Generation of pwm signal

1. MINOR PROJECT
ON
GENERATE PWM SIGNAL THROUGH ARDUINO OF
VARIOUS DUTY CYCLE
PRESENTED BY
Pankaj Prajapati(1503221045)
Pawan Kumar Pal (153221047)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad

2. Pulse width modulation-
• Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog
results with digital means.
• Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched
between on and off. This on-off pattern can simulate voltages in
between full on (5 Volts) and off (0 Volts) by changing the portion of
the time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends
off. The duration of "on time" is called the pulse width. To get varying
analogue values, you change, or modulate, that pulse width.
• If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an LED for example,
the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage between 0 and 5v
controlling the brightness of the LED.

3. PWM signal for different cycle-

4. WORKING
• We are using LED to show the pulse width modulation .
• In which we use duty cycle of 25%,50%,75%,100%.
• So that LED will glow with difference intensity.
• So the losses in the circuit can be reduced .

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6. COMPONENT USED-
S.N COMPONENTS QUQNTITY AMOUNT(rs)
1 Arduino 1 400
2 Bread board 1 60
3 LED 4 4
4 Connecting wire 10 10
5 Motor 1 60
6 PCB 1 40
TOTAL 535

7. ADVANTAGE
• It is simple to calculate the value needed to get a desired duty cycle.
• The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching
devices is very low.
• When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on
and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage
drop across the switch.

8. APPLICATIONS
• Dimming an LED.
• Providing an analogue output; if the digital output is filtered,
it will provide an analogue voltage between 0% and 100% .
• Generating audio signals.
• Providing variable speed control for motors.
• Generating a modulated signal, for example to drive an infrared LED
for a remote control.

9. REFERENCES
• Wikipedia.com
• Google.com
• Arduino.cc