2. Objectives
- Identify factors that contribute to
heart disease.
- Explain why cholesterol and saturated
fats are limited in some cardiovascular
conditions.
- Identify foods to avoid or limit in
a cholesterol-controlled diet.
3. - Explain why sodium is limited in
some cardiovascular conditions.
- Identify foods that are limited or
prohibited in sodium-controlled diets.
- Identify alternatives to sodium in diets
for patients with heart disease
4. Cardiovascular Disease
- Affects heart and blood vessels
- Leading cause of death and permanent
disability in the United States
- More deaths are caused by heart
disease than by cancer, accidents and
AIDS combined
5. Risk Factors of heart disease:
Eg:
- Smoking - Hypertension
- Diabetes - Insulin resistance
- Infection - Periodontal disease
- Obesity - age
- Male sex - Sedentary lifestyle
- ect….
6. Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease can be acute or
chronic.
Acute: means sudden such as myocardial
infarction (MI) also known as heart attack
Chronic: develops over time such as
congested heart failure (CHF),
Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis
7. Myocardial Infarction
- Caused by blockage of a coronary
artery supplying blood to the heart
- Heart tissue beyond the blockage dies.
9. Arteriosclerosis: arteries harden,
making the passage of blood difficult
and sometimes impossible
Atherosclerosis: thickening and
weakening of artery walls by cholesterol
and fatty deposits called plaque
11. Dietary managements MI
- After the heart attack, the client is
in shock.
- Client should be NPO (nothing
by mouth).
- IV fluids may be given.
12. - After several hours, client may begin
to eat.
- Liquid diet usually recommended for
the first 24 hours.
- Then, a low-cholesterol, low-sodium diet
- Foods should not be extremely hot
or cold.
13. - Food that is easy to chew and digest
is prescribed.
- Sodium limited to prevent fluid overload.
- Restriction on caffeine the first few
days after an MI
14. Congestive Heart Failure
- Due to decompensation or severe injury
to the heart muscle
- Decreased circulation causes
decreased oxygenation of the body.
- Shortness of breath, chest pain on
exertion, and edema are common.
15. - Decreased nutrients to body tissues
- Edema may mask the problems
of malnutrition and underweight.
- The heart beats faster and enlarges.
16. Diet for Congestive Heart Failure
- Fluid restriction may be ordered.
- Soft Foods
- Small, frequent meals
- Diuretics and a sodium-restricted diet
are typically prescribed.
17. - Diuretics can cause excessive loss of
potassium and blood levels should be
monitored.
- Hypokalemia can upset the heartbeat.
- Fruits, especially oranges, bananas, and
prunes, are excellent sources of potassium,
but supplements may be given.
22. Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
- Initiated by the National
Cholesterol Education Program
- Reduced intake of saturated fats
and cholesterol
- Therapeutic dietary options for
increased fiber
- Weight reduction increased
physical activity
24. - Contributes to heart attack, stroke,
heart failure, and kidney failure
- “Silent disease” because sufferers can
be asymptomatic
- Heredity, age, obesity and African-
American race are predisposing factors.
- Smoking and stress also contribute
to hypertension.
25. Dietary Treatment
- Weight-reduction diets.
- Sodium-restricted diet and/or diuretics
can be prescribed to alleviate edema.
- Increasing fruits and vegetables helps
to lower blood pressure.
26. Foods Permitted for hypertensive
- Fresh fruits and vegetables
- Pasta, rice
- Fresh meats and fish
- Oil, vinegar ))خل
- Unsalted margarine
- Popcorn - Spices - Coffee, tea
27. Foods to Avoid
- Tomato or vegetable juice
- Canned vegetables
- Dried, smoked or canned fish or meats
- Potato chips, salted nuts, pretzels
- Fast foods
28. Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension
- High potassium foods
- Low fat dairy products
- Use low cholesterol and low saturated
fat products
- Use fresh, frozen, or no-salt-
added products
- Increase dietary fiber
29. Considerations for the Health
Care Professional
- Most cardiac clients will be told to
reduce fat, sodium, and sometimes, the
amount of calories in their diets.
- Help the cardiac client want to learn how
to help himself or herself via nutrition.
30. Conclusion
- Cardiovascular disease is the leading
cause of death in the United States.
- May be acute, as in myocardial
infarction, or chronic, as in hypertension
and atherosclerosis.
- Hypertension may be a symptom
of another disease.
31. - Cholesterol is associated with
atherosclerosis and a low-cholesterol diet
or a fat-restricted diet might be
prescribed.
- The health care professional can
encourage the client to maintain a healthy
weight, exercise, limit salt and fat intake,
and avoid smoking to reduce the risk of
heart disease.
