terrorist threat from the federal agencies down to the lower levels and information
from law enforcement that may contribute to an overall intelligence picture is funneled up to the federal government. (Blum, 2010) Fusion centers
have had there challenges though. Not all problems of sharing information have been fixed. Local and state police complained that national plans were
really federal plans developed without the input of the local agencies. The need to know culture also inhibited information flow. (Logan, 2010)
Although there are challenges I believe fusion centers are a step in the right direction and they have many successes. It is a continual improvement
process but important to make it

Open Systems Theory Essay
An Open Mind to an Open System
AN OPEN MIND TO AN OPEN SYSTEM
The Open System Theory was initially developed by Ludwig von Bertanlanffy (1956), a biologist, but it was immediately applicable across all
disciplines. It defines the concept of a system, where "all systems are characterized by an assemblage or combination of parts whose relations make
them interdependent". As one moves from mechanical to organic and social systems, the interactions between parts in the system become more complex
and variable. (Bellinger, 2008)
Open systems like organizations are "multi–cephalous: many heads are present to receive information, make decisions, direct action" (Bellinger, 2008).
Individual and subgroups form and leave coalitions. Boundaries...show more content...
The team's focus is on providing education and reinforcement the medical plan. For example, the medical plan needs to include not only the
prescription of medications but also an assessment of the patient's ability to use the devices and understanding of how and when to use the medications
and should include written instructions if needed. An assessment of the patient's coping skills and the presence of depression and or anxiety should be
included. A nutritional assessment focusing on dietary habits should be completed on all patients with COPD. Preventing weight loss has been shown
to decrease morbidity and mortality in the low– and normal–weight patient with COPD. A weight loss in the overweight patient may decrease
breathlessness symptoms. The patient should be prescribed pulmonary rehabilitation. Providing the patient with information about advanced directives,
traveling, smoking cessation and support groups, and community resources should not be overlooked in the plan.
Regular assessment of the patient and communication between team members is vital to the management of the patient with COPD. This open
systems approach offers the patient the greatest opportunity to maximize their respiratory potential and quality of life.
REFERENCES
Bellinger, Gene (2008). System Thinking. Retrieved November 1,

The notion of ethics deals with people's behaviors within a company. Social responsibility involves a company's moral obligations and the manner in
which the organization makes its decisions. Although ethics and social responsibility are similar on a conceptual basis, each has its own unique
characteristics that express their differences and its independence of the other.Ethics and social responsibility have to be present and coincide with one
another for a business to be ethically sound.
Ethics is the application of one's personal beliefs and the impact on how a person makes decisions regarding the relationships involving a company. The
most common agents that involve a person's decisions are owners, employees, customers, clients,...show more content...
There is a fine line between what is ethically right or wrong with an action committed by an organization. According to Audi, "sometimes ethics is
compromised without dishonesty but by deficiencies in clarity or candor or both" (Audi, 2009). Being dishonest and not telling the entire truth are
examples of ethical dilemmas. On the contrary, social responsibility applies only to an organization or business, whereas ethics applies to people's
behaviors and how the obligations determine whether an action is right or wrong. Social responsibility is the application of a set of ethics to a business
or organization. Edwin Epstein's definition of corporate social responsibility supports the idea that corporate responsibility is ethically based in its
decisions with the agents associated with the company. Epstein stated, "Corporate social responsibility relates primarily to achieving outcomes from
organizational decisions concerning specific issues or problems which have beneficial rather than adverse effects upon pertinent corporate
stakeholders" (Carroll, 1996). Social responsibility contains both the responsibility to discover employee misconduct while also maintaining good
relationships with those outside of the business. According to Berenbeim, it is the corporation's responsibility to maintain those good relationships with
the agents of interest paramount to the obligations to minimize the risk of employee misconduct (Berenbeim,

The Development of Maraging Steels Essay
Maraging steels of different compositions have been prepared by means of induction furnace electro slag remelting technique using titanium and
chromium instead of cobalt which is a high expensive strategic element, also nickel content was reduced to 10–13%. Mass attenuation coefficients, half
value layers and effective atomic numbers have been determined for the prepared samples at photon energies 238, 583, 661, 911, 1173, 1332 and
2614keV. The results are compared with the corresponding theoretical calculations. In addition, the hardness has been determined for the investigated
steels. High nitrogen free nickel steel and carbon steel samples have been also investigated for the sake of comparison. The achieved results reveal the
...show more content...
They are formed during ageing in the temperature range between 400 and 600oC after the steels had been solution annealed in the austenitic phase and
air cooled which results in a martensitic microstructure. Over the past half–century, two major types of maraging steels have been developed, the 18Ni
maraging steels and the cobalt–free maraging steels. The Standard maraging steels contain 18% Ni, 8% Co, 5% Mo and 0.4% Ti. But Ni, Co and Mo
are very expensive strategic alloying elements as cobalt reaches to levels as high as 8 to 13%. This keeps the steels rather expensive, preventing wider
selection and application, but with maximum strength levels reaching 2400 MPa, accompanied by good toughness and ductility. Therefore, developing
cobalt–free maraging steel with reduced quantities of expensive alloying elements to lower the production cost has been an important direction of
maraging steels research. Over the past two decades, enormous advances have been achieved in the development of cobalt–free maraging steels to high
strength levels with Ni and Ti as the major precipitation hardening phase in cobalt–free maraging steels.
To overcome this problem, titanium was used as one of the primary strengthening element replacing Co in steels, and to overcome the problem of
retained

Communication is an important skill for people to have in an organisation. Through the interpersonal communication (communication between two or
more people) process, people can exchange information, create motivation, express feelings or apply penalties for inappropriate behavior, all within
the workplace (Robbins, et al, 2009). According to Eunson (2008) people who lack communication skills in the organisation should be trained to deal
with different situation that involve communicating effectively (p. 554). In response to Eunson (2008), this essay aims to prove why interpersonal
communication is an important skill to have and how organisation can train employees and managers to use these skills within the workplace.
Additionally, the...show more content...
By being aware of the interpersonal communication skills, managers can understand an employee's attitudes and beliefs through the verbal and
non–verbal gesture they offer. For instance, a manager who is aware of interpersonal communication skills will be able to pick on an employees
attitudes and beliefs towards a designated job and being able to attune the job requirements to the preferences of the employee.
In addition, understanding different models of communication enable members inside and outside an organisation to depict different messages being
provided by the employee or customer and develop their communication skills. The Shannon and Weaver model of communication was developed to
show the effects of communication between two people (Kikoski, 1993). In the Shannon and Weaver model, a message is encoded (via a symbolic
form) from a source (the sender) through a medium called a channel, and decoded (retranslated) by the receiver. However, the message can be
interrupted by a process called noise and can result in discrepancy and sometimes negative feedback from the receiver (Bowman and Targowski, 1987).
In response to the Shannon and Weaver model of communication, through the identification of any noise within the communication process, as a result
of the manager level of attunement in communication skills, the encoded

Jazz: A History Essay
Jazz: The History
The music called Jazz was born sometime around 1895 in New Orleans. It combined elements of Ragtime, marching band music and Blues. What
made Jazz such a different perspective of traditional music was its act of improvising. There was a widespread use of improvisation often by more
than one player at a time. Songwriters would write the music down on a piece of paper, and then the Jazz musicians would try their best to play the
music. Usually in a Jazz piece, musicians would use the song as a starting point to improvise around. Jazz musicians would play a familiar song to the
audience, and by the time they were done with the piece they would stir up a totally different feeling away from the...show more content...
The second generations of Jazz musicians were some like Joe "King" Oliver, Kid Ory, and Jelly RollMorton. These people formed a small band and
started to reshape the way the original Jazz music was played. They have made it into a different style with more complications and twists and turns.
And so it became known as "Hot Jazz". King Oliver found a young artist by the name of Louis Armstrong. He soon grew to become the greatest Jazz
musician anyone has known. He is still a big star in the world today. By the 20th Century, African–American musical styles became the dominant force.
The instruments played during Jazz were the average instruments played today, and nothing dissimilar. There would be about ten instruments in a band
such as trumpet, string bass, guitar, piano, drums, saxophone, clarinet, trombone, and oboe. They are not all of the instruments but the basics. But in
general, any instrument can become a Jazz instrument as long as it can play to the beat of Jazz.
During the 1920's which is also known as the "Roaring Twenties", Chicago became the focal point for Jazz after clubs around New Orleans were
closed. Record deals were being made there and soon Jazz was being acknowledged for the brilliant music it played. Famous musicians who received
acclaim for their work in Chicago were Earl Hines, Johnny Dodds, Louis Armstrong, and King Oliver. In New York City, it

Essay on Men are from Mars women are from venus
Men are from Mars and women are from Venus is a very popular book by John Gray that suggest that men and women are so different that they might
as well come from different planets. I believe that men and women are different because of our biological make–up that makes us think differently and
view things in different aspects. However, I do believe that we are all human beings, and I don't mean that in a philosophical way but in the way that
as humans we all have the same needs. I think that social stigmas have made us think that we are more different then we actually are. "Both
biological and social factors have influenced the division of labor by sex, and the division of labor provides the basis for gender stratification by
affecting the...show more content...
So with ideas like this being rooted at such a young age, expectations from men rise.
Kimmel argues that women's lives have changed in specific ways the first one is women have made gender visible. Women have made gender a
visible aspect in which social life is viewed. Kimmel states in his documentary that the first women's study program wasn't establish till 1972. The
second way women's lives have changed is the movement into the workplace; almost half of the work force is female. "In the United States, the most
dramatic improvements in the status of women have occurred in the last 20 years. Women are earning a higher percentage of educational degrees and
are more highly represented at the entry level of high–status occupations than in the past" (Marini). The Third way women's life has changed is that
they have learned to balance work and family. According to Kimmel women in the 70s women were forced to choose between career and family. The
last change is that women now feel entitled to their own sexual pleasure. Women having increasingly become more sexual and seek sex just as much as
men do.
In a way the women's movement has changed the lives of men in certain ways. Although men haven't changed, the women's movement has changed the
division of labor and parenting within the household. Nevertheless, men from this generation still have the same ideology as older generations in terms
of masculinity. This I feel is due to the social behaviors of

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Tesco: Marketing at Tesco
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Company Description:
Tesco started life in 1919when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr Cohen made a profit of
ВЈ1 from sales of ВЈ4 on his first day. It then appeared as a brand after five years later in 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr T E
Stockwell. The initials and letters were combined to form Tes–Co and in 1929 Mr Cohen opened the flagship...show more content...
The audit would cover the marketing operations of the company as a whole.
b) Data collection: More time is spent on the gathering data. More auditors are involved when the project is large. Auditor has to spent time in
deciding what question to be asked, who will be interviewed and so on so forth. Daily reports of the interviews are to be written up and reviewed. c)
Report preparation and presentation: When the data gathering is over, auditor prepares notes for a visual and verbal presentation to the company officer.
Techniques used for auditing the marketing environments are as follows.
1) SWOT Analysis: It is one of the most important tools of marketing audit. It helps a lot of help to the marketers and is used at the beginning of the
marketing audit process. It has advantages as well as drawbacks. Some of the drawback are subjective and cannot be relied too much.
Therefore it should be used as a guide in the marketing planning and not as a prescription to the process.
2) PEST Analysis: Various factor of the marketing is analysed by PEST analysis that effects upon the marketing process. An organization that is
carrying the analysis needs to study the environmental factors that are internal and external.
3) Five Force Analyses: This is an analysis that helps the marketers to have a clear picture of competitor 's for the market. This analysis has some
similarities with PEST analysis. In this analysis the marketer goes through five

Explain FinnisвЂ™ Natural Law Theory Essay
Explain Finnis' Natural Law Theory (30 marks)
John Finnis, an Australian legal philosopher has tried to resurrect the natural law tradition in moral philosophy and law since the mid–1960s. He tries
to offer a "neo–Aquinian" natural law philosophy which does not presuppose a divine being. By focusing attention on goods rather than a single Good,
Finnis skilfully articulates what he calls a theory of moral action for our day. Or, in other words, he seeks a theory of how to live well. Finnis
identifies a number of equally valuable basic goods or ends, given human nature, there are seven. Three are substantive, existing prior to action and
four are reflexive which is depending on our choices.
The first is human life, including every aspect...show more content...
While Finnis acknowledges that it may not be possible to embrace some of basic goods as wholesomely as others, one should leave them open to all.
Similar to the second principle, the third is no arbitrary preferences among persons, to respect the intrinsic integrity of each individual in treating
people always as ends in themselves and never as mere means. This is often referred to as the second formulation of Kant's 'Categorical Imperative.'
The fourth is equilibrium between detachment and commitment, detachment prohibits fatalism or obsession with specific projects, ensuring life is not
drained of meaning if your objective eludes you. Commitment prescribes that someone engages in projects and pursues them beyond hardship. You
should expand their horizons in seeking out creative ways to pursue their enterprises or we needlessly waste opportunities for fulfilment. Principle
five discusses the consequences of a decision in particular, the limited relevance of consequences. This principle speaks to the need for efficiency in
pursuit of definite goals. Finnis rejects utilitarian reasoning as 'senseless and unworkable' because the 'basic forms of human good are
incommensurable'. Finnis holds that the rational agent will prefer 'less rather than greater damage to a basic good' in single act. The sixth principle of
the nine principles of practical reasonableness is respect for every basic value in every act. Finnis holds that in every act one must respect all

Portfolio Theory Essay example
"The Benefits of diversification are clear. Portfolio theory has played a crucial role in explaining the relationship between risk and return where more
than one investment is held. It also enables us to identify optimal and efficient portfolios."
With Reference to this statement, describe, discuss and illustrate the principles of portfolio theory. Your essay should include coverage of the Markowitz
Efficient Frontier and the Capital Market Line.
Declaration:
I confirm that this submission is my own work.
Vinita Java
Introduction:
An investor would invest in a security for the return. However that return comes with a premium, the Risk. The higher the risk an investor is willing to
take the higher the returns would...show more content...
He suggested that investors should choose portfolios and not individual shares.
(http://www.riskglossary.com/link/portfolio_theory.htm).
Portfolio Theory:
Markowitz contribution showed that the benefits of diversification depend not just on risking individual assets but also on how the asset returns
interact with each other, or the correlation between returns.
E.g. A combination of investments in Umbrellas and Ice Creams will eliminate the risk of one another, i.e., the low returns from ice creams in rainy
season will be compensated by the umbrella sales. High returns in one industry, in this case, always offset low returns in the other to give a positive
return with certainty because returns on the two assets are inversely correlated.
Risk of a portfolio (combination of shares) depends on the correlation between the expected return of every pair of shares in a portfolio. Correlation

varies between +1 and –1. Thus a perfectly positively correlated portfolio would mean a +1 and a negatively correlated portfolio would mean –1. In a
positively correlated portfolio the expected return would move in the same direction in the same proportion at all times, however in a negatively
correlated portfolio the returns would move in the opposite direction (J Ogilvie & B Koch 2002).
A change in any of the variables (proportions of the

Mindset Reflective Essay
Honestly, I never really got into this book and I thought it was pretty pointless overall. It was in no way interesting, hard, or thought provoking. It
really made me realize how I'm in 8 grade and I'm not a little kid anymore. Also, reading this book along with "Mindset", I really started to realize
how I took the easy way out by not reading a real classic. "Crossed" had a Lexile of around 650, whereas my Lexile is around 1,200. Right about
now I'm really regretting my decision to read this book because I didn't have to stop and think about anything Next quarter I'm definitely going to read
a more challenging, thoughtful book. Since this book has such an easy Lexile, there wasn't a big message in the story. It was mostly just written to
entertain...show more content...
Throughout the whole book, Cassia constantly stated her interest in the Rising. Every time she would mention it, Ky would say how much he hated
it and he and Cassia would get in an argument. That's why I was really surprised when he joined the Rising especially since he had to run the entire
way there, while Cassia and Indie got to canoe. This is significant because Ky hated the Rising with all of his heart because it's the reason his parents
were killed, but despite his hate for it, he joined it anyway to be with Cassia. Getting this message from the book was pretty self– explanatory because
in the first book they had no disagreements, so their relationship was perfect. When their journey through the Carving came to the point where they had
to start thinking about if they were going to join the Rising or the Farmers and they both wanted to go to different destinations, their relationship
became full of bickering. In the end, though, they loved each other so much that Ky gave up his hate for the Rising to join it. This shows that if you
love somebody enough that no matter what it is you can learn to

Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay

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