Second Language Learning Perspectives Explained

Second Language Learning Essay
My seminar provided an overview of chapter 4– explaining second language learning. During my introduction, key points from each of the 5
perspectives were discussed. The cognitive perspective was given priority as it contained many subcategories within itself. This section also allowed
my group mates to connect theory and practice of second language learning. My group mates were able to connect to the noticing hypothesis,
processability theory and the three principles of practice through their own personal experiences while learning a second language. The first
discussion question asked my group members to evaluate their own understanding of how language learning occurs and compare it with the
perspectives we covered. The second discussion question provided them a chance to assess each perspective and think of one weakness and one
strength for each. Overall if I were to re–do my seminar, I would like to provide more attention to the other perspectives. I would add more discussion
questions in order to stimulate more in–depth discussions. Similarly, adding supplemental information from an outside source to further discussion and
connect the theories to pedagogy. Additionally, I would create an activity that focused more on teaching of a second language and how these theories
have influenced the current practices used.
In response to my discussion questions, my group member had an active discussion on their own understanding of second language learning. Almost all
group
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Teaching And Learning Foreign Languages Essay
During the end of the 19th century, teaching and learning a foreign language was developing rapidly and became one of the most discussed issues in
the field of education (Lacorte, 2005). Hence, new studies were needed in order to discover new and effective methodologies for teaching and learning
foreign languages in the world language classroom. Thus, many studies have been conducted in this area during the last three decades. As a result, new
teaching methods and strategies were developed and researched during the 20th century. These teaching approaches were established, expanded, and
implemented in accordance with the teacher–centered approach. Teacher–centric approaches to foreign language instruction included lecture, repetition,
focus on skill and drill approach to learning tenses, and focus on grammar in isolation. This teacher–centric approaches did not encourage students to
speak the language, and did not include whole language activities that engaged students in real–world, language based activities. Research found that
teacher–centric approaches were not effective (Lacorte, 2015). A new wave of research found that 21st century teaching methodologies and pedagogies
that were students–centric were superior to teacher–centric approaches. Student–centric instructional practices encourage teachers to make the language
relevant to the students, allow students to speak and listen to the language in context, and promote a whole language approach to grammar and

Role of Instruction SLA
Understanding the role of instruction in second language acquisition requires first to comprehend the comparison between second language teaching
and second language learning. In teaching, it is usually what teachers do but in learning, it is what learners do, and basing on this comparison, it is
imperative to say that there exists no significant correlation between teaching and learning as far as second language acquisition is concerned. Therefore,
the teaching of the second language must conform to the various mechanisms of learning the second language that may include instruction rather than
learning that conforms to the mechanisms of teaching.
Second language instruction involves any thoughtful efforts taken to elevate acquisition of a second language through deploying the tools of learning
and the circumstances under which they function (Hawkins, 2011). It can be noted that second language instruction is a much narrower concept as
compared to second language teaching that draws similarities to any teacher–related doings that are within a teaching context. The role of instruction in
second language acquisition also requires understanding the effects of instruction and any noticeable variation in the learner's results like behaviour and
knowledge that are credited to instructional intervention either through interaction with others or related variables– and the efficiency of instruction
which is degree to which the tangible results of instruction

There is consistent debate as to whether language learning is innate or learned through social interactions (Atwood, 2016). This is the nature versus
nurture debate, in which the nativist view states that language is built in whereas the social interactionist view states that exposure to practice is
required for language learning (Atwood, 2016). In my perspective, social interactions are vital for children to develop their language abilities. There
are various social factors which come into play to assist a child in learning, for example, culture, conventions, and other social interactions (Forrester,
2008). The more a child is exposed to situations where he or she is required to speak and think about their response, the more practice they...show more
content...
The probability of the child being capable of producing self–repairs is dependent on the factor that the adult does not respond, for instance, the child is
looking for cues, and actions to respond, if there is no response this may act as a cue that a word was used incorrectly (Forrester, 2008). In this
analysis, I was initially looking to find an interaction between an adult and a child that would demonstrate how the way an adult interacts and creates
an appropriate environment for the child to learn. For example, I was looking for how the way adults' change the way they speak when talking to a
child in comparison to talking to an adult, known as infant–directed speech. This was clearly evident in the conversations I observed with a mother and
her three daughters, but I noticed in their social interactions that the mother was also trying to correct her children, and the children were also
correcting themselves when they made a mistake. The way the children were corrected by others and corrected themselves may be why they have such
an extensive vocabulary at a young age. After watching numerous videos of this Youtuber, who posts daily videos which including her three daughters,
I realized that perhaps it is these interactions and the corrections which helped her children in their language abilities. There were also differences in
the way the repairs were done depending on the

Language and Learning
* In the educational field, the teaching learning cycle is a model used in contemporary teaching in both school and adult educational settings. Rothery
(1996 in Derewianka & Jones 2012, pg 43) who originally developed the model used this to aim at disadvantaged children for teaching literacy and
writing in the KLA (Key learning areas) who were from socially disadvantaged areas. Over time the model has been phased across other areas of the
English language such as listening, speaking, reading as well as writing. The key involvement of the teacher also known as 'expert other' in the teaching
learning cycle is guiding the learner to understand key concepts in academic literacy through use of scaffolding strategies to transform students...show
more content...
In this stage some activities that teachers implement are group work activities where student can interact with one another including the teacher in
developing a written text using formal academic literature from being shown before when modeling the genre. Also known as macro scaffolding when
the teacher plans out goals for the classroom based on the students' prior knowledge and newfound information (Hammond & Gibbons 2005, pg
12). This stage is an important stage as students are working together and developing their knowledge together. This is also known as ZOP (zone of
proximal development). According to Vygotsky's theory citied in Salmon (2008 pg 457) it is the student levels level of understanding and where their
potential of understanding can be through times of social interaction and the task being set. So in context of joint construction stage when students
work together and with the teacher scaffolding their writing they are building upon their own knowledge and knowledge they have learnt from the field
to contribute to the topic (Kozulin 2003). This is also influenced in the other stages of the learning cycle. Another strategy in scaffolding is interactional
scaffolding where the teacher can prompt students to think, which then leads to them working together in building the field and contributing
effectively during joint construction. For e.g. if the task set was writing a report the teacher can

Learning A New Language Essay
9
Learning a New Language
My Family 's Path to Become Quad Lingual
Resolutions has not always been my thing. I rarely make one and even if I do it ends up being a to do lost for the first week of January. But this year is
going to be different due to two reasons. One, I am more excited than I have ever been and two, it involves my toddler son. When it comes to him I
never compromise. This year I have decided to learn a new language with him.
I speak English and Tamil at home. Hindi, which I am fluent in is feeling left out because my husband does not speak it. I want my son to have a
understanding knowledge of Hindi too. So this year I have resolved to include conversational Hindi and Spanish in my sons vocabulary. Language
learning comes easy early. Kids have more ability to learn languages way easier than adults. There are even studies that prove kids learn faster when it
comes to their linguistic skills. Noam Chomsky, linguistic professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology earned the Kyoto prize for his work on
this subject.
For my son to gain knowledge of these languages it is essential that we converse with him in both Hindi and Spanish at home. So I have decided to
study Spanish. Learning Spanish is not going to be a walk in the park. I need time, energy and patience, which is a really tall order since I am a
toddler's mom. But then again this may be the fun thing I was looking to do for a very long time. I am not going to get a language learning software or

Language is a key part of any family, community, culture and the human race. Without language the world today would be much different. From
cavemen, to the Egyptian use of hieroglyphics, to Old English, to more than 6,500 languages spoken around the world today, the advances that humans
have made in language is remarkable and inspiring. The ability to speak, read, write and understand more than one language is also remarkable and
expands the liberties in life, especially for young people. High school students should be required to take at least two years of a foreign language class in
order to graduate, as many recent studies support the benefits of doing so. Students who have learned a foreign language in high school have proven to
have a...show more content...
Requiring two years of foreign language study for high school graduation would benefit students greatly as they move onto college. Acceptance rate,
ability to succeed in and graduation rate would increase greatly if all college students were bilingual. Some students would argue that taking a foreign
language class in high school would not benefit them after graduation, as they plan to study a major in which being multilingual is not essential. This
may seem reasonable as some majors, such as cosmetology or psychology may not ever use a foreign language nor require further study of a foreign
language. However, studies have shown that studying a foreign language builds more skills than just language. Memorization, critical thinking and
interpretation skills improve immensely in those students who take a foreign language class in high school ("Benefits and Opportunities" 1). Students
can then use these skills to improve academic performance in other areas, improving overall college success. Globalization has recently reached the
corporate world, and seemed to be instantaneous. Around 40 percent of large U.S. companies have reached overseas, allowing them to profit from the
markets of foreign countries. Due to the rapid increase of companies becoming multinational, major businesses seek to hire employees who are able to
speak more than one language, as multilingual candidates are equipped

Language Learning Journey
Introduction The journey of language learning is very complex. There are essential factors to consider such as the learning style, linguistic and
cultural background, motive to learn a new language, and the teacher's approach. It is important to examine these components because they will
develop an understanding of the individuality and uniqueness of any given student's progression. Gathering personal feedback from a student and
constructing a customized teaching strategy will present a specific case to investigate. These key aspects involved in the process of new language
obtainment will be the determining factors of how to teach them effectively and specifically. Linguistic and Cultural Background When exploring
and evaluating the many factors of one's language learning journey, the starting point is the student's linguistic and cultural background. In this case,
the student is a young man named Angel Vargas, who is born and raised in Mexico. The family of six that he comes from are all native Spanish
speakers only. This can either put pressure on the student, or a ignite an aspiration of accomplishing the unknown. In his family, no one has ever
acquired a new language. It was also mentioned that speaking English is not required in his school or career. This information leads us to two
possible types of motives. Motives Webster's 1913 Dictionary defines a motive as: "that which incites to action."1 The desire to learn English for a
good job and to travel

For me, learning a language is a complicated process. It is different from learning other subjects. It involves a lot of practices and follow up. When I
talk about my personal experience, I would say that I have a rich experience in learning English as a second language. English was taught to me for
ten years starting from grade seven till graduation from university. After graduation, I felt that I should improve my language skills. Therefore, I did a
lot of efforts personally to increase my fluency. Until now I still learn the language. Indeed, learning a language takes a lifetime.
I started learning English as a second language when I was in first intermediate. I still remember my first classes and my first teachers. I remember that
my teachers changed frequently in the first year but all of them have much in common. All of them used grammar translation method. They used to
write bilingual lists of words on board, then we, as students, were asked to copy these lists and memorize them by heart. All teaching concentrated on
reading and writing skills, but there were no activities concentrating on speaking or listening. In addition, grammar rules were taught in that stage of
learning the language as mathematics equations, and we were asked to memorize the rules as we...show more content...
Of course, there are certain defects or gaps in my knowledge or ability to use the English language like using idioms and the appropriateness of some
vocabulary. Idioms have many connotations and denotations in the English language. Sometimes I use an idiom and I mean something, but the
connotations of the idiom means something else. Another gap of my knowledge of the language is the appropriateness of using certain vocabulary.
English language entails high sense of using the appropriate word for describing or narrating something. To my mind, I have not reached this point

Reflective Essay About Language
Language is abstract and people need language for communication. Language rarely has intrinsic meaning, it represents an image and it is symbolic.
Language is not only symbolic. Language is a complex system, it is creative and productive. You can product many words. Language does not
include objects. It includes all the images and concepts of the world. There is an abstraction of a real world. So what is language for? Language exists
for communication, to control people about relationships, phatic communication, thought, expressing emotions etc. Language is for thought and this
thought is related to language directly because people can not think without language and it is really significant.
First of all, my experience of learning languages was a great experience and beneficial for me. My native language is Turkish. When I was 7 years
old, I started to learn English and I am able to learn languages. When I was 5, I was watching cartoons in English and in my opinion, it was so helpful
for me about learning a new language. I have been learning English for fifteen years including my college life. I studied American Culture and
Literature in Bilkent University. Thanks to my department, I had a chance to improve my English....show more content...
Learning a second foreign language is taught but mother tongue is 'picked up'. People have mother tongue acquisition. For example; according to
Chomsky, every baby was born with language faculty. There are some important effects about baby's mother tongue acquisition; family, social
interaction, environment, genetics, pre–determined–ability. Chomsky says that LAD should be activated by mother and it is related to the role of
mother. I agree with Chomsky and thanks to my family, I can learn a new language and my language learning experience was a great experience for

Learning English as a Second Language Essay
English is an international language which is used officially all around the world. Anybody who wants to make connections with the world we live in
should learn English. I had English language classes in my secondary and high school years. I also took some private English learning courses
throughout summers in my country, Turkey. However, I could not improve my English effectively as all Turkish students in Turkey. I fully agree that
English will be learned most efficiently in the boundaries of an English–speaking country not in the home country because of some cases. Therefore, I
came here, USA, to learn English better after graduation from my university. First, English is dealt with all the time while staying in an
English–speaking...show more content...
Neither was I able to get their points, nor could they understand me. The reasons were that my Turkish English teachers are not the experts in
pronunciation and there is no class focusing on speaking at state schools in Turkey. An experiment was performed by Major et al. about speaking and
listening problems for international people. Four groups of one hundred listeners, whose native languages were Chinese, Spanish, Japanese, and
American English, heard brief lectures presented in English by speakers with different native languages and answered questions based on the
lectures. The results indicated that both native and nonnative listeners scored significantly lower on listening comprehension tests when they
listened to nonnative speakers of English, and Chinese group scored significantly lower when listening to speakers who shared their native
language. Only Spanish group did well when they listened to their native speaker (174). This experiment showed that learning English from a
nonnative speaker may cause troubles in both listening and speaking parts of English. Additionally, I lacked of ability on word choice for the first
couple of months in the USA. For example, I was using adjective "too" for positive circumstances " instead of "very" or "so", and I used to say
"according to me" instead of "in my

Task Based Language Teaching Essay
Introduction
Task Based Language Teaching (TBT) has received a lot of attention in the recent years and language teachers consider it as a very important and
popular part of learning and teaching process. Many researchers have conducted studies on different aspects of task based language teaching.
(Robinson 1995; Skehan & Foster 1999; Yuan & Ellis 2003; Gilabert 2005) According to Pourdana (2011), in task
–based language teaching, teachers
choose syllabus content and instructional processes based on the communicative tasks that language learners need to get engaged in them in a real
situation. EFL teachers use different tasks for teaching reading, writing listening and speaking. Productive skills are more important in the process

As a future educator, it is important for me to make my classroom a great learning environment for all of my students. Growing up, I would always
enjoy hands–on activities in the classroom. I remember looking forward to different holidays because we would be able to participate in an arts and
crafts activities while being able to learn about the holiday we were celebrating. Until I started learning more about English Language Learners, I
never realized how these activities can be more difficult for some students. Because certain lessons inside of the classroom can be more difficult for
ELLs, I think it is extremely important to be able to help them learn the material to the best of their ability. I remember some of my classmates that
weren't fluent in English being taken out of the classroom for a few hours to learn separately. Because my school was small, I was able to see these
students improve in their English language as they became older. Despite this, I never thought about the many difficulties many of them were
overcoming at the time. I've wanted to be a teacher for as long as I can remember, and now that I am attending college to become one, I am realizing
the different aspects of teaching that I have never thought of. Teaching ELLs is something that never crossed my mind when I thought of becoming a
teacher, however, after learning about the growing amount of ELLs in the Unites States, I think it is necessary to allow them the same educational
opportunities as

English Language Learning Essay
The overall aim of this research is to explore historical and contemporary discourses of social policies of identity, assimilation, multiculturalism and
sense of belonging in relationship to the 'practices of the everyday' (Lewis 2004) and to explore how the individuals make sense of their world
through and by their experiences and practices of it. I will particularly focus on the area of language learning as a part of identity formation to find out
how participants are involved in the act of making their language learning possible in spite of all the challenges. By this I mean not to reveal what
'really' happens, but rather to analyse participant's accounts in relation to the political discourses surrounding language, assimilation and...show more
content...
This period is also marked by the routine involvement of women in the labour market which was a British phenomenon and a novel way of life to the
Gujarati women along with other South Asian and Afro–Caribbean migrant women. Gujarati women who arrived to the UK during that period and
who were aged between forty and sixty had few formal educational qualifications and limited grasp of English. Although, they were employed, they
were confined to a range of semi or unskilled jobs such as machinists, packers and finishers. (Warrier, 1994). However, most women aged between
twenty–five and forty tended to be better qualified and much more accomplished in English (Ramji 2006). Their skills in English clearly appeared to
be a key factor in these women's employability and resultant life–style. Furthermore, their place of origin, whether they were direct migrants from
either rural or urban part of Gujarat or twice migrants from East Africa, also made a huge difference to their social status in the UK. Lyon's research
(1972) shows that there is a sharp distinction between Africans and Indians settled in the UK. The 'twice migrants' (Bhachu 1988) appear to differ
strikingly from their once–migrant peers. Most of the twice–migrants entered as more or less complete family units had educational qualifications of
some sort, many spoke English fluently, and most men (and some women) had professional, technical or commercial employment before leaving
Africa. The twice

Essay On English Language Teaching
English Language Teaching Methods
Many countries in Asia like China, Japan, UAE, Sri Lanka, Singapore etc., adopted English as a foreign language not as a second language. Because
considering English as a second language and as a Foreign Language is different in their view point. They view that outside of the classroom, English
is not that much useful. They teach all the subjects in their mother tongue but in India if one is unable to speak in English he becomes a tabooed
person. Many Asian countries treat the pupil's age, sex, race, attitude, intelligence and grasping power in teaching English. Indian teachers neglect this
aspect. For ex: a speaker from Hyderabad emphasizes more vowels before many words because of the influence of Urdu. Straight – Istraight. And a
Bihari pronounces 'sh' as 's' because of the influence of Kharboli. Teachers don't take into consideration of this aspect and mistreat students. So teachers
have to choose the methodology as suit their classroom and environment. If teacher takes all the factors into consideration classroom becomes more
meaningful. All the methods are not meaningful when teacher choose them as per the needs of the classroom.
Methods of English Language Teaching...show more content...
Sometimes more than one method is used to bring out the anticipated outcomes in the language classroom where communication develops the key
factor of teaching–learning process. Unless students learn to utilise the classroom method to express thoughts and feelings outside into the real world
situations, the learning cannot be effective no matter whatever teaching method is applied in English as a Second Language classroom. Teacher–
student role becomes the centre in bringing out the maximum within the limited time in a

Learning Languages Essay
Effects of learning Languages
Learning another language is not only learning different words for the same things, but learning another way to think about things. A bilingual
person is more than one person. Whenever we are learning a new language, it means that we have started a new life with a different vision. If we
learn a language, we understand much about culture or life of a country. If we know one language we are one person, if we know two languages, we
are two people. As an instance; if there is a job vacancy that requires two people knowing two languages and you know two languages, then you are
qualified for that job. Learning a new language seems like we are starting a new journey toward our future life. I am always passionate about learning a
new language, and when I start learning a new language everything is changed.
Firstly, I was the only one in my family who started learning a new language in early ages. Without knowing Dari, which in my native language, I had
started learning Urdu. When I was living in Pakistan, I was having to learn Urdu to go to school. My first journey headed for...show more content...
When I was learning English, I used to watch lots of English movies, and Korean dramas. When I completed upper–intermediate levels in English, I
started teaching in a language academy in Kabul. During my teaching experience at that academy, there was a colleague of mine who was also too
interested in Korean language. Korean language was certainly totally different from English and Urdu, but somehow we are able to communicate with
each other in Urdu. The funny thing was that the others were not able to understand us, when we told jokes in Korean. Since I knew Korean a bit, I
was invited to the Korean Embassy to study a one–month Korean language course for free. I went there to study Korean and later the Embassy
employed me for an organization named Central Statistics organization

Importance Of Learning A Foreign Language Essay
Learning a foreign language involves developing new skills and going through different stages. The four skills you need to develop are listening,
speaking, reading, and writing. You need to be able to understand when someone speaks the language you are learning. In addition to that, you need to
be able to express yourself in that language. Most of the time, the written language is more complex than the spoken language. You want to be able to
understand a text you read. Moreover, you want to be able to express your ideas in writing, with the right words and correct grammar. Acquiring these
four skills requires various study patterns.
Building Vocabulary
First of all, you need to build vocabulary. Building vocabulary involves learning the meaning of the words, their spelling, and pronunciation. Unlike in
English, each word has a gender in many languages like French, Spanish, and German. You need to memorize the gender of a word in order to use it
correctly. You also need to learn the conjugations of verbs and adjectives. That is where you cross the border between the vocabulary and grammar.
Studying Grammar
In order to learn a foreign language, you need to study its grammar, the structural rules of a language. Most of the time, grammar is a complicated
subject to understand, to learn, and to use correctly. To make things even more complicated, you will need to memorize the exceptions to the grammar
rules you learn.
Reading
If you have sufficient vocabulary and a good

Essay about Learning Languages
Language has been a difficult part of my life. During my elementary school it is compulsory to learn a variety of types of languages. The first
language that I learned in school was Malay it was the language of native land speakers, the second language that I was asked to learn was Chinese
and followed by English. When conversing with my Malay peers speaking the language of the native was crucial, Mathematics was taught in Malay,
Sciences was taught in Chinese. Hence, both languages weren't a language to be ignored. Language is a form of communication and it is considered to
be a solely human mode of communication as a consequence being able to specialize in multilingual one has to face many challenges.
Firstly, learning a second or third...show more content...
This clearly shows Mellix was facing a lot pressure during her childhood life especially from her mother. Mellix's mother would expect her to
speak the right language. Chinua Achebe was a famous writer who was born in the Igbo village of ogidi, Nigeria in 1930. Achebe graduated from
the London University in 1953. Achebe's article "the song of ourselves" comes from a talk he gave on London television. In addition, the article
written by Achebe, he presents the local as were also force to learn the language of "British colonial policy in Africa and elsewhere emphasized again
and again its preference for native languages" In Achebe's article he expresses the feelings of the native Africans leaving them no choice but having to
learn English language due to their colonization history. "We see remnants of that preference today in the Bantustan policies of south Africa. We chose
English not because the British desired it but because having tacitly accepted the new nationalities into which colonialism had grouped us" (604)
Chinua clearly points out the frustration of the locals native African having to learn a language of the colony. Gloria AnzaldГ
єa was born in the Rio
Grande Valley of south Texas . AnzaldГ
єa graduated with a B.A. from Pan American University, and her M.A. from the University of Texas at Austin.
In Anzaldua's article pointed out adapting

Essay on English Language Learner
Schools in the United States of America (USA) are facing many challenges, because of the increasing numbers of the English Language Learner (ELL)
students. School administrators are trying hard to provide an equal opportunity education to their students. Furthermore, educators are looking forward
in providing several methods and technique to help their students to succeed in their academic learning skills. There are many factors that need to
focus on and it can be the fundamental when trying to build powerful resolutions, such as parents and community resources, social influences, native
language, etc.
ELL Families and Schools
Teaching is a call, where teachers need to have an understanding about each individual student's cultural...show more content...
By allowing the ELL students to use their native and their second language in reading, and writing it will make them move along this new process.
Reading and writing experience should be context related and meaningful in order for them to be effective in their learning, even though, they can
transfer the literacy skills that they have obtained in their native language towards their second language while they are exposed to more learning
experiences.
Many challenges are faced by the ELL students and their families by being in a new environment, such as a new language, school, food, beliefs, life
style, etc., where they feel that they need to deviate from their home language and their culture, absolutely not, they need to be conceited, revered,
treasured. In this matter, our role as educators is to be prepared to work effectively with families (Katz & Bauch, n.d., p. 189), in providing the effective
support, and assistant with the full understanding of the new changes in their new environments. On the other hand, social cultural pressure could be
increased if students do not have another native individual to relate to; students need to have a teacher who will assist and guide them in learning new
a language; without allowing them to lose their cultural identity.
Fund of Knowledge for Teaching (FKT) created for teachers, anthropologists, and teacher educators to gain more knowledge about their students'
community experiences, and curricula

Second Language Learning Perspectives Explained

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